推理的启发式再认新模式研究
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摘要
推理的启发式再认策略是一种被誉为“快速节俭”的并且以再认为基础的启发式推理模式，被认为是人们在相关信息不足、知识和时间都有限制的情况下最常用的一种推理策略。该模型自2002年Goldstein和Gigerenzer首次提出后，就一直成为新近国外心理学界研究的热门课题与争论焦点，但是目前国内对这一课题的研究尚是空白。
基于此，本研究采用了“高校配对比较”任务和“城市配对比较任务”分别设计了两个实验研究。研究一采用“高校学生规模配对比较迫选”法分别选取了重庆地区大学和中学学生68人，考察了人们在推理中选用启发式再认推理的频率。研究二采用和Goldstein等人类似的实验材料，即“城市大小配对比较迫选”任务，研究了40名大学生被试在压力条件下，采用启发式再认推理的频率，以及考察在启发式推理中是否会出现了“少即是多”效应。
本研究获得以下结论：
1．人们在相关信息不足、知识和时间都有限制的情况下，的确会采用启发式再认策略进行推理，而且启发式再认使用率达到相当高的水平。
2．启发式再认是以非补充性方式进行推理的。
3．压力作用下，由于知识缺失，人们仍然会采用启发式再认策略进行推理，但并非“快速节俭”了。
4．人们在采用启发式再认策略后会出现“少即是多”效应。
The Recognition Heuristic inference is a fast-and-frugal strategy for making decisions under conditions of limited knowledge. This strategy is based of recognition capability. It was concerned the most useful decision-making strategies when knowledge was missing, time limited and lake of information. The recognition heuristic mode was first promoted by D.G. Goldstein and G. Gigerenzer hi 2002. Though it's a very young theory, it provokes an endless debate in the psychological field, and soon became the focus on the decision-making strategies. But there isn't any study on this question in China up to now.
For the reasons mentioned above, this study adopted "the critical pairs in the universities task" and "the critical pairs in the cities task" and respectively deigned tow researches. The first study adopted the critical pairs in the universities task to examination the frequencies of using Recognition Heuristic inference strategy. The second study adopted the classical experiment's materials "the critical pairs in the cities task" used by Goldstein to examination the frequencies of using Recognition Heuristic inference strategy and to test whether or not there was the "less-is-more effect" effect when we exert pressure on the subjects. There were 36 students as objects in study one, and 40 college students in study tow.
We got the following findings in this experimental condition:
1. People most use Recognition Heuristic inference strategy when knowledge was missing, time limited and lake of information. And their frequencies are up to the very high level.
2. The recognition heuristic is worked in a non-compensatory way.
3. Under the conditions of pressures, people still used the Recognition Heuristic inference strategy because lake of knowledge. But it's not fast-and-frugal any more.
4. There was the "less-is-more effect" effect when people use the recognition heuristic strategy to make decisions.
基于此，本研究采用了“高校配对比较”任务和“城市配对比较任务”分别设计了两个实验研究。研究一采用“高校学生规模配对比较迫选”法分别选取了重庆地区大学和中学学生68人，考察了人们在推理中选用启发式再认推理的频率。研究二采用和Goldstein等人类似的实验材料，即“城市大小配对比较迫选”任务，研究了40名大学生被试在压力条件下，采用启发式再认推理的频率，以及考察在启发式推理中是否会出现了“少即是多”效应。
本研究获得以下结论：
1．人们在相关信息不足、知识和时间都有限制的情况下，的确会采用启发式再认策略进行推理，而且启发式再认使用率达到相当高的水平。
2．启发式再认是以非补充性方式进行推理的。
3．压力作用下，由于知识缺失，人们仍然会采用启发式再认策略进行推理，但并非“快速节俭”了。
4．人们在采用启发式再认策略后会出现“少即是多”效应。
The Recognition Heuristic inference is a fast-and-frugal strategy for making decisions under conditions of limited knowledge. This strategy is based of recognition capability. It was concerned the most useful decision-making strategies when knowledge was missing, time limited and lake of information. The recognition heuristic mode was first promoted by D.G. Goldstein and G. Gigerenzer hi 2002. Though it's a very young theory, it provokes an endless debate in the psychological field, and soon became the focus on the decision-making strategies. But there isn't any study on this question in China up to now.
For the reasons mentioned above, this study adopted "the critical pairs in the universities task" and "the critical pairs in the cities task" and respectively deigned tow researches. The first study adopted the critical pairs in the universities task to examination the frequencies of using Recognition Heuristic inference strategy. The second study adopted the classical experiment's materials "the critical pairs in the cities task" used by Goldstein to examination the frequencies of using Recognition Heuristic inference strategy and to test whether or not there was the "less-is-more effect" effect when we exert pressure on the subjects. There were 36 students as objects in study one, and 40 college students in study tow.
We got the following findings in this experimental condition:
1. People most use Recognition Heuristic inference strategy when knowledge was missing, time limited and lake of information. And their frequencies are up to the very high level.
2. The recognition heuristic is worked in a non-compensatory way.
3. Under the conditions of pressures, people still used the Recognition Heuristic inference strategy because lake of knowledge. But it's not fast-and-frugal any more.
4. There was the "less-is-more effect" effect when people use the recognition heuristic strategy to make decisions.
引文
1
1．张庆林，黄利，社会推理中的认知偏向，心理科学，1992年15卷1期59---61．
2. Daniel G. Goldstein, Gerd Gigerenzer. Models of Ecological Rationality: The Recognition Heuristic. Psychological Review,2002,Vol. 109.No. 1.75-90
3. Gigerenzer, G. & Goldstein, D. G., (1996). Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality. Psychological Review, 103,650-669.
4. Warrington, E. K., & McCarthy, R. A. (1988). The fractionation of retrograde amnesia. Brain and Cognition, 7, 184-200.
5. Standing, L. (1973). Learning 10,000 pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 207-222.
6. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
7. Gigerenzer, G., & Goldstein, D. G. (1999). Betting on one good reason: The take the best heuristic. In G. Gigerenzer, P. M. Todd, & the ABC Research Group (Eds.), Simple heuristics that make us smart(pp. 75-95). New York: Oxford University Press. decision maker. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Keeney, R. L., & Raiffa, H. (1993). Decisions with multiple objectives. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
9. Ben R. Newell & David R. Shanks, On the Role of Recognition in Decision Making University College London, UK, IN PRESS Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition
10. Warrington,E.K.,& Mc,(1988). The fractionation of retrograde amnesia. Brain and cognition,7,184-200.
11. Daniel M. Oppenheimer. Not so Fast!(And not so Frugal): Rethinking the Recognition Heuristic. Department of Psychology, Stanford University Building 420-Jordan Hall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
12. Simon, H.A. (1987). Rational decision making in business organizations. In L. Green & J.H. Kagel (Eds.), Advances in behavioral economics, Vol. 1, pp. 18-47. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.
13．刘永芳，Gerd Gigerenzer Peter M.Todd，快速节俭启发式——基于有限理性和生态理性的简单决策规则，心理科学，2003年第26卷第1期
14. Simon, H. A.(1991). Cognitive architectures and rational analysis: Comment. In K. VanLehn(Ed.), Architectures for intelligence(pp. 25-39). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
15．刘毅，自我意识与选择压力——进化心理学视野中人类自我意识的起源与发展，西北师大学报：社科版，200101，38～43
16. Wilson,D.S.,& Sober, E.(1994) Reintroducing groupselection to the human behavioral sciences. Behavioral and Brain Sciences[M] .17.585——654.
17．中国城市发展研究会主办，中国城市统计年鉴2003，SS号：10325466
18. Ben R. Newell, David R. Shanks & Nieola J. Weston, Is Recognition 'Special' in Decision-Making? Comment on Goldstein and Gigerenzer(2002), Centre for Economic Learning and Social Evolution, University College London, UK
19. Cosmides,L.(1994).Beyond institution and instinct blindness:Toward an evolutionarily rigorous cognitive science. Cognition,50,41-77
20. Robert R. Prechter, Jr. Unconscious Herding Behavior as the Psychological Basis of Financial Market Trends and Patterns. formerly The Journal of Psychology and FinancialMarkets.Volume2,Number3,2001 Abstracts
1．张庆林，黄利，社会推理中的认知偏向，心理科学，1992年15卷1期59---61．
2. Daniel G. Goldstein, Gerd Gigerenzer. Models of Ecological Rationality: The Recognition Heuristic. Psychological Review,2002,Vol. 109.No. 1.75-90
3. Gigerenzer, G. & Goldstein, D. G., (1996). Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality. Psychological Review, 103,650-669.
4. Warrington, E. K., & McCarthy, R. A. (1988). The fractionation of retrograde amnesia. Brain and Cognition, 7, 184-200.
5. Standing, L. (1973). Learning 10,000 pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 207-222.
6. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
7. Gigerenzer, G., & Goldstein, D. G. (1999). Betting on one good reason: The take the best heuristic. In G. Gigerenzer, P. M. Todd, & the ABC Research Group (Eds.), Simple heuristics that make us smart(pp. 75-95). New York: Oxford University Press. decision maker. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Keeney, R. L., & Raiffa, H. (1993). Decisions with multiple objectives. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
9. Ben R. Newell & David R. Shanks, On the Role of Recognition in Decision Making University College London, UK, IN PRESS Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition
10. Warrington,E.K.,& Mc,(1988). The fractionation of retrograde amnesia. Brain and cognition,7,184-200.
11. Daniel M. Oppenheimer. Not so Fast!(And not so Frugal): Rethinking the Recognition Heuristic. Department of Psychology, Stanford University Building 420-Jordan Hall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
12. Simon, H.A. (1987). Rational decision making in business organizations. In L. Green & J.H. Kagel (Eds.), Advances in behavioral economics, Vol. 1, pp. 18-47. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.
13．刘永芳，Gerd Gigerenzer Peter M.Todd，快速节俭启发式——基于有限理性和生态理性的简单决策规则，心理科学，2003年第26卷第1期
14. Simon, H. A.(1991). Cognitive architectures and rational analysis: Comment. In K. VanLehn(Ed.), Architectures for intelligence(pp. 25-39). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
15．刘毅，自我意识与选择压力——进化心理学视野中人类自我意识的起源与发展，西北师大学报：社科版，200101，38～43
16. Wilson,D.S.,& Sober, E.(1994) Reintroducing groupselection to the human behavioral sciences. Behavioral and Brain Sciences[M] .17.585——654.
17．中国城市发展研究会主办，中国城市统计年鉴2003，SS号：10325466
18. Ben R. Newell, David R. Shanks & Nieola J. Weston, Is Recognition 'Special' in Decision-Making? Comment on Goldstein and Gigerenzer(2002), Centre for Economic Learning and Social Evolution, University College London, UK
19. Cosmides,L.(1994).Beyond institution and instinct blindness:Toward an evolutionarily rigorous cognitive science. Cognition,50,41-77
20. Robert R. Prechter, Jr. Unconscious Herding Behavior as the Psychological Basis of Financial Market Trends and Patterns. formerly The Journal of Psychology and FinancialMarkets.Volume2,Number3,2001 Abstracts