大鼠控尿功能的性别差异及其与尿道横纹括约肌MyHCIs的相关性研究
|
摘要
目的比较雌雄两种性别Fisher344大鼠控尿功能的差异，观察两种性别大鼠尿道的大体解剖和组织成分的异同，以及肌球蛋白重链同源分子（MyHCIs）各亚型在大鼠尿道横纹肌中的分布及表达随性别年龄变化的规律，探索雌雄两种大鼠控尿功能差异的形态学和分子学基础。
方法应用尿动力学方法检测Fisher344大鼠控尿功能的性别年龄差异；通过免疫组化染色和Masson’s Trichrome染色法检测大鼠尿道结构、组织学构成成分，及横纹肌MyHCIs分布性别年龄差异；通过实时定量PCR和Western Blot检测大鼠尿道横纹括约肌MyHCIs基因表达的性别年龄差异。
结果尿动力学检查发现雌雄两种性别大鼠的漏尿点压力均表现为随年龄增加显著降低的规律，雌性大鼠漏尿点压力低于雄性，且此差异随增龄变化逐渐显著。形态学检查发现雌雄两性大鼠均存在形态相似的尿道横纹括约肌结构，大鼠横纹肌含量及横纹肌中MyHCIsⅡ型含量随年龄增高而降低，雌性含量低于雄性，且此差异随增龄变化逐渐显著。分子生物学检测提示MyHCIsⅡb及Ⅱx亚型表达随年龄增加显著降低，雌性表达低于雄性，且此差异随增龄变化逐渐显著。
结论大鼠控尿功能随增龄变化而下降，雌性大鼠控尿功能较雄性为差，可能与雌性大鼠尿道横纹括约肌总容量较雄性为少，MyHCIsⅡ型，特别是Ⅱb及Ⅱx亚型表达明显少于雄性大鼠相关。
Objective Based upon morphology studies, female gender and elder age are riskfactors for developing stress urinary incontinence, however, the mechanism is not entirelyclear.The aim of this study was to describe the differences in urinary continence functionbetween the female and male rats, to measure the differences in sphincter muscle betweenthe two genders, and to investigate the myosin heavy chain isoforms (MHCIs) expression inthe urethral striated sphincter of rat to discuss the mechanism which may exist. Materialsand Methods Totally16female and16male adult Fisher rats at different ages were dividedinto8groups，group Ⅰ (6months，female)， group Ⅱ (12months，female)，groupⅢ (24months，female), group Ⅳ (32months，female)， group Ⅴ(6months，male)，group Ⅵ(12months，male)，group Ⅶ(24months，male) and group Ⅷ(32months，male). We had tested the continence function, described the anatomy of urethra andexamined the muscle fiber distribution (by Masson’s Trichrome stain) as well as theexpression of the corresponding MHCIs protein and messenger RNA (mRNA)(protein andmRNA expression, using Western blot or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)).Results The significant differences in urinary continence function were notebetween the female and male rats, with female rats having marked lower abdominal leakpoint pressure and marked faster decrease of abdominal leak point pressure in female ratswith aging. Female rats were noted having less volume of striated muscle than male rats.The outcome revealed that the urethral striated muscles consist of four kind of isoforms:MyHC-Ⅰ,MyHC-Ⅱa, MyHC-Ⅱb and MyHC-Ⅱx. Comparing with the male rats, theexpression of fast MHC, especially MyHC-Ⅱb and MyHC-Ⅱx in female rats was lowerthan those in male, while the slow MHC shows opposite at the same time. Conclusions:Gender-related differences were noted in urinary continence function in rats as evaluated with urodynamic studies. The male rats demonstrated better continence function thanfemales. The higher expression of MyHC-Ⅱb and MyHC-Ⅱx in the males urethral striatedsphincter muscles might be the molecular basis responsible for the gender-relateddifferences in continence function.
方法应用尿动力学方法检测Fisher344大鼠控尿功能的性别年龄差异；通过免疫组化染色和Masson’s Trichrome染色法检测大鼠尿道结构、组织学构成成分，及横纹肌MyHCIs分布性别年龄差异；通过实时定量PCR和Western Blot检测大鼠尿道横纹括约肌MyHCIs基因表达的性别年龄差异。
结果尿动力学检查发现雌雄两种性别大鼠的漏尿点压力均表现为随年龄增加显著降低的规律，雌性大鼠漏尿点压力低于雄性，且此差异随增龄变化逐渐显著。形态学检查发现雌雄两性大鼠均存在形态相似的尿道横纹括约肌结构，大鼠横纹肌含量及横纹肌中MyHCIsⅡ型含量随年龄增高而降低，雌性含量低于雄性，且此差异随增龄变化逐渐显著。分子生物学检测提示MyHCIsⅡb及Ⅱx亚型表达随年龄增加显著降低，雌性表达低于雄性，且此差异随增龄变化逐渐显著。
结论大鼠控尿功能随增龄变化而下降，雌性大鼠控尿功能较雄性为差，可能与雌性大鼠尿道横纹括约肌总容量较雄性为少，MyHCIsⅡ型，特别是Ⅱb及Ⅱx亚型表达明显少于雄性大鼠相关。
Objective Based upon morphology studies, female gender and elder age are riskfactors for developing stress urinary incontinence, however, the mechanism is not entirelyclear.The aim of this study was to describe the differences in urinary continence functionbetween the female and male rats, to measure the differences in sphincter muscle betweenthe two genders, and to investigate the myosin heavy chain isoforms (MHCIs) expression inthe urethral striated sphincter of rat to discuss the mechanism which may exist. Materialsand Methods Totally16female and16male adult Fisher rats at different ages were dividedinto8groups，group Ⅰ (6months，female)， group Ⅱ (12months，female)，groupⅢ (24months，female), group Ⅳ (32months，female)， group Ⅴ(6months，male)，group Ⅵ(12months，male)，group Ⅶ(24months，male) and group Ⅷ(32months，male). We had tested the continence function, described the anatomy of urethra andexamined the muscle fiber distribution (by Masson’s Trichrome stain) as well as theexpression of the corresponding MHCIs protein and messenger RNA (mRNA)(protein andmRNA expression, using Western blot or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)).Results The significant differences in urinary continence function were notebetween the female and male rats, with female rats having marked lower abdominal leakpoint pressure and marked faster decrease of abdominal leak point pressure in female ratswith aging. Female rats were noted having less volume of striated muscle than male rats.The outcome revealed that the urethral striated muscles consist of four kind of isoforms:MyHC-Ⅰ,MyHC-Ⅱa, MyHC-Ⅱb and MyHC-Ⅱx. Comparing with the male rats, theexpression of fast MHC, especially MyHC-Ⅱb and MyHC-Ⅱx in female rats was lowerthan those in male, while the slow MHC shows opposite at the same time. Conclusions:Gender-related differences were noted in urinary continence function in rats as evaluated with urodynamic studies. The male rats demonstrated better continence function thanfemales. The higher expression of MyHC-Ⅱb and MyHC-Ⅱx in the males urethral striatedsphincter muscles might be the molecular basis responsible for the gender-relateddifferences in continence function.
引文
1. Ueda T, et al. Urinary incontinence among community-dwelling people aged40yearsor older in Japan: prevalence, risk factors, knowledge and self-perception. Int J Urol7:95–103,2000.
2. DeLancey JO, et al. Stress urinary incontinence: relative importance of urethral supportand urethral closure pressure.J Urol.2008Jun;179(6):2286-90
3. Whitson JM, et al. Mechanism of continence after repair of posterior urethraldisruption: evidence of rhabdosphincter activity.J Urol.2008Mar;179(3):1035-9.
4. Schick E, et al. Observations on the function of the female urethra: III: An overviewwith special reference to the relation between urethral hypermobility and urethralincompetence.Neurourol Urodyn.2004;23(1):22-6.
5. Heesakkers JP, Gerretsen RR. Urinary incontinence: sphincter functioning from aurological perspective.Digestion.2004;69(2):93-101. Epub2004Apr14. Review.
6. Perucchini D, Fink D. Urinary stress incontinence in the female: comparison ofincontinence theories and new tension-free surgical procedures. GynakolGeburtshilfliche Rundsch.2002;42(3):133-40.
7. Hollabaugh RS, et al. Neuroanatomy of the female continence complex: clinicalimplications. Urology.2001Feb;57(2):382-8.
8. Keane DP, O'Sullivan S. Urinary incontinence: anatomy, physiology andpathophysiology. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol.2000Apr;14(2):207-26.
9. Kim K, et al. Mechanisms of female urinary continence under stress: frequencyspectrum analysis.J Biomech.2001May;34(5):687-91.
10. Cundiff GW, et al. Pressure transmission ratio reproducibility in stress continent andstress incontinent women.Neurourol Urodyn.1997;16(3):161-6.
11. Yucel S, Baskin LS. An anatomical description of the male and female urethralsphincter complex. J Urol.2004May;171(5):1890-7.
12. Thiele J, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance tomography examinations of the urogenitaldiaphragm in comparison with corresponding histomorphologic findings (thecontroversy concerning the musculus transversus perinei profundus). Aktuelle Radiol.1997Jan;7(1):45-9.
13. Mcbride AW. Pathophysiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence. J Pelvic Med Surg,2004,10:1-7.
14. Kamo I, et al. Urethral closure mechanisms under sneeze-induced stress condition inrats:a new animal model for evaluation of stress urinary incontinence. Am J PhysiolRegul Integr Comp Physiol.2003;285(2):356~365.
15. von Heyden B, et al. Response of guinea pig smooth and striated urethral sphincter tocromakalim, prazosin, nifedipine, nitroprusside, and electrical stimulation. NeurourolUrodyn.1995;14(2):153-68.
16. Takahashi S, et al. Electromyographic study of the striated urethral sphincter in type3stress incontinence: evidence of myogenic-dominant damages.Urology.2000;Dec20;56(6):946-50.
17. Chen G, Carroll S, Racay P, Dick J, Pette D, Traub I, Vrbova G, Eggli P, Celio M&Schwaller B (2001). Deficiency in parvalbumin increases fatigue resistance infast-twitch muscle and upregulatesmitochondria. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol281,C114–122.
18. Kavanagh NI, Ainscow E&Brand MD (2000). Calcium regulation of oxidativephosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta1457,57–70.
19. Joseph Bruton,et,al.Mitochondrial and myoplasmic [Ca2+] in single fibres from mouselimb muscles during repeated tetanic contractions. J Physiol (2003),551.1, pp.179–190.
20. Suzuki T, et al. Age-related alterations in myosin heavy chain isoforms in rat intrinsiclaryngeal muscles. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol2002;111:962-967.
21. Sumino Y,et al. Striated muscle fiber compositions of human male urethralrhabdosphincter and lavator ani. J Urol2006,175(4):1417-21
22. Eizema K,et al.Myosin heavy chain isoforms in equine gluteus mediusmuscle:comparison of mRNA and protein expression profiles. J Histochem Cytochem.2005;53(11):1383-90
23. Du G,Chen B, Zhang H, et al. The structure of the urinary sphincter complex and itscontinence mechanism in females. Urology.2009;74(suppl4A):291.(The30th SIUannual meeting,2009)
24. Spassov A,et,al.Differential expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in themasticatory muscles of dystrophin-deficient mice. Eur J Orthod.2010Dec27.
25. Metskas LA,et,al.Gender dimorphism in the exercise-na ve murine skeletal muscleproteome. Cell Mol Biol Lett.2010Sep;15(3):507-16. Epub2010Jun17.
26. González-Soriano J,et,al.Nitric oxide synthase in the external urethral sphincter of thesheep: immunohistochemical and functional study. J Urol.2003May;169(5):1901-6.
27. Daniel N,et,al.Human skeletal muscle: transition between fast and slow fibre types.Eur J Physiol (2011)461:537–543.
28. M S Cocker, et al.Age and gender effects on the extent of myocardial involvement inacute myocarditis: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Heart200995:1925-1930.
29.胡丽娟，杜广辉，胡卫峰，陈彪，章慧平，叶章群.雌性大鼠尿道括约肌组织结构的增龄变化.第三军医大学学报.2009.31(19):1821-1823.
1. van der Kooi JB, van Wanroy PJ, De Jonge MC, Kornelis JA, Time separation betweencough pulses in bladder, rectum and urethra in women. J Urol1984:132:1275–1278
2. Thind P, Lose G, Jorgensen L, Colstrup H, Variations in urethral and bladder pressureduring stress episodes in healthy women. Br J Urol1990:66:389–392
3. Thind P, Lose G, Colstrup H,Initial urethral pressure,increase during stress episodes ingenuine stress incontinent,women. Br J Urol1992:69:137–140
4. Viktrup L, Bump RC, Simplified neurophysiology of the,lower urinary tract. PrimaryCare Update Obstet Gynecol2003:10:261–264
5. Pierce LM, Reyes M, Thor KB, Dolber PC, Bremer RE, Kuehl TJ, Coates KW,Innervation of the levator ani muscles in the female squirrel monkey. Am J ObstetGynecol2003:188:1141–1147
6. Bremer RE, Barber MD, Coates KW, Dolber PC, Thor KB, Innervation of the levator aniand coccygeus muscles of the female rat. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol2003:275:1031–1041
7. Barber MD, Bremer RE, Thor KB, Dolber PC, Kuehl TJ, Coates KW, Innervation of thefemale levator ani muscles. Am J Obstet Gynecol2002:187:64–71
1Ueda T, et al. Urinary incontinence among community-dwelling people aged40years orolder in Japan: prevalence, risk factors, knowledge and self-perception. Int J Urol7:95–103,2000.
2DeLancey JO, et al. Stress urinary incontinence: relative importance of urethral supportand urethral closure pressure.J Urol.2008Jun;179(6):2286-90
3Whitson JM, et al. Mechanism of continence after repair of posterior urethral disruption:evidence of rhabdosphincter activity.J Urol.2008Mar;179(3):1035-9.
4Schick E, et al. Observations on the function of the female urethra: III: An overview withspecial reference to the relation between urethral hypermobility and urethralincompetence.Neurourol Urodyn.2004;23(1):22-6.
5Heesakkers JP, Gerretsen RR. Urinary incontinence: sphincter functioning from aurological perspective.Digestion.2004;69(2):93-101. Epub2004Apr14. Review.
6Perucchini D, Fink D. Urinary stress incontinence in the female: comparison ofincontinence theories and new tension-free surgical procedures. GynakolGeburtshilfliche Rundsch.2002;42(3):133-40.
7Hollabaugh RS, et al. Neuroanatomy of the female continence complex: clinicalimplications. Urology.2001Feb;57(2):382-8.
8Keane DP, O'Sullivan S. Urinary incontinence: anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology.Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol.2000Apr;14(2):207-26.
9Kim K, et al. Mechanisms of female urinary continence under stress: frequency spectrumanalysis.J Biomech.2001May;34(5):687-91.
10Cundiff GW, et al. Pressure transmission ratio reproducibility in stress continent andstress incontinent women.Neurourol Urodyn.1997;16(3):161-6.
11Yucel S, Baskin LS. An anatomical description of the male and female urethral sphinctercomplex. J Urol.2004May;171(5):1890-7.
12Russell B, et al. Morphometry of the aging female rat urethra. Int Urogynecol J PelvicFloor Dysfunct.1996;7(1):30-6.
13Strasser H, et al. Age dependent apoptosis and loss of rhabdosphincter cells. J Urol.2000Nov;164(5):1781-5.
14Percchini D, et al: Age effects on urethral striated muscle. I. Changes in number anddiameter of striated muscle fibers in the ventral urethra. Am J Obstet Gynecol2002;186:351-355.
15Percchini D, et al: Age effects on urethral striated muscle. II. Anatomic location ofmuscle loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol2002;186:356-360.
16Suzuki T, et al. Age-related alterations in myosin heavy chain isoforms in rat intrinsiclaryngeal muscles. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol2002;111:962-967.
17Brown M, Hasser EM. Complexity of age-related change in skeletal muscle. J GerontolA Biol Sci Med Sci1996;51:B117-123.
18Sumino Y,et al. Striated muscle fiber compositions of human male urethralrhabdosphincter and lavator ani. J Urol2006,175(4):1417-21
19Eizema K,et al.Myosin heavy chain isoforms in equine gluteus mediusmuscle:comparison of mRNA and protein expression profiles. J Histochem Cytochem.2005;53(11):1383-90
1. Ueda T, et al. Urinary incontinence among community-dwelling people aged40yearsor older in Japan: prevalence, risk factors, knowledge and self-perception. Int J Urol7:95–103,2000.
2. DeLancey JO, et al. Stress urinary incontinence: relative importance of urethral supportand urethral closure pressure.J Urol.2008Jun;179(6):2286-90
3. Whitson JM, et al. Mechanism of continence after repair of posterior urethraldisruption: evidence of rhabdosphincter activity.J Urol.2008Mar;179(3):1035-9.
4. Schick E, et al. Observations on the function of the female urethra: III: An overviewwith special reference to the relation between urethral hypermobility and urethralincompetence.Neurourol Urodyn.2004;23(1):22-6.
5. Heesakkers JP, Gerretsen RR. Urinary incontinence: sphincter functioning from aurological perspective.Digestion.2004;69(2):93-101. Epub2004Apr14. Review.
6. Perucchini D, Fink D. Urinary stress incontinence in the female: comparison ofincontinence theories and new tension-free surgical procedures. GynakolGeburtshilfliche Rundsch.2002;42(3):133-40.
7. Hollabaugh RS, et al. Neuroanatomy of the female continence complex: clinicalimplications. Urology.2001Feb;57(2):382-8.
8. Keane DP, O'Sullivan S. Urinary incontinence: anatomy, physiology andpathophysiology. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol.2000Apr;14(2):207-26.
9. Kim K, et al. Mechanisms of female urinary continence under stress: frequencyspectrum analysis.J Biomech.2001May;34(5):687-91.
10. Cundiff GW, et al. Pressure transmission ratio reproducibility in stress continent andstress incontinent women.Neurourol Urodyn.1997;16(3):161-6.
11. Yucel S, Baskin LS. An anatomical description of the male and female urethralsphincter complex. J Urol.2004May;171(5):1890-7.
12. Suzuki T, et al. Age-related alterations in myosin heavy chain isoforms in rat intrinsiclaryngeal muscles. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol2002;111:962-967.
13. Sumino Y,et al. Striated muscle fiber compositions of human male urethralrhabdosphincter and lavator ani. J Urol2006,175(4):1417-21
14. Eizema K,et al.Myosin heavy chain isoforms in equine gluteus mediusmuscle:comparison of mRNA and protein expression profiles. J Histochem Cytochem.2005;53(11):1383-90
15. Du G,Chen B, Zhang H, et al. The structure of the urinary sphincter complex and itscontinence mechanism in females. Urology.2009;74(suppl4A):291.(The30th SIUannual meeting,2009)
16. Spassov A,et,al.Differential expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in themasticatory muscles of dystrophin-deficient mice. Eur J Orthod.2010Dec27.
17. Metskas LA,et,al.Gender dimorphism in the exercise-na ve murine skeletal muscleproteome. Cell Mol Biol Lett.2010Sep;15(3):507-16. Epub2010Jun17.
18. González-Soriano J,et,al.Nitric oxide synthase in the external urethral sphincter of thesheep: immunohistochemical and functional study. J Urol.2003May;169(5):1901-6.
19. Daniel N,et,al.Human skeletal muscle: transition between fast and slow fibre types.Eur J Physiol (2011)461:537–543.
20. M S Cocker, et al.Age and gender effects on the extent of myocardial involvement inacute myocarditis: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Heart200995:1925-1930.
1. Staron RS, Kraemer WJ, Hikida RS, Reed DW, Murray JD, Campos GER, Gordon SE.1998. Comparison of soleus muscles from rats exposed to microgravity for10versus14days. Histochem Cell Biol110:73–80.
2. Staron RS, Hagerman FC, Hikida RS, Murray TF, Hostler DP, Crill MT, Ragg KE,Adams GR, McCue SA, Zeng M, Baldwin KM.1999. Time course of myosin heavychain transitions in neonatal rats: importance of innervation and thyroid state. Am JPhysiol276:R954–R961.
3. Ausoni S, Gorza L, Schiaffino S, Gundersen K, Lo¨mo T.1990. Expression of myosinheavy chain isoforms in stimulated fast and slow rat muscles. J Neurosci10:153–160.
4. Ba′ra′ny M.1967. ATPase activity of myosin correlated with speed of muscleshortening. J Gen Physiol50:197–218.
5. Booth FW, Kelso JR.1973. Effect of hind-limb immobilization on contractile andhistochemical properties of skeletal muscle.
6. Pflu¨gers Arch Eur J Physiol342:231–238.
7. Bottinelli R, Betto R, Schiaffino S, Reggiani C.1994a. Unloaded shortening velocityand myosin heavy chain and alkali light chain isoform composition in rat skeletalmuscle fibres. J Physiol (Lond)478:341–349.
8. Bottinelli R, Canepari M, Reggiani C, Stienen GJM.1994b. Myofibrillar ATPaseactivity during isometric contraction and isomyosin composition in rat single skinnedmuscle fibres. J Physiol (Lond)481:663–675.
9. Buller AJ, Eccles JC, Eccles RM.1960. Interactions between motoneurones andmuscles in respect of the characteristic speed of their responses. J Physiol (Lond)150:417–439.
10. Butler-Browne GS, Whalen RG.1984. Myosin isozyme transitions occuring during thepostnatal development of the rat soleus muscle.Dev Biol102:324–334.
11. Butler-Browne GS, Pruliere G, Cambon N, Whalen RG.1987. Influence of the dwarfmouse mutation on skeletal and cardiac myosinisoforms. Effect of one injection ofthyroxine on skeletal and cardiac muscle phenotype. J Biol Chem262:15188–15193.
12. Caiozzo VJ, Herrick RE, Baldwin KM.1992. Response of slow and fast muscle tohypothyroidism-maximal shortening velocity and myosin isoforms. Am J Physiol263:C86–C94.
13. Caiozzo VJ, Baker MJ, Herrick RE, Tao M, Baldwin KM.1994. Effect of spaceflighton skeletal muscle-mechanical properties and myosin isoform content of a slow muscle.J Appl Physiol76:1764–1773.
14. Caiozzo VJ, Haddad F, Baker MJ, Herrick RE, Prietto N, Baldwin KM.1996.Microgravity-induced transformations of myosin isoforms and contractile properties ofskeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol81:123–132.
15. Caiozzo VJ, Baker MJ, Baldwin KM.1998. Novel transitions in MHC isoforms:separate and combined effects of thyroid hormone and mechanical unloading. J ApplPhysiol85:2237–2248.
16. Campione M, Ausoni S, Guezennec CY, Schiaffino S.1993. Myosin and troponinchanges in rat soleus muscle after hindlimb suspension. J Appl Physiol74:1156–1160.
17. Gallien CL.1987. Regulation by thyroid hormones of terminal differentiation in theskeletal dorsal muscle. I Neonate mouse. Dev Biol123:25–32.
18. d’Albis A, Chanoine C, Janmot C, Mira J-C, Couteaux R.1990. Muscle-specificresponse to thyroid hormone of myosin isoform transitions during rat postnataldevelopment. Eur J Biochem193:155–161.
19. Suzuki T, et al. Age-related alterations in myosin heavy chain isoforms in rat intrinsiclaryngeal muscles. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol2002;111:962-967.
20. Sumino Y,et al. Striated muscle fiber compositions of human male urethralrhabdosphincter and lavator ani. J Urol2006,175(4):1417-21
21. Eizema K,et al.Myosin heavy chain isoforms in equine gluteus mediusmuscle:comparison of mRNA and protein expression profiles. J Histochem Cytochem.2005;53(11):1383-90
22. Du G,Chen B, Zhang H, et al. The structure of the urinary sphincter complex and itscontinence mechanism in females. Urology.2009;74(suppl4A):291.(The30th SIUannual meeting,2009)
23. Spassov A,et,al.Differential expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in themasticatory muscles of dystrophin-deficient mice. Eur J Orthod.2010Dec27.
24. Metskas LA,et,al.Gender dimorphism in the exercise-na ve murine skeletal muscleproteome. Cell Mol Biol Lett.2010Sep;15(3):507-16. Epub2010Jun17.
25. González-Soriano J,et,al.Nitric oxide synthase in the external urethral sphincter of thesheep: immunohistochemical and functional study. J Urol.2003May;169(5):1901-6.
26. Daniel N,et,al.Human skeletal muscle: transition between fast and slow fibre types.Eur J Physiol (2011)461:537–543.
27. M S Cocker, et al.Age and gender effects on the extent of myocardial involvement inacute myocarditis: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Heart200995:1925-1930.
28. Carroll S, Nicotera P, Pette D.1999. Calcium transients in single fibers oflow-frequency stimulated fast-twitch muscle of rat. Am J Physiol277:C1122–C1129.
29. Catz DS, Fischer LM, Kelley DB.1995. Androgen regulation of a laryngeal-specificmyosin heavy chain mRNA isoform whose expression is sexually differentiated. DevBiol171:448–457.
30. Chin ER, Olson EN, Richardson JA, Yano Q, Humphries C, Shelton JM, Wu H, ZhuWG, Basselduby R, Williams RS.1998. A calcineurin-dependent transcriptionalpathway controls skeletal muscle fiber type. Gene Dev12:2499–2509.
31. Close R.1967. Properties of motor units in fast and slow skeletal muscles of the rat. JPhysiol (Lond)193:45–55.
32. Conjard A, Peuker H, Pette D.1998. Energy state and myosin isoforms in single fibersof normal and transforming rabbit muscles. Pflu¨ gers Arch Eur J Physiol436:962–969.
33. d’Albis A, Butler-Browne G.1993. The hormonal control of myosin isoformexpression in skeletal muscle of mammals: a review. BAM3:7–16.
34. d’AlbisA, Lenfant-Guyot M, Janmot C, Chanoine C, Weinman J,
35. d’Albis A, Goubel F, Couteaux R, Janmot C, Mira JC.1994. The effect of denervationon myosin isoform synthesis in rabbit slow-type and fast-type muscles during terminaldifferentiation–Denervation induces differentiation into slow-type muscles. Eur JBiochem223:249–258.
36. Danieli-Betto D, Betto R, Megighian A, Midrio M, Salviati G, Larsson L.1995. Effectsof age on sarcoplasmic reticulum properties and histochemical composition of fast-andslow-twitch rat muscles. Acta Physiol Scand154:59–64.
37. Desplanches D, Mayet MH, Ilyina-Kakueva EI, Sempore B, Flandrois R.1990.Skeletal muscle adaptation in rats flown on Cosmos1667. J Appl Physiol68:48–52.
38. Ennion S, S’Antana Pereira J, Sargeant AJ, Young A, Goldspink G.1995.Characterization of human skeletal muscle fibres according to the myosin heavy chainsthey express. J Muscle Res Cell Motil16:35–43.
39. Fauteck SP, Kandarian SC.1995. Sensitive detection of myosin heavy chaincomposition in skeletal muscle under different loading conditions. Am J Physiol268:C419–C424.
40. Aigner S, Gohlsch B, Ha¨ma¨la¨inen N, Staron RS, Uber A, Wehrle U, Pette D.1993.Fast myosin heavy chain diversity in skeletal muscles of the rabbit: heavy chain IId,not IIb predominates. Eur J Biochem211:367–372.
41. Stevens L, Sultan KR, Peuker H, Gohlsch B, Mounier Y, Pette D.1999a.Time-dependent changes in myosin heavy chain mRNA and protein isoforms inunloaded soleus muscle of rat. Am J Physiol277:C1044–C1049.
42. Weiss A, Schiaffino S, Leinwand LA.1999a. Comparative sequence analysis of thecomplete human sarcomeric myosin heavy chain family: implications for functionaldiversity. J Mol Biol290:61–75.
43. Bottinelli R, Reggiani C.1995. Force-velocity properties and myosin light chainisoform composition of an identified type of skinned fibres from rat skeletal muscle.Pflu¨gers Arch Eur J Physiol429:592–594.
44. Andersen JL, Schiaffino S.1997. Mismatch between myosin heavy chain mRNA andprotein distribution in human skeletal muscle fibers. Am J Physiol272:C1881–C1889.
45. Andersen JL, Gruschy-Knudsen T, Sandri C, Larsson L, Schiaffino S.1999. Bed restincreases the amount of mismatched fibers in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol86:455–460.
46. Fitts RH, Winder WW, Brooke MH, Kaiser KK, Holloszy JO.1980.Contractile,biochemical, and histochemical properties of thyrotoxic rat soleus muscle. Am JPhysiol238:C15–C20.506.
47. Bottinelli R, Schiaffino S, Reggiani C.1991. Force-velocity relationshipand myosinheavy chain isoform compositions of skinned fibresfrom rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol(Lond)437:655–672.
48. Fitzsimons DP, Herrick RE, Baldwin KM.1990. Isomyosin distribution in rodentmuscles: effects of altered thyroid state. J Appl Physiol69:321–327.
49. Galler S, Schmitt T, Pette D.1994. Stretch activation, unloaded shortening velocity,and myosin heavy chain isoforms of rat skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol (Lond)478:523–531.
50. Galler S, Hilber K, Pette D.1996. Force responses following stepwise length changesof rat skeletal muscle fibre types. J Physiol (Lond)493:219–227.
51. Galler S, Hilber K, Gohlsch B, Pette D.1997a. Two functionally distinct myosin heavychain isoforms in slow skeletal muscle fibres. FEBS Lett410:150–152.
52. Huey KA, Bodine SC.1998. Changes in myosin mRNA and protein expression indenervated rat soleus and tibialis anterior. Eur J Biochem256:45–50.
53. Ianuzzo CD, Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB.1976. Compensatory adaptations of skeletalmuscle fiber types to a long-term functional overload. Life Sci19:1517–1524.
54. Ianuzzo CD, Blank S, Crassweller A, Spalding J, Hamilton N, Dabrowski B, Rooks N.
1989. Effect of hindlimb immobilization and recovery on compensatory hypertrophiedrat plantaris muscle. Mol Cell Biochem90:57–68.
55. Jaschinski F, Schuler M, Peuker H, Pette D.1998. Transitions in myosin heavy chainmRNA and protein isoforms of rat muscle during forced contractile activity. Am JPhysiol274:C365–C371.
56. Ja¨nka¨la¨H, Harjola VP, Petersen NE, Ha¨rko¨enM.1997. Myosin heavy chainmRNA transform to faster isoforms in immobilized skeletal muscle: A quantitativePCR study. J Appl Physiol82:977–982.
57. Joubert Y, Tobin C, Lebart MC.1994. Testosterone-induced masculinization of the ratlevator ani muscle during puberty. Dev Biol162:104–110.
58. Booth FW, Weeden SH, Tseng BS.1994. Effect of aging on human skeletal muscle andmotor function. Med Sci Sports Exerc26:556–560.
59. Kandarian SC, Schulte LM, Esser KA.1992. Age effects on myosin subunit andbiochemical alterations with skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Appl Physiol72:1934–1939.
60. Larsson L, Ansved T.1995. Effects of ageing on the motor unit. Prog Neurobiol45:397–458.
61. Larsson L, Moss RL.1993. Maximum velocity of shortening in relation to myosinisoform composition in single fibres from human skeletal muscles. J Physiol (Lond)472:595–614.
62. Loughna PT, Izumo S, Goldspink G, Nadal-Ginard B.1990. Disuse and passive stretchcause rapid alterations in expression of developmental and adults contractile proteingenes in skeletal muscle. Development109:217–223.
63. Canepari M, Cappelli V, Pellegrino MA, Zanardi MC, Reggiani C.1998. Thyroidhormone regulation of MHC isoform composition and myofibrillar ATPase activity inrat skeletal muscles. Arch Physiol Biochem106:308–315.
64. Carraro U, Morale D, Mussini I, Lucke S, Cantini M, Betto R, Catani C, Dalla LiberaL, Betto DD, Noventa D.1985. Chronic denervation of rat hemidiaphragm:maintenance of fiber heterogeneity with associated increasing uniformity of myosinisoforms. J Cell Biol100:161–174.
65. Lowey S, Waller GS, Trybus KM.1993. Function of skeletal muscle myosin heavy andlight chain isoforms by an in vitro motility assay. J Biol Chem268:20414–20418.
66. Sre′ter FA, Lopez JR, Alamo L, Mabuchi K, Gergely J.1987. Changes in intracellularionized Ca concentration associated with muscle fiber type transformation. Am JPhysiol253:C296–C300.
67. Diffee GM, McCue S, Larosa A, Herrick RE, Baldwin KM.1993.Interaction of variousmechanical activity models in regulation of myosin heavy chain isoform expression. JAppl Physiol74:2517–2522.
68. English AW, Eason J, Schwartz G, Shirley A, Carrasco DI.1999.Sexual dimorphism inthe rabbit masseter muscle: myosin heavy chain composition of neuromuscularcompartments. Cells Tissues Organs164:179–191.
69. Staron RS, Pette D.1987. Nonuniform myosin expression along single fibers ofchronically stimulated and contralateral rabbit tibialis anterior muscles. Pflu¨gers ArchEur J Physiol409:67–73.
70. Staron RS, Gohlsch B, Pette D.1987. Myosin polymorphism in single fibers ofchronically stimulated rabbit fast-twitch muscle. Pflu¨ gers Arch Eur J Physiol408:444–450.
71. Toma K.2000. Fiber type composition of the vastus lateralis muscle of young men andwomen. J Histochem Cytochem48:623–629.
72. Weiss A, McDonough D, Wertman B, Acakpo-Satchivi L, Montgomery K,Kucherlapati T, Leinwand L, Krauter K.1999b. Organization of human and mouseskeletal myosin heavy chain gene clusters is highly conserved. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA96:2958–2963.
73. Windisch A, Gundersen K, Szabolcs MJ, Gruber H, Lo¨mo T.1998. Fast to slowtransformation of denervated and electrically stimulated rat muscle. J Physiol (Lond)510:623–632.
2. DeLancey JO, et al. Stress urinary incontinence: relative importance of urethral supportand urethral closure pressure.J Urol.2008Jun;179(6):2286-90
3. Whitson JM, et al. Mechanism of continence after repair of posterior urethraldisruption: evidence of rhabdosphincter activity.J Urol.2008Mar;179(3):1035-9.
4. Schick E, et al. Observations on the function of the female urethra: III: An overviewwith special reference to the relation between urethral hypermobility and urethralincompetence.Neurourol Urodyn.2004;23(1):22-6.
5. Heesakkers JP, Gerretsen RR. Urinary incontinence: sphincter functioning from aurological perspective.Digestion.2004;69(2):93-101. Epub2004Apr14. Review.
6. Perucchini D, Fink D. Urinary stress incontinence in the female: comparison ofincontinence theories and new tension-free surgical procedures. GynakolGeburtshilfliche Rundsch.2002;42(3):133-40.
7. Hollabaugh RS, et al. Neuroanatomy of the female continence complex: clinicalimplications. Urology.2001Feb;57(2):382-8.
8. Keane DP, O'Sullivan S. Urinary incontinence: anatomy, physiology andpathophysiology. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol.2000Apr;14(2):207-26.
9. Kim K, et al. Mechanisms of female urinary continence under stress: frequencyspectrum analysis.J Biomech.2001May;34(5):687-91.
10. Cundiff GW, et al. Pressure transmission ratio reproducibility in stress continent andstress incontinent women.Neurourol Urodyn.1997;16(3):161-6.
11. Yucel S, Baskin LS. An anatomical description of the male and female urethralsphincter complex. J Urol.2004May;171(5):1890-7.
12. Thiele J, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance tomography examinations of the urogenitaldiaphragm in comparison with corresponding histomorphologic findings (thecontroversy concerning the musculus transversus perinei profundus). Aktuelle Radiol.1997Jan;7(1):45-9.
13. Mcbride AW. Pathophysiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence. J Pelvic Med Surg,2004,10:1-7.
14. Kamo I, et al. Urethral closure mechanisms under sneeze-induced stress condition inrats:a new animal model for evaluation of stress urinary incontinence. Am J PhysiolRegul Integr Comp Physiol.2003;285(2):356~365.
15. von Heyden B, et al. Response of guinea pig smooth and striated urethral sphincter tocromakalim, prazosin, nifedipine, nitroprusside, and electrical stimulation. NeurourolUrodyn.1995;14(2):153-68.
16. Takahashi S, et al. Electromyographic study of the striated urethral sphincter in type3stress incontinence: evidence of myogenic-dominant damages.Urology.2000;Dec20;56(6):946-50.
17. Chen G, Carroll S, Racay P, Dick J, Pette D, Traub I, Vrbova G, Eggli P, Celio M&Schwaller B (2001). Deficiency in parvalbumin increases fatigue resistance infast-twitch muscle and upregulatesmitochondria. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol281,C114–122.
18. Kavanagh NI, Ainscow E&Brand MD (2000). Calcium regulation of oxidativephosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta1457,57–70.
19. Joseph Bruton,et,al.Mitochondrial and myoplasmic [Ca2+] in single fibres from mouselimb muscles during repeated tetanic contractions. J Physiol (2003),551.1, pp.179–190.
20. Suzuki T, et al. Age-related alterations in myosin heavy chain isoforms in rat intrinsiclaryngeal muscles. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol2002;111:962-967.
21. Sumino Y,et al. Striated muscle fiber compositions of human male urethralrhabdosphincter and lavator ani. J Urol2006,175(4):1417-21
22. Eizema K,et al.Myosin heavy chain isoforms in equine gluteus mediusmuscle:comparison of mRNA and protein expression profiles. J Histochem Cytochem.2005;53(11):1383-90
23. Du G,Chen B, Zhang H, et al. The structure of the urinary sphincter complex and itscontinence mechanism in females. Urology.2009;74(suppl4A):291.(The30th SIUannual meeting,2009)
24. Spassov A,et,al.Differential expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in themasticatory muscles of dystrophin-deficient mice. Eur J Orthod.2010Dec27.
25. Metskas LA,et,al.Gender dimorphism in the exercise-na ve murine skeletal muscleproteome. Cell Mol Biol Lett.2010Sep;15(3):507-16. Epub2010Jun17.
26. González-Soriano J,et,al.Nitric oxide synthase in the external urethral sphincter of thesheep: immunohistochemical and functional study. J Urol.2003May;169(5):1901-6.
27. Daniel N,et,al.Human skeletal muscle: transition between fast and slow fibre types.Eur J Physiol (2011)461:537–543.
28. M S Cocker, et al.Age and gender effects on the extent of myocardial involvement inacute myocarditis: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Heart200995:1925-1930.
29.胡丽娟，杜广辉，胡卫峰，陈彪，章慧平，叶章群.雌性大鼠尿道括约肌组织结构的增龄变化.第三军医大学学报.2009.31(19):1821-1823.
1. van der Kooi JB, van Wanroy PJ, De Jonge MC, Kornelis JA, Time separation betweencough pulses in bladder, rectum and urethra in women. J Urol1984:132:1275–1278
2. Thind P, Lose G, Jorgensen L, Colstrup H, Variations in urethral and bladder pressureduring stress episodes in healthy women. Br J Urol1990:66:389–392
3. Thind P, Lose G, Colstrup H,Initial urethral pressure,increase during stress episodes ingenuine stress incontinent,women. Br J Urol1992:69:137–140
4. Viktrup L, Bump RC, Simplified neurophysiology of the,lower urinary tract. PrimaryCare Update Obstet Gynecol2003:10:261–264
5. Pierce LM, Reyes M, Thor KB, Dolber PC, Bremer RE, Kuehl TJ, Coates KW,Innervation of the levator ani muscles in the female squirrel monkey. Am J ObstetGynecol2003:188:1141–1147
6. Bremer RE, Barber MD, Coates KW, Dolber PC, Thor KB, Innervation of the levator aniand coccygeus muscles of the female rat. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol2003:275:1031–1041
7. Barber MD, Bremer RE, Thor KB, Dolber PC, Kuehl TJ, Coates KW, Innervation of thefemale levator ani muscles. Am J Obstet Gynecol2002:187:64–71
1Ueda T, et al. Urinary incontinence among community-dwelling people aged40years orolder in Japan: prevalence, risk factors, knowledge and self-perception. Int J Urol7:95–103,2000.
2DeLancey JO, et al. Stress urinary incontinence: relative importance of urethral supportand urethral closure pressure.J Urol.2008Jun;179(6):2286-90
3Whitson JM, et al. Mechanism of continence after repair of posterior urethral disruption:evidence of rhabdosphincter activity.J Urol.2008Mar;179(3):1035-9.
4Schick E, et al. Observations on the function of the female urethra: III: An overview withspecial reference to the relation between urethral hypermobility and urethralincompetence.Neurourol Urodyn.2004;23(1):22-6.
5Heesakkers JP, Gerretsen RR. Urinary incontinence: sphincter functioning from aurological perspective.Digestion.2004;69(2):93-101. Epub2004Apr14. Review.
6Perucchini D, Fink D. Urinary stress incontinence in the female: comparison ofincontinence theories and new tension-free surgical procedures. GynakolGeburtshilfliche Rundsch.2002;42(3):133-40.
7Hollabaugh RS, et al. Neuroanatomy of the female continence complex: clinicalimplications. Urology.2001Feb;57(2):382-8.
8Keane DP, O'Sullivan S. Urinary incontinence: anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology.Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol.2000Apr;14(2):207-26.
9Kim K, et al. Mechanisms of female urinary continence under stress: frequency spectrumanalysis.J Biomech.2001May;34(5):687-91.
10Cundiff GW, et al. Pressure transmission ratio reproducibility in stress continent andstress incontinent women.Neurourol Urodyn.1997;16(3):161-6.
11Yucel S, Baskin LS. An anatomical description of the male and female urethral sphinctercomplex. J Urol.2004May;171(5):1890-7.
12Russell B, et al. Morphometry of the aging female rat urethra. Int Urogynecol J PelvicFloor Dysfunct.1996;7(1):30-6.
13Strasser H, et al. Age dependent apoptosis and loss of rhabdosphincter cells. J Urol.2000Nov;164(5):1781-5.
14Percchini D, et al: Age effects on urethral striated muscle. I. Changes in number anddiameter of striated muscle fibers in the ventral urethra. Am J Obstet Gynecol2002;186:351-355.
15Percchini D, et al: Age effects on urethral striated muscle. II. Anatomic location ofmuscle loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol2002;186:356-360.
16Suzuki T, et al. Age-related alterations in myosin heavy chain isoforms in rat intrinsiclaryngeal muscles. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol2002;111:962-967.
17Brown M, Hasser EM. Complexity of age-related change in skeletal muscle. J GerontolA Biol Sci Med Sci1996;51:B117-123.
18Sumino Y,et al. Striated muscle fiber compositions of human male urethralrhabdosphincter and lavator ani. J Urol2006,175(4):1417-21
19Eizema K,et al.Myosin heavy chain isoforms in equine gluteus mediusmuscle:comparison of mRNA and protein expression profiles. J Histochem Cytochem.2005;53(11):1383-90
1. Ueda T, et al. Urinary incontinence among community-dwelling people aged40yearsor older in Japan: prevalence, risk factors, knowledge and self-perception. Int J Urol7:95–103,2000.
2. DeLancey JO, et al. Stress urinary incontinence: relative importance of urethral supportand urethral closure pressure.J Urol.2008Jun;179(6):2286-90
3. Whitson JM, et al. Mechanism of continence after repair of posterior urethraldisruption: evidence of rhabdosphincter activity.J Urol.2008Mar;179(3):1035-9.
4. Schick E, et al. Observations on the function of the female urethra: III: An overviewwith special reference to the relation between urethral hypermobility and urethralincompetence.Neurourol Urodyn.2004;23(1):22-6.
5. Heesakkers JP, Gerretsen RR. Urinary incontinence: sphincter functioning from aurological perspective.Digestion.2004;69(2):93-101. Epub2004Apr14. Review.
6. Perucchini D, Fink D. Urinary stress incontinence in the female: comparison ofincontinence theories and new tension-free surgical procedures. GynakolGeburtshilfliche Rundsch.2002;42(3):133-40.
7. Hollabaugh RS, et al. Neuroanatomy of the female continence complex: clinicalimplications. Urology.2001Feb;57(2):382-8.
8. Keane DP, O'Sullivan S. Urinary incontinence: anatomy, physiology andpathophysiology. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol.2000Apr;14(2):207-26.
9. Kim K, et al. Mechanisms of female urinary continence under stress: frequencyspectrum analysis.J Biomech.2001May;34(5):687-91.
10. Cundiff GW, et al. Pressure transmission ratio reproducibility in stress continent andstress incontinent women.Neurourol Urodyn.1997;16(3):161-6.
11. Yucel S, Baskin LS. An anatomical description of the male and female urethralsphincter complex. J Urol.2004May;171(5):1890-7.
12. Suzuki T, et al. Age-related alterations in myosin heavy chain isoforms in rat intrinsiclaryngeal muscles. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol2002;111:962-967.
13. Sumino Y,et al. Striated muscle fiber compositions of human male urethralrhabdosphincter and lavator ani. J Urol2006,175(4):1417-21
14. Eizema K,et al.Myosin heavy chain isoforms in equine gluteus mediusmuscle:comparison of mRNA and protein expression profiles. J Histochem Cytochem.2005;53(11):1383-90
15. Du G,Chen B, Zhang H, et al. The structure of the urinary sphincter complex and itscontinence mechanism in females. Urology.2009;74(suppl4A):291.(The30th SIUannual meeting,2009)
16. Spassov A,et,al.Differential expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in themasticatory muscles of dystrophin-deficient mice. Eur J Orthod.2010Dec27.
17. Metskas LA,et,al.Gender dimorphism in the exercise-na ve murine skeletal muscleproteome. Cell Mol Biol Lett.2010Sep;15(3):507-16. Epub2010Jun17.
18. González-Soriano J,et,al.Nitric oxide synthase in the external urethral sphincter of thesheep: immunohistochemical and functional study. J Urol.2003May;169(5):1901-6.
19. Daniel N,et,al.Human skeletal muscle: transition between fast and slow fibre types.Eur J Physiol (2011)461:537–543.
20. M S Cocker, et al.Age and gender effects on the extent of myocardial involvement inacute myocarditis: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Heart200995:1925-1930.
1. Staron RS, Kraemer WJ, Hikida RS, Reed DW, Murray JD, Campos GER, Gordon SE.1998. Comparison of soleus muscles from rats exposed to microgravity for10versus14days. Histochem Cell Biol110:73–80.
2. Staron RS, Hagerman FC, Hikida RS, Murray TF, Hostler DP, Crill MT, Ragg KE,Adams GR, McCue SA, Zeng M, Baldwin KM.1999. Time course of myosin heavychain transitions in neonatal rats: importance of innervation and thyroid state. Am JPhysiol276:R954–R961.
3. Ausoni S, Gorza L, Schiaffino S, Gundersen K, Lo¨mo T.1990. Expression of myosinheavy chain isoforms in stimulated fast and slow rat muscles. J Neurosci10:153–160.
4. Ba′ra′ny M.1967. ATPase activity of myosin correlated with speed of muscleshortening. J Gen Physiol50:197–218.
5. Booth FW, Kelso JR.1973. Effect of hind-limb immobilization on contractile andhistochemical properties of skeletal muscle.
6. Pflu¨gers Arch Eur J Physiol342:231–238.
7. Bottinelli R, Betto R, Schiaffino S, Reggiani C.1994a. Unloaded shortening velocityand myosin heavy chain and alkali light chain isoform composition in rat skeletalmuscle fibres. J Physiol (Lond)478:341–349.
8. Bottinelli R, Canepari M, Reggiani C, Stienen GJM.1994b. Myofibrillar ATPaseactivity during isometric contraction and isomyosin composition in rat single skinnedmuscle fibres. J Physiol (Lond)481:663–675.
9. Buller AJ, Eccles JC, Eccles RM.1960. Interactions between motoneurones andmuscles in respect of the characteristic speed of their responses. J Physiol (Lond)150:417–439.
10. Butler-Browne GS, Whalen RG.1984. Myosin isozyme transitions occuring during thepostnatal development of the rat soleus muscle.Dev Biol102:324–334.
11. Butler-Browne GS, Pruliere G, Cambon N, Whalen RG.1987. Influence of the dwarfmouse mutation on skeletal and cardiac myosinisoforms. Effect of one injection ofthyroxine on skeletal and cardiac muscle phenotype. J Biol Chem262:15188–15193.
12. Caiozzo VJ, Herrick RE, Baldwin KM.1992. Response of slow and fast muscle tohypothyroidism-maximal shortening velocity and myosin isoforms. Am J Physiol263:C86–C94.
13. Caiozzo VJ, Baker MJ, Herrick RE, Tao M, Baldwin KM.1994. Effect of spaceflighton skeletal muscle-mechanical properties and myosin isoform content of a slow muscle.J Appl Physiol76:1764–1773.
14. Caiozzo VJ, Haddad F, Baker MJ, Herrick RE, Prietto N, Baldwin KM.1996.Microgravity-induced transformations of myosin isoforms and contractile properties ofskeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol81:123–132.
15. Caiozzo VJ, Baker MJ, Baldwin KM.1998. Novel transitions in MHC isoforms:separate and combined effects of thyroid hormone and mechanical unloading. J ApplPhysiol85:2237–2248.
16. Campione M, Ausoni S, Guezennec CY, Schiaffino S.1993. Myosin and troponinchanges in rat soleus muscle after hindlimb suspension. J Appl Physiol74:1156–1160.
17. Gallien CL.1987. Regulation by thyroid hormones of terminal differentiation in theskeletal dorsal muscle. I Neonate mouse. Dev Biol123:25–32.
18. d’Albis A, Chanoine C, Janmot C, Mira J-C, Couteaux R.1990. Muscle-specificresponse to thyroid hormone of myosin isoform transitions during rat postnataldevelopment. Eur J Biochem193:155–161.
19. Suzuki T, et al. Age-related alterations in myosin heavy chain isoforms in rat intrinsiclaryngeal muscles. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol2002;111:962-967.
20. Sumino Y,et al. Striated muscle fiber compositions of human male urethralrhabdosphincter and lavator ani. J Urol2006,175(4):1417-21
21. Eizema K,et al.Myosin heavy chain isoforms in equine gluteus mediusmuscle:comparison of mRNA and protein expression profiles. J Histochem Cytochem.2005;53(11):1383-90
22. Du G,Chen B, Zhang H, et al. The structure of the urinary sphincter complex and itscontinence mechanism in females. Urology.2009;74(suppl4A):291.(The30th SIUannual meeting,2009)
23. Spassov A,et,al.Differential expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in themasticatory muscles of dystrophin-deficient mice. Eur J Orthod.2010Dec27.
24. Metskas LA,et,al.Gender dimorphism in the exercise-na ve murine skeletal muscleproteome. Cell Mol Biol Lett.2010Sep;15(3):507-16. Epub2010Jun17.
25. González-Soriano J,et,al.Nitric oxide synthase in the external urethral sphincter of thesheep: immunohistochemical and functional study. J Urol.2003May;169(5):1901-6.
26. Daniel N,et,al.Human skeletal muscle: transition between fast and slow fibre types.Eur J Physiol (2011)461:537–543.
27. M S Cocker, et al.Age and gender effects on the extent of myocardial involvement inacute myocarditis: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Heart200995:1925-1930.
28. Carroll S, Nicotera P, Pette D.1999. Calcium transients in single fibers oflow-frequency stimulated fast-twitch muscle of rat. Am J Physiol277:C1122–C1129.
29. Catz DS, Fischer LM, Kelley DB.1995. Androgen regulation of a laryngeal-specificmyosin heavy chain mRNA isoform whose expression is sexually differentiated. DevBiol171:448–457.
30. Chin ER, Olson EN, Richardson JA, Yano Q, Humphries C, Shelton JM, Wu H, ZhuWG, Basselduby R, Williams RS.1998. A calcineurin-dependent transcriptionalpathway controls skeletal muscle fiber type. Gene Dev12:2499–2509.
31. Close R.1967. Properties of motor units in fast and slow skeletal muscles of the rat. JPhysiol (Lond)193:45–55.
32. Conjard A, Peuker H, Pette D.1998. Energy state and myosin isoforms in single fibersof normal and transforming rabbit muscles. Pflu¨ gers Arch Eur J Physiol436:962–969.
33. d’Albis A, Butler-Browne G.1993. The hormonal control of myosin isoformexpression in skeletal muscle of mammals: a review. BAM3:7–16.
34. d’AlbisA, Lenfant-Guyot M, Janmot C, Chanoine C, Weinman J,
35. d’Albis A, Goubel F, Couteaux R, Janmot C, Mira JC.1994. The effect of denervationon myosin isoform synthesis in rabbit slow-type and fast-type muscles during terminaldifferentiation–Denervation induces differentiation into slow-type muscles. Eur JBiochem223:249–258.
36. Danieli-Betto D, Betto R, Megighian A, Midrio M, Salviati G, Larsson L.1995. Effectsof age on sarcoplasmic reticulum properties and histochemical composition of fast-andslow-twitch rat muscles. Acta Physiol Scand154:59–64.
37. Desplanches D, Mayet MH, Ilyina-Kakueva EI, Sempore B, Flandrois R.1990.Skeletal muscle adaptation in rats flown on Cosmos1667. J Appl Physiol68:48–52.
38. Ennion S, S’Antana Pereira J, Sargeant AJ, Young A, Goldspink G.1995.Characterization of human skeletal muscle fibres according to the myosin heavy chainsthey express. J Muscle Res Cell Motil16:35–43.
39. Fauteck SP, Kandarian SC.1995. Sensitive detection of myosin heavy chaincomposition in skeletal muscle under different loading conditions. Am J Physiol268:C419–C424.
40. Aigner S, Gohlsch B, Ha¨ma¨la¨inen N, Staron RS, Uber A, Wehrle U, Pette D.1993.Fast myosin heavy chain diversity in skeletal muscles of the rabbit: heavy chain IId,not IIb predominates. Eur J Biochem211:367–372.
41. Stevens L, Sultan KR, Peuker H, Gohlsch B, Mounier Y, Pette D.1999a.Time-dependent changes in myosin heavy chain mRNA and protein isoforms inunloaded soleus muscle of rat. Am J Physiol277:C1044–C1049.
42. Weiss A, Schiaffino S, Leinwand LA.1999a. Comparative sequence analysis of thecomplete human sarcomeric myosin heavy chain family: implications for functionaldiversity. J Mol Biol290:61–75.
43. Bottinelli R, Reggiani C.1995. Force-velocity properties and myosin light chainisoform composition of an identified type of skinned fibres from rat skeletal muscle.Pflu¨gers Arch Eur J Physiol429:592–594.
44. Andersen JL, Schiaffino S.1997. Mismatch between myosin heavy chain mRNA andprotein distribution in human skeletal muscle fibers. Am J Physiol272:C1881–C1889.
45. Andersen JL, Gruschy-Knudsen T, Sandri C, Larsson L, Schiaffino S.1999. Bed restincreases the amount of mismatched fibers in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol86:455–460.
46. Fitts RH, Winder WW, Brooke MH, Kaiser KK, Holloszy JO.1980.Contractile,biochemical, and histochemical properties of thyrotoxic rat soleus muscle. Am JPhysiol238:C15–C20.506.
47. Bottinelli R, Schiaffino S, Reggiani C.1991. Force-velocity relationshipand myosinheavy chain isoform compositions of skinned fibresfrom rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol(Lond)437:655–672.
48. Fitzsimons DP, Herrick RE, Baldwin KM.1990. Isomyosin distribution in rodentmuscles: effects of altered thyroid state. J Appl Physiol69:321–327.
49. Galler S, Schmitt T, Pette D.1994. Stretch activation, unloaded shortening velocity,and myosin heavy chain isoforms of rat skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol (Lond)478:523–531.
50. Galler S, Hilber K, Pette D.1996. Force responses following stepwise length changesof rat skeletal muscle fibre types. J Physiol (Lond)493:219–227.
51. Galler S, Hilber K, Gohlsch B, Pette D.1997a. Two functionally distinct myosin heavychain isoforms in slow skeletal muscle fibres. FEBS Lett410:150–152.
52. Huey KA, Bodine SC.1998. Changes in myosin mRNA and protein expression indenervated rat soleus and tibialis anterior. Eur J Biochem256:45–50.
53. Ianuzzo CD, Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB.1976. Compensatory adaptations of skeletalmuscle fiber types to a long-term functional overload. Life Sci19:1517–1524.
54. Ianuzzo CD, Blank S, Crassweller A, Spalding J, Hamilton N, Dabrowski B, Rooks N.
1989. Effect of hindlimb immobilization and recovery on compensatory hypertrophiedrat plantaris muscle. Mol Cell Biochem90:57–68.
55. Jaschinski F, Schuler M, Peuker H, Pette D.1998. Transitions in myosin heavy chainmRNA and protein isoforms of rat muscle during forced contractile activity. Am JPhysiol274:C365–C371.
56. Ja¨nka¨la¨H, Harjola VP, Petersen NE, Ha¨rko¨enM.1997. Myosin heavy chainmRNA transform to faster isoforms in immobilized skeletal muscle: A quantitativePCR study. J Appl Physiol82:977–982.
57. Joubert Y, Tobin C, Lebart MC.1994. Testosterone-induced masculinization of the ratlevator ani muscle during puberty. Dev Biol162:104–110.
58. Booth FW, Weeden SH, Tseng BS.1994. Effect of aging on human skeletal muscle andmotor function. Med Sci Sports Exerc26:556–560.
59. Kandarian SC, Schulte LM, Esser KA.1992. Age effects on myosin subunit andbiochemical alterations with skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Appl Physiol72:1934–1939.
60. Larsson L, Ansved T.1995. Effects of ageing on the motor unit. Prog Neurobiol45:397–458.
61. Larsson L, Moss RL.1993. Maximum velocity of shortening in relation to myosinisoform composition in single fibres from human skeletal muscles. J Physiol (Lond)472:595–614.
62. Loughna PT, Izumo S, Goldspink G, Nadal-Ginard B.1990. Disuse and passive stretchcause rapid alterations in expression of developmental and adults contractile proteingenes in skeletal muscle. Development109:217–223.
63. Canepari M, Cappelli V, Pellegrino MA, Zanardi MC, Reggiani C.1998. Thyroidhormone regulation of MHC isoform composition and myofibrillar ATPase activity inrat skeletal muscles. Arch Physiol Biochem106:308–315.
64. Carraro U, Morale D, Mussini I, Lucke S, Cantini M, Betto R, Catani C, Dalla LiberaL, Betto DD, Noventa D.1985. Chronic denervation of rat hemidiaphragm:maintenance of fiber heterogeneity with associated increasing uniformity of myosinisoforms. J Cell Biol100:161–174.
65. Lowey S, Waller GS, Trybus KM.1993. Function of skeletal muscle myosin heavy andlight chain isoforms by an in vitro motility assay. J Biol Chem268:20414–20418.
66. Sre′ter FA, Lopez JR, Alamo L, Mabuchi K, Gergely J.1987. Changes in intracellularionized Ca concentration associated with muscle fiber type transformation. Am JPhysiol253:C296–C300.
67. Diffee GM, McCue S, Larosa A, Herrick RE, Baldwin KM.1993.Interaction of variousmechanical activity models in regulation of myosin heavy chain isoform expression. JAppl Physiol74:2517–2522.
68. English AW, Eason J, Schwartz G, Shirley A, Carrasco DI.1999.Sexual dimorphism inthe rabbit masseter muscle: myosin heavy chain composition of neuromuscularcompartments. Cells Tissues Organs164:179–191.
69. Staron RS, Pette D.1987. Nonuniform myosin expression along single fibers ofchronically stimulated and contralateral rabbit tibialis anterior muscles. Pflu¨gers ArchEur J Physiol409:67–73.
70. Staron RS, Gohlsch B, Pette D.1987. Myosin polymorphism in single fibers ofchronically stimulated rabbit fast-twitch muscle. Pflu¨ gers Arch Eur J Physiol408:444–450.
71. Toma K.2000. Fiber type composition of the vastus lateralis muscle of young men andwomen. J Histochem Cytochem48:623–629.
72. Weiss A, McDonough D, Wertman B, Acakpo-Satchivi L, Montgomery K,Kucherlapati T, Leinwand L, Krauter K.1999b. Organization of human and mouseskeletal myosin heavy chain gene clusters is highly conserved. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA96:2958–2963.
73. Windisch A, Gundersen K, Szabolcs MJ, Gruber H, Lo¨mo T.1998. Fast to slowtransformation of denervated and electrically stimulated rat muscle. J Physiol (Lond)510:623–632.