基于ZigBee/ARM技术的智能公交系统的研究与实现
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摘要
智能城市公交系统为解决城市交通拥堵、空气污染,降低交通事故提供了解决方案,并在世界各国达成广泛的共识。我国政府为改善城市公共交通系统投入了大量的财力对公交系统进行升级和改造,智能调度、自动报站、车辆监控等新技术应用于城市公交系统中。IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee标准的制定,不仅为工业控制、家居自动化控制和遥测遥控等领域提供了一种无线互联互通的标准,而且给智能公交系统带来了新的生机,为智能交通系统及相关产业的发展提供了有力的契机。
本文给出了IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee标准的介绍,给出了协议栈框架结构,从物理层到应用层进行了分析,并将ZigBee技术与其他无线通信技术做了比较,分析了ZigBee技术应用的场合。
在查阅大量参考文献的基础上,设计了基于ZigBee技术的智能公交系统的框架结构,分析了始发站、中间站、终点站的功能,并尝试采用挪威Chipcon公司的ZigBee-CC2430无线模块来代替GPS技术实现公交车辆自动报站。
在始发站停车场监控系统中,重点研究ZigBee定位机制,研究了多边定位算法、几何算法、加权质心算法等,并改进现有的定位算法,并使用MATLAB工具进行仿真分析,实现了基于ZigBee技术的公交车定位系统;在中间站电子站牌设计中采用能量检测算法实现了与车载终端的通讯,编写了电子站牌和公交车载终端的通信协议并实地测试了自动报站功能。
最后设计了以Philips公司的ARM7芯片LPC2364为微处理器的智能公交车载终端,并给出了各部分的硬件电路设计。
Intelligent Public Transportation System is the best acknowledged method to solve the problems in traffic field at present, such as traffic jam, traffic block, traffic accident and air pollution. To upgrading public transportation system, our government poured huge material and financial resources into it. Some new techniques, such as intelligent dispatching techniques, Automatic bus station broadcasting techniques, automatic monitoring techniques, have been applied on the system of Intelligent Public Traffic System. After IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee standards were marked out, ZigBee techniques have been widely used for industry control field, home automatic control field,telemetry and telecontrol field. Intelligent Public Transportation System is also employed the new technology in recent years.
At the beginning of this thesis, the standard of IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee is introduced. It also presents the framework of IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee stack. Every layer from physical layer to Application layer in the stack is analyzed. ZigBee technology is also compared with the other wireless communication technology, then the application fields of ZigBee technology is introduced.
Based on massive literature material, an Intelligent Public Transportation System based on ZigBee is designed. The framework of system is introduced. It emphasis on analyzing the function of departure bus stations, intermediate stations, terminal stations, and a new wireless module replace GPS chip, which is called ZigBee-CC2430 and developed in Chipcon Company in Norway. The new module can achieve the function of automatic bus station broadcasting.
In Vehicle Monitoring and Control System which placed in the parking lot of departure stations, we studied Location Technology based on ZigBee. Several location algorithms, such as multilateral location algorithm, geometrical algorithm, weighted centroid localization algorithm, etc., are studied and simulated with MATLAB. An improved localization algorithm is introduced. The simulation results show that it can achieve lower error probability and give a better performance. Energy detection algorithm is employed in electronic bus stop module to realize the communication with the bus terminal.
At last, Intelligence bus terminal is designed, which employed ARM7 chip LPC2364 developed by Philips Company as the Micro Controller Unit. Some key circuits are also presented.
本文给出了IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee标准的介绍,给出了协议栈框架结构,从物理层到应用层进行了分析,并将ZigBee技术与其他无线通信技术做了比较,分析了ZigBee技术应用的场合。
在查阅大量参考文献的基础上,设计了基于ZigBee技术的智能公交系统的框架结构,分析了始发站、中间站、终点站的功能,并尝试采用挪威Chipcon公司的ZigBee-CC2430无线模块来代替GPS技术实现公交车辆自动报站。
在始发站停车场监控系统中,重点研究ZigBee定位机制,研究了多边定位算法、几何算法、加权质心算法等,并改进现有的定位算法,并使用MATLAB工具进行仿真分析,实现了基于ZigBee技术的公交车定位系统;在中间站电子站牌设计中采用能量检测算法实现了与车载终端的通讯,编写了电子站牌和公交车载终端的通信协议并实地测试了自动报站功能。
最后设计了以Philips公司的ARM7芯片LPC2364为微处理器的智能公交车载终端,并给出了各部分的硬件电路设计。
Intelligent Public Transportation System is the best acknowledged method to solve the problems in traffic field at present, such as traffic jam, traffic block, traffic accident and air pollution. To upgrading public transportation system, our government poured huge material and financial resources into it. Some new techniques, such as intelligent dispatching techniques, Automatic bus station broadcasting techniques, automatic monitoring techniques, have been applied on the system of Intelligent Public Traffic System. After IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee standards were marked out, ZigBee techniques have been widely used for industry control field, home automatic control field,telemetry and telecontrol field. Intelligent Public Transportation System is also employed the new technology in recent years.
At the beginning of this thesis, the standard of IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee is introduced. It also presents the framework of IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee stack. Every layer from physical layer to Application layer in the stack is analyzed. ZigBee technology is also compared with the other wireless communication technology, then the application fields of ZigBee technology is introduced.
Based on massive literature material, an Intelligent Public Transportation System based on ZigBee is designed. The framework of system is introduced. It emphasis on analyzing the function of departure bus stations, intermediate stations, terminal stations, and a new wireless module replace GPS chip, which is called ZigBee-CC2430 and developed in Chipcon Company in Norway. The new module can achieve the function of automatic bus station broadcasting.
In Vehicle Monitoring and Control System which placed in the parking lot of departure stations, we studied Location Technology based on ZigBee. Several location algorithms, such as multilateral location algorithm, geometrical algorithm, weighted centroid localization algorithm, etc., are studied and simulated with MATLAB. An improved localization algorithm is introduced. The simulation results show that it can achieve lower error probability and give a better performance. Energy detection algorithm is employed in electronic bus stop module to realize the communication with the bus terminal.
At last, Intelligence bus terminal is designed, which employed ARM7 chip LPC2364 developed by Philips Company as the Micro Controller Unit. Some key circuits are also presented.
引文
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[19]林绿洲,王力超,陆起涌.基于GPS与GPRS的公交智能监控系统[J].仪器仪表学报,2006,27(06):561-563
[20]李淑庆,朱胜雪,任洪涛.基于公交的城市道路交通信息智能系统[J].重庆交通学院学报,2005,24(06):126-128
[21]Elliott D.Kaplan著邸致和,王万义译,GPS原理与应用(Understanding GPS Principle and Appliation).电子工业出版社.2003:10-36
[22]常青,杨东凯,寇艳红等.车辆导航定位方法及应用[M].机械工业出版社.2005:22-23
[23]富立,范耀祖编著.车辆定位导航系统[M].中国铁道出版社.2004:72-73
[24]曹斌,董慧颖,杨悦平.多边算法在无线传感器网络目标定位中的应用[J].沈阳理工大学学报,2008,27(1):14-17
[25]陈维克,李文锋,首珩等.基于RSSI的无线传感器网络加权质心定位算法[J].武汉大学理工学报,2006,30(2):265-268
[26]N .Bulusu,J .Heidemann,D.Estrin.Estrin.Density Adaptive Algorithms for Beacon Placement in Wireless Sensor Networks.Technical Report ULCA-CS-010013,2001.
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[28]D.Niculescu,B.Nath. Ad hoc Positioning System(APS).Proceeding of IEEE Globecom 2001,Texas,USA, pp.2826-2931,November,2001
[29]D.Niculescu, B. Nath. DV-based Positioning in Ad hoc Networks. Kluwer Journal of Telecommunication Systems,Vol.22,No.1,pp.267-280,January 2003
[30]王永才,赵千川,郑大钟.传感器网络自身定位方法的设计与实现[J].计算机工程与应用.2005,41(13):4-6
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[40]BENQ Corp.M23 GSM/GPRS Wireless Module DATASHEEET.2005
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[42]IEEE Standards 802.15.4TM-2003, Wireless Medium access control (MAC)and Physical layer (PHY)specifications for low-rate wireless area networks (LR- PANs) [S]
[43]Bah I P,Padmanabhan VN.RADAR: an in-building RF-based user location and tracking system. //Proc. of the IEEE NFOCOM,2000,2,TelA viv: IEEE Computer and Communications Societies,2000:7752784
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[45]张华,邵宗良.基于便携设备数字电源系统的设计[J].计算机工程.2008(3):266-276
[46]高文青,沈维聪.NAND存储器在嵌入式系统中的应用[J].电测与仪表.2008(2): 45-57
[47]郭克敏.基于NOR FLASH存储器的嵌入式文件系统的设计与实现[J].今日电子.2007(8):35-36
[48]Leadtek Research Inc. GPS protocol Reference Manual.2002
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[50]http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc5126.pdf
[51]童亮.基于CAN总线的车用智能传感器系统设计[J].传感器与微系统.2008(l):90-91
[52]TJA1040 High speed CAN transceiver[DB/OL].Philips semiconducters,2001.
[53]Winbond Electronic Corporation.ISD4004 Series Datasheet.2007
[54]NationalSemiconductor Corporation.LM386 Datasheet.2000