快速城市化进程中城市景观演变及趋同性的规划对策研究
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摘要
中国城市文化形象趋同现象在改革开放以来变得特别明显。城市的风格、空间、景观、建筑等城市文化要素变得越来越没有特色,社会各界批评抨击之声日益高涨。城市的个性的丧失,城市的建筑和文化的日益趋同,是中国城市化推进的结果,也是城市研究者必须正视的现实。
城市景观作为城市文化现象的一个重要方面,城市景观演变及其趋同是城市文化现象趋同的重要反映。城市景观作为城市面貌的具体表象,其演变也直接或间接反映了城市文化的演变。因此,本论文以城市景观作为研究对象,揭示其演变和趋同的规律及其原因,期望由此探讨解决城市文化趋同、塑造独特城市景观之道。
城市规划是政府履行行政管理职能的重要手段,通过对城市规划方案的编制、实施、监督,将城市规划方案变为现实,从而塑造城市空间、形成城市景观。面对城市景观的演变及日益趋同现象,从城市规划管理的角度思考并探索维护城市空间特色和个性是本论文的基本出发点。本文在理论研究的基础上,以杭州为案例,结合快速城市化进程中杭州城市景观演变的研究,探索景观规划理论在杭州的实践与应用,从而为中国城市避免城市文化趋同现象提供可供参考的解决方案。论文突破以往就景观论景观,就文化谈文化的研究局限,创造性地将景观特色的美学价值、城市规划管理中政府行为理论对城市景观的影响纳入研究视角,并从城市历史发展纵向脉络上深入探讨城市景观特色的演变,以期从实践角度而非仅止于规划设计理念思想角度寻求解决城市景观趋同乃至城市文化形象趋同问题的有效途径。
本论文分为五篇,共十一章。
第一篇重点用历史的方法研究了改革开放前老杭州城市景观美学价值的生成过程。首先从杭州市城市的发展历史脉络入手,通过分析梳理杭州老城景观的形成过程,探讨该历史阶段城市经济与社会发展与城市景观特色形成的关系,揭示城市景观特色形成与城市文化的关系。在杭州城市景观历史演进过程分析基础上将传统城市的景观要素分解为城防、水网、街巷、建筑、公共空间等组成部分,详细解析杭州市“山、水、城”的空间格局关系演变形成、发展,进而分别对于城防与水网格局、街巷空间格局、建筑风貌与开放空间、文化景观与历史遗存进行了景观要素的评价。
第二篇研究了改革开放以后城市面临发展的迷茫与城市景观价值的失落。改革开放以后我国进入了快速城市化时期。在这一时间阶段,城市空间景观发展演变呈现新的发展趋势和特征。论文从宏观大背景出发,深层次辨析经济社会发展在这一时期对城市景观的影响,并从政府规划行为角度阐述了规划思想的变革及对城市景观带来的直接作用。这样的经济社会背景造成了全球化时代的城市景观,体现出城市文化转型期的景观特征,具体表现在城市空间规模膨胀与边界模糊、街道级配的失调与社区割裂、水系绿地的破坏与生态环境的恶化、建筑风貌的杂陈与空间挤压等诸方面。
第三篇讨论了21世纪以来杭州对于城市景观问题的思考与探索,对城市精神失落的警醒与补救过程进行深入探讨。21世纪是全球化、信息化、城市化的大发展时期,经历了改革开放以来20年左右的快速发展,人们在城市文化、景观面貌的快速改变中已经开始意识到城市景观问题的严重性,从市民、游客对杭州市快速改变的城市面貌感到了失落。为此,开始了重新寻回城市精神的努力。
第四篇以杭州为例探讨了城市景观意象重构与价值重塑的实践。通过杭州城市意向重塑过程的深入剖析,论文认为在快速城市化发展背景下,在城市发展过程中避免城市景观趋同、保护并延续城市特色,需要重点关注以下几方面：建立清晰的城市文化审美价值体系；构建完整的城市总体景观意象系统；牢牢抓住城市核心特色构成要素；科学的城市管理决策机制和精英城市规划技术支撑体系。以杭州目前在西湖文化景观和西湖东岸城市空间关系研究的相关规划为例,阐述了城市规划主导的文化价值重塑下的景观特色延续新思路；同时以新城开发建设中的传统文化迷失、时代文化精神崛起、城市规划技术创新为案例,探讨在当前时代背景下城市景观特色的未来发展。
第五篇为问题探讨篇,通过对城市建设中重大问题的探讨,对杭州塑造独特城市景观实践的总结,提出对城市景观趋同问题的机制性和技术性解决之道。城市景观特色从规划管理上解决途径是政治权威的合理结构化,构建多元精英团体及城市规划的法定程序和约束机制。社会协同机制的建立是社会多元化利益诉求和价值观表达的平台,也是维护公共利益的根基。在国内众多的城市中,杭州市在保持独特城市景观方面被认为做得相对比较成功。结合杭州市的一些具体案例的分析,从杭州的规划实践角度探讨城市空间景观特色的重塑之道,期望为中国城市景观趋同性问题的解决提供借鉴,进而避免中国城市文化现象的趋同。
Ever since China started its process of opening up and reforms, gradually its cities have started losing their own identity in terms of city cultural identity, in terms of style, space arrangement, landscape and architecture. This has entails increasing critique from various social sectors. The loss of a city's personality and the growing single one look among different cities are the result of the urbanization in China and is a fact urban researchers have to face.
Urban landscape is a major aspect of urban culture. Its loss of character is a major signal that the city losing its own character and are transforming into one character. Thus, the transformation and lose of identity of urban landscape directly or indirectly reflect the similar tendency of urban culture. This dissertation is to find the solution to these problems of urban culture through studying the urban landscape, exploring the path of its transformation and the rules by which it transformed as well as the reasons behind.
City planning is the means through which the government exercises its duty, through making, implementing, supervising its planning policies. This is how a city shapes its space arrangement and a landscape. This dissertation aims at approaching the problem through the perspective of city planning, taking the fast urbanization process and the changing of landscape in the city of Hangzhou as a case study. It attempts to provide a solution to this problem. The research will innovatively introduce angles of aesthetic values and government behavior theories into city planning, by examining city development from a historic point of view. The goal is to find effective method to solve the problem of cities all aggregating to one look.
The article is divided into five parts, eleven chapters.
Part one addresses the history formation of aesthetic values in the urban landscape of Hangzhou, before China adopted the opening up and reform policy with the view of history. From the point view of history, this part examines the relationship between social economic development and the formation of the unique urban landscape, and its relationship with the formation of the urban culture. Based on that, it divides the traditional city landscape components into city defense, water network, streets and lanes, architecture and public space, etc. It will try to project in details the formation and relations among "Mountain, Water and City" and evaluate the relationship between city defense and water network, street/lane distribution, architecture style, open space, cultural landscape and historic sites.
Part two examines the confusion in urban development triggered by reform and opening up in China as well as the lost of value system among urban landscape. By then, China; has entered a phase of fast urbanization. During that period of time, urban development took on new features and trend. Considering that background, this part of the dissertation looks at the impact left by social economic development on urban landscape, and explains changes in urban planning thoughts as well the subsequent impact on the landscape. Such a background dictates an urban landscape of globalization, visualizing the transformation of the functions of a city into its landscape features. To be more specific: urban expansion, a blurred borders, disruption of balance among streets and lanes distribution, a disconnection within communities, damage to water system and greenbelts, worsening of the ecosystem, mismatch architectural styles and compressed spaces.
Part three discusses problems in urban landscape in Hangzhou since21century, exploring the loss of city spirit and the process of how to make it up.21century has witnessed a boom in globalization, information, and urbanization. By then, after two decades of fast growth, people have come to detect how serious the problem is, in the fast changing face of a city. Hangzhou residents, as well visitors, have all identified the loss. Efforts were made to restore the city's spirit.
Part four takes Hangzhou as a sample to discuss the experiment of rebuilding the unique urban landscape image as well as the values. Through an in-depth analysis, the dissertation believes under the background of the fast urbanization, in order to avoid every city taking the same image, protect and prolong the city's unique features, the following few points need to be addressed:build a clear defined urban cultural aesthetic value system; build a complete overall city general landscape image system; hold on to the elements that constitute the core feature of a city; scientific urban management decision-making mechanism and a elite urban planning technical support system. Taking example of the current planning regarding the relationship between the West Lake cultural landscape and the urban space along its eastern bank, this part expounds a new thinking of how to continue the landscape features under the restructuring of urban culture, guided by city planning. It will also discuss the future development of urban landscape features under the present time, citing the example of the loss of traditional culture in the development of new city, a rise of spirit of the time, and the innovation of urban planning techniques.
Part five is devoted to explore the problems. It discusses major development issues, summarize the practice of forming a unique urban landscape of Hangzhou, and provide suggestions, in terms of both administration and techniques, to solve the problem of cities taking on a similar look. To solve this problem through the means of city planning is a process of rationalizing the administration authority, building a multi-layer elite team and a legal procedure in stipulating city planning policies and a supervision mechanism. To establish a social coordination mechanism is the root of protecting public interests. It also provides a platform for the multi-layer social factors to express their interests and values. Among the numerous cities in China, Hangzhou is recognized as a comparatively successful example in preserving its unique urban landscape. The dissertation will take some concrete case studies in Hangzhou and explore the ways to rebuild special features of urban space landscape, hoping to provide some reference to reduce the problem of the growing cultural single character among the cities in China.
城市景观作为城市文化现象的一个重要方面,城市景观演变及其趋同是城市文化现象趋同的重要反映。城市景观作为城市面貌的具体表象,其演变也直接或间接反映了城市文化的演变。因此,本论文以城市景观作为研究对象,揭示其演变和趋同的规律及其原因,期望由此探讨解决城市文化趋同、塑造独特城市景观之道。
城市规划是政府履行行政管理职能的重要手段,通过对城市规划方案的编制、实施、监督,将城市规划方案变为现实,从而塑造城市空间、形成城市景观。面对城市景观的演变及日益趋同现象,从城市规划管理的角度思考并探索维护城市空间特色和个性是本论文的基本出发点。本文在理论研究的基础上,以杭州为案例,结合快速城市化进程中杭州城市景观演变的研究,探索景观规划理论在杭州的实践与应用,从而为中国城市避免城市文化趋同现象提供可供参考的解决方案。论文突破以往就景观论景观,就文化谈文化的研究局限,创造性地将景观特色的美学价值、城市规划管理中政府行为理论对城市景观的影响纳入研究视角,并从城市历史发展纵向脉络上深入探讨城市景观特色的演变,以期从实践角度而非仅止于规划设计理念思想角度寻求解决城市景观趋同乃至城市文化形象趋同问题的有效途径。
本论文分为五篇,共十一章。
第一篇重点用历史的方法研究了改革开放前老杭州城市景观美学价值的生成过程。首先从杭州市城市的发展历史脉络入手,通过分析梳理杭州老城景观的形成过程,探讨该历史阶段城市经济与社会发展与城市景观特色形成的关系,揭示城市景观特色形成与城市文化的关系。在杭州城市景观历史演进过程分析基础上将传统城市的景观要素分解为城防、水网、街巷、建筑、公共空间等组成部分,详细解析杭州市“山、水、城”的空间格局关系演变形成、发展,进而分别对于城防与水网格局、街巷空间格局、建筑风貌与开放空间、文化景观与历史遗存进行了景观要素的评价。
第二篇研究了改革开放以后城市面临发展的迷茫与城市景观价值的失落。改革开放以后我国进入了快速城市化时期。在这一时间阶段,城市空间景观发展演变呈现新的发展趋势和特征。论文从宏观大背景出发,深层次辨析经济社会发展在这一时期对城市景观的影响,并从政府规划行为角度阐述了规划思想的变革及对城市景观带来的直接作用。这样的经济社会背景造成了全球化时代的城市景观,体现出城市文化转型期的景观特征,具体表现在城市空间规模膨胀与边界模糊、街道级配的失调与社区割裂、水系绿地的破坏与生态环境的恶化、建筑风貌的杂陈与空间挤压等诸方面。
第三篇讨论了21世纪以来杭州对于城市景观问题的思考与探索,对城市精神失落的警醒与补救过程进行深入探讨。21世纪是全球化、信息化、城市化的大发展时期,经历了改革开放以来20年左右的快速发展,人们在城市文化、景观面貌的快速改变中已经开始意识到城市景观问题的严重性,从市民、游客对杭州市快速改变的城市面貌感到了失落。为此,开始了重新寻回城市精神的努力。
第四篇以杭州为例探讨了城市景观意象重构与价值重塑的实践。通过杭州城市意向重塑过程的深入剖析,论文认为在快速城市化发展背景下,在城市发展过程中避免城市景观趋同、保护并延续城市特色,需要重点关注以下几方面：建立清晰的城市文化审美价值体系；构建完整的城市总体景观意象系统；牢牢抓住城市核心特色构成要素；科学的城市管理决策机制和精英城市规划技术支撑体系。以杭州目前在西湖文化景观和西湖东岸城市空间关系研究的相关规划为例,阐述了城市规划主导的文化价值重塑下的景观特色延续新思路；同时以新城开发建设中的传统文化迷失、时代文化精神崛起、城市规划技术创新为案例,探讨在当前时代背景下城市景观特色的未来发展。
第五篇为问题探讨篇,通过对城市建设中重大问题的探讨,对杭州塑造独特城市景观实践的总结,提出对城市景观趋同问题的机制性和技术性解决之道。城市景观特色从规划管理上解决途径是政治权威的合理结构化,构建多元精英团体及城市规划的法定程序和约束机制。社会协同机制的建立是社会多元化利益诉求和价值观表达的平台,也是维护公共利益的根基。在国内众多的城市中,杭州市在保持独特城市景观方面被认为做得相对比较成功。结合杭州市的一些具体案例的分析,从杭州的规划实践角度探讨城市空间景观特色的重塑之道,期望为中国城市景观趋同性问题的解决提供借鉴,进而避免中国城市文化现象的趋同。
Ever since China started its process of opening up and reforms, gradually its cities have started losing their own identity in terms of city cultural identity, in terms of style, space arrangement, landscape and architecture. This has entails increasing critique from various social sectors. The loss of a city's personality and the growing single one look among different cities are the result of the urbanization in China and is a fact urban researchers have to face.
Urban landscape is a major aspect of urban culture. Its loss of character is a major signal that the city losing its own character and are transforming into one character. Thus, the transformation and lose of identity of urban landscape directly or indirectly reflect the similar tendency of urban culture. This dissertation is to find the solution to these problems of urban culture through studying the urban landscape, exploring the path of its transformation and the rules by which it transformed as well as the reasons behind.
City planning is the means through which the government exercises its duty, through making, implementing, supervising its planning policies. This is how a city shapes its space arrangement and a landscape. This dissertation aims at approaching the problem through the perspective of city planning, taking the fast urbanization process and the changing of landscape in the city of Hangzhou as a case study. It attempts to provide a solution to this problem. The research will innovatively introduce angles of aesthetic values and government behavior theories into city planning, by examining city development from a historic point of view. The goal is to find effective method to solve the problem of cities all aggregating to one look.
The article is divided into five parts, eleven chapters.
Part one addresses the history formation of aesthetic values in the urban landscape of Hangzhou, before China adopted the opening up and reform policy with the view of history. From the point view of history, this part examines the relationship between social economic development and the formation of the unique urban landscape, and its relationship with the formation of the urban culture. Based on that, it divides the traditional city landscape components into city defense, water network, streets and lanes, architecture and public space, etc. It will try to project in details the formation and relations among "Mountain, Water and City" and evaluate the relationship between city defense and water network, street/lane distribution, architecture style, open space, cultural landscape and historic sites.
Part two examines the confusion in urban development triggered by reform and opening up in China as well as the lost of value system among urban landscape. By then, China; has entered a phase of fast urbanization. During that period of time, urban development took on new features and trend. Considering that background, this part of the dissertation looks at the impact left by social economic development on urban landscape, and explains changes in urban planning thoughts as well the subsequent impact on the landscape. Such a background dictates an urban landscape of globalization, visualizing the transformation of the functions of a city into its landscape features. To be more specific: urban expansion, a blurred borders, disruption of balance among streets and lanes distribution, a disconnection within communities, damage to water system and greenbelts, worsening of the ecosystem, mismatch architectural styles and compressed spaces.
Part three discusses problems in urban landscape in Hangzhou since21century, exploring the loss of city spirit and the process of how to make it up.21century has witnessed a boom in globalization, information, and urbanization. By then, after two decades of fast growth, people have come to detect how serious the problem is, in the fast changing face of a city. Hangzhou residents, as well visitors, have all identified the loss. Efforts were made to restore the city's spirit.
Part four takes Hangzhou as a sample to discuss the experiment of rebuilding the unique urban landscape image as well as the values. Through an in-depth analysis, the dissertation believes under the background of the fast urbanization, in order to avoid every city taking the same image, protect and prolong the city's unique features, the following few points need to be addressed:build a clear defined urban cultural aesthetic value system; build a complete overall city general landscape image system; hold on to the elements that constitute the core feature of a city; scientific urban management decision-making mechanism and a elite urban planning technical support system. Taking example of the current planning regarding the relationship between the West Lake cultural landscape and the urban space along its eastern bank, this part expounds a new thinking of how to continue the landscape features under the restructuring of urban culture, guided by city planning. It will also discuss the future development of urban landscape features under the present time, citing the example of the loss of traditional culture in the development of new city, a rise of spirit of the time, and the innovation of urban planning techniques.
Part five is devoted to explore the problems. It discusses major development issues, summarize the practice of forming a unique urban landscape of Hangzhou, and provide suggestions, in terms of both administration and techniques, to solve the problem of cities taking on a similar look. To solve this problem through the means of city planning is a process of rationalizing the administration authority, building a multi-layer elite team and a legal procedure in stipulating city planning policies and a supervision mechanism. To establish a social coordination mechanism is the root of protecting public interests. It also provides a platform for the multi-layer social factors to express their interests and values. Among the numerous cities in China, Hangzhou is recognized as a comparatively successful example in preserving its unique urban landscape. The dissertation will take some concrete case studies in Hangzhou and explore the ways to rebuild special features of urban space landscape, hoping to provide some reference to reduce the problem of the growing cultural single character among the cities in China.
引文
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11. L· Mumford, The culture of cities[M], Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1970
12. Lane L. Marshall, Landscape architecture:guidelines to professional practice[M], Washington,D.C.:American Society of Landscape Architects,1981
13. Musacchio L R, The Ecology and Culture of Landscape Sustainability [J], Landscape Ecol, 2009 (24):989-992
14. P · Hall. Cities of tomorrow:An intellectual history of urban planning and design in the twentieth century[M], Basil Blackwell,1988
15. Webster's English,英语大词典[M],1996
16.陈烨,城市景观的语境及研究溯源[J],中国园林,2009年25(8)：28—30
17.辞海,1995
18.杜顺宝,中国建筑艺术全集·卷19[M],风景建筑,北京：中国美术出版社,2001
19.何小娥,阮雷红,试论地域文化与城市特色的创造[J],中外建筑,2004(8)：69-73
20.黄兴国著,城市特色理论与应用研究[M],北京：研究出版社,2004
21.刘绍强、张越,城市景观规划控制体系分析[J],新学术,2007(3)：68—69
22.罗杰斯著,曹娟译,景观设计——文化与建筑的历史[M],北京：中国林业出版社,2005
23.马时雍编,杭州的街巷里弄(上)[M],杭州：杭州出版社,2003年1月
24.马时雍编,杭州的水[M],杭州：杭州出版社,2003年1月
25.马时雍编,杭州的水[M],杭州：杭州出版社,2003年1月
26.孙施文,城市规划哲学[M],中国建筑工业出版社,1997
27.汪德华,中国山水文化与城市规划[M],南京：东南大学出版社,2002年10月
28.汪艳荣,接受美学与城市景观特色塑造[J],价值工程,2001(17)：94
29.王国平,城市论[M],北京：人民出版社,2009年12月
30.王蒙徽,段险峰,袁奇峰等,在快速发展中寻求均衡的城市结构—广州城市总体发展概念规划深化方案简析[J],城市规划,2001年3期：33-37
31.王向荣,林菁著,西方现代景观设计的理论与实践[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002
32.王秀岗,多元精英主义的形成机制探索：从多元主义到精英主义集团观[J],网络财富,2010(14)：187-188
33.王紫雯,城镇化过程中的景观保护与规划[J],小城镇建设,2001,(11)：66-67
34.项青,汤丽青.谈景观设计中的接受美学[J],艺术与设计(理论)[J],2010(1)
35.许浩著,城市景观规划设计理论与技法[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006.2
36.杨戌标,现代城市发展中历史街区的保护与复兴[J],城市规划,2004(8)：60-67
37.尹海林,城市景观规划管理研究——以天津市为例[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2005
38.俞孔坚,李迪华,2003,景观设计：专业学科与教育[M],中国建筑工业出版社
39.俞孔坚,李迪华,吉庆萍,景观与城市的生态设计：概念与原理[J],中国园林,2001,17(6)：3-11
40.张兵,城市规划实效论[M],北京：中国人民大学出版社,1998：98-100
41.张法,中国美学史[M],成都：四川人民出版社,2008年
42.张庭伟,构筑规划师的工作平台——规划理论研究的一个中心问题[J],城市规划,2002(11)
43.周岚,王奇志,朱晓光,城市空间美学[M],东南大学出版社,2001
44.朱立元,接受美学导论[M],安徽教育出版社,2004
45.杭州市城市总体规划2001-2020年
46.杭州市西湖景观提升规划
47.南宋皇城大遗址保护概念规划
48李强标,对杭州农村河道水环境综合整治规划的积淀思考[J],中国农村水利水电,2008
49向洪,四项基本原则大辞典[M],成都电子科技大学出版社,1992年：151
50仇保兴副部长在住房和城乡建设部第三批城乡规划督察员派遣仪式上的讲话(2008年8月28 日)
51(法)孟德斯鸠著.崔洪理译,论法的精神[M],北京：商务印书馆,2001年
52〔美〕布坎南,宪法经济学,公共论丛[J],第2集
2.(美)埃德蒙·N·培根著黄富厢等译,城市设计[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003年8月第一版
3.(美)凯文·林奇著,方益萍、何晓军译,城市意象[M],北京：华夏出版社,2001
4.(美)柯林·罗弗瑞德·科特著董明译,拼贴城市[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003年9月第一版
5.(美)刘易斯·芒福德,城市发展史——起源、演变和前景[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005年2月
6.(英)Matthew Carmona Tim Heath等编著,冯红等译,城市设计的维度公共场所——城市空间[M],江苏科学技术出版社,2005年10月
7.(英)尼格尔·泰勒,1945年西方城市规划理论的流变[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006年
8. Arnold ·RAlanen, Robert·Melitick, Preserving Cultural Landscape in America[M], Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1992
9. Christopher Alexander, A City Is Not A Tree [J], Architectural Forum, Vol.122. No.1, April,1965
10. H George Frederickson,张成福,刘霞、张璋,等译,公共行政的精神[M],北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003：128-129
11. L· Mumford, The culture of cities[M], Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1970
12. Lane L. Marshall, Landscape architecture:guidelines to professional practice[M], Washington,D.C.:American Society of Landscape Architects,1981
13. Musacchio L R, The Ecology and Culture of Landscape Sustainability [J], Landscape Ecol, 2009 (24):989-992
14. P · Hall. Cities of tomorrow:An intellectual history of urban planning and design in the twentieth century[M], Basil Blackwell,1988
15. Webster's English,英语大词典[M],1996
16.陈烨,城市景观的语境及研究溯源[J],中国园林,2009年25(8)：28—30
17.辞海,1995
18.杜顺宝,中国建筑艺术全集·卷19[M],风景建筑,北京：中国美术出版社,2001
19.何小娥,阮雷红,试论地域文化与城市特色的创造[J],中外建筑,2004(8)：69-73
20.黄兴国著,城市特色理论与应用研究[M],北京：研究出版社,2004
21.刘绍强、张越,城市景观规划控制体系分析[J],新学术,2007(3)：68—69
22.罗杰斯著,曹娟译,景观设计——文化与建筑的历史[M],北京：中国林业出版社,2005
23.马时雍编,杭州的街巷里弄(上)[M],杭州：杭州出版社,2003年1月
24.马时雍编,杭州的水[M],杭州：杭州出版社,2003年1月
25.马时雍编,杭州的水[M],杭州：杭州出版社,2003年1月
26.孙施文,城市规划哲学[M],中国建筑工业出版社,1997
27.汪德华,中国山水文化与城市规划[M],南京：东南大学出版社,2002年10月
28.汪艳荣,接受美学与城市景观特色塑造[J],价值工程,2001(17)：94
29.王国平,城市论[M],北京：人民出版社,2009年12月
30.王蒙徽,段险峰,袁奇峰等,在快速发展中寻求均衡的城市结构—广州城市总体发展概念规划深化方案简析[J],城市规划,2001年3期：33-37
31.王向荣,林菁著,西方现代景观设计的理论与实践[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002
32.王秀岗,多元精英主义的形成机制探索：从多元主义到精英主义集团观[J],网络财富,2010(14)：187-188
33.王紫雯,城镇化过程中的景观保护与规划[J],小城镇建设,2001,(11)：66-67
34.项青,汤丽青.谈景观设计中的接受美学[J],艺术与设计(理论)[J],2010(1)
35.许浩著,城市景观规划设计理论与技法[M],北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2006.2
36.杨戌标,现代城市发展中历史街区的保护与复兴[J],城市规划,2004(8)：60-67
37.尹海林,城市景观规划管理研究——以天津市为例[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2005
38.俞孔坚,李迪华,2003,景观设计：专业学科与教育[M],中国建筑工业出版社
39.俞孔坚,李迪华,吉庆萍,景观与城市的生态设计：概念与原理[J],中国园林,2001,17(6)：3-11
40.张兵,城市规划实效论[M],北京：中国人民大学出版社,1998：98-100
41.张法,中国美学史[M],成都：四川人民出版社,2008年
42.张庭伟,构筑规划师的工作平台——规划理论研究的一个中心问题[J],城市规划,2002(11)
43.周岚,王奇志,朱晓光,城市空间美学[M],东南大学出版社,2001
44.朱立元,接受美学导论[M],安徽教育出版社,2004
45.杭州市城市总体规划2001-2020年
46.杭州市西湖景观提升规划
47.南宋皇城大遗址保护概念规划
48李强标,对杭州农村河道水环境综合整治规划的积淀思考[J],中国农村水利水电,2008
49向洪,四项基本原则大辞典[M],成都电子科技大学出版社,1992年：151
50仇保兴副部长在住房和城乡建设部第三批城乡规划督察员派遣仪式上的讲话(2008年8月28 日)
51(法)孟德斯鸠著.崔洪理译,论法的精神[M],北京：商务印书馆,2001年
52〔美〕布坎南,宪法经济学,公共论丛[J],第2集