经济发展中的城市居民收入分配问题研究
|
摘要
党的十六大、十七大提出了全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标，党的十八大提出了全面建成小康社会和全面深化改革开放的奋斗目标。从党的十八精神可以看出，未来中国经济社会的改革必将更加注重协调发展，更加注重社会公平，使改革兼顾到各方面利益、照顾到各方面关切，使发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，朝着共同富裕方向稳步前进。因此，对中国经济社会发展过程中收入分配不平等问题进行深入探讨具有重要的现实意义和学术价值。
本论文通过对深圳市和重庆市收入分配情况的调查研究和深入分析，以深圳市和重庆市居民抽样调查数据为基础，从居民收入变动性、居民收入来源和居民个人特征对收入的影响等方面入手，对比东部沿海经济特区深圳市和地处西部的重庆市的居民收入情况，掌握中国经济发展过程中城市居民收入分配的现状，探讨经济体制改革过程中居民收入分配的动态变化趋势和结构特征，为未来中国经济在保持持续高速增长的同时避免收入分配差距扩大提供经验总结。笔者经研究发现，较高的收入流动性和社会机会公平是深圳市在经济高速发展过程中保持社会稳定和谐的关键。以此为基础，本文对中国经济在保持持续稳定增长的同时避免收入分配差距进一步扩大提出了政策建议。
深圳市作为中国最早的经济特区和改革开放的窗口，三十年来在经济体制改革方面走在全国前列，经济社会发展取得了巨大的成就。深圳市的居民收入分配特征在一定程度上反映了中国经济和收入分配未来发展的特征和趋势。重庆市地处中国西部腹地，在计划经济时期就是中国重要的工业基地，是一座具有中国现阶段经济发展典型特征的城市。对深圳市和重庆市收入分配情况进行定量分析，能够勾画出收入分配大小和收入分配结构在经济发展过程中的变化趋势，能够找出缩小居民收入差距的对策，能够为全体居民提供公平的劳动力市场竞争环境提供参考，能够丰富和完善发展中国家及经济转型国家经济增长和收入分配的理论和实证研究，具有非常重要的理论价值和现实意义。
本论文的主要创新点包括：
①本文使用动态和多元的视角，引入收入流动性和收入来源分解的分析框架来考察深圳市和重庆市的收入分配现状。与重庆市相比，深圳这座市场经济十分活跃的城市，静态测算的收入分配差异较大是不争的事实，但由于经济中存在大量提高自身收入的机会，在居民收入流动性和收入来源结构多元化的背景下，深圳市能够保障经济活动主体在经济活动中的机会公平，因此长期的收入分配差距会因为市场机制的调节作用和收入变动性而缩小到一个合理的水平。
②本文将深圳市与重庆市的收入分配特征进行对比分析，以地区差异来反映经济发展过程中的收入分配特征变化趋势。在深圳市与重庆市收入分配情况的对比分析中，不仅仅考察整体收入分配差异，还对不同的个人特征，如年龄、受教育程度、以农村户籍和城市户籍衡量的户籍状况、是否离开户口登记地表示的迁移情况、性别、民族、婚姻和就业行业等，对总体收入分配差异的贡献以及居民收入决定函数进行了实证研究。
③本文使用国家统计局深圳调查队在2005、2006年中国城市住户调查中收集的深圳市600户城市居民家庭（约1100个居民个体样本）抽样调查数据和国家统计局重庆调查队在2005年中国城市住户调查中收集的重庆市300户城市居民家庭（约600个居民个体样本）抽样调查数据来定量研究收入分配现状。中国城市住户调查是由国家统计局城市社会经济调查司组织实施的全国性城镇居民抽样调查，该抽样数据经统计分析后被用于中国政府公布的官方城镇居民生活情况报告中，是目前可获得的除人口普查之外最为权威的居民收入数据。
The Chinese government has put forward aim to construct harmonious society, sothe next step of the reform will pay more attention to the measures of reform bettercoordinated, paying more attention to social fairness, make reform to take into accountthe interests of every aspect, to take care of each respect concerns, make all of thepeople share in the fruits of reform and development. Therefore, for China's economicdevelopment in the process of income allocation imparity problem in-depth study hasimportant practical significance and academic value.
Shenzhen is China 's earliest special economic zones and the reform and openingup the window, a long time in the process of economic system reform to go incountrywide front, has made enormous achievements in economic development.Shenzhen city residents income distribution characteristics in a certain extent reflectsthe Chinese economy and the income distribution of the features and the trend of futuredevelopment, to Shenzhen economy development process in the income distribution ofcomprehensive quantitative analysis, make clear income distribution in the process ofeconomic development trend, find out the gap of contractible dweller income, for allresidents to provide fair labor market competition environment has important theoreticalvalue and practical significance.
The present paper through to the Shenzhen city income allocation circumstanceinvestigation and in-depth analysis, Shenzhen city resident sampling investigation datafor the foundation, in dweller income is fluctuant, dweller income sources and residents'demographic characteristics influence to income to wait for respect proceed with,combine and is located west of the city of Chongqing dweller income the contrastiveanalysis, clear the master as the forefront of reform and opening up of Shenzhen city indweller income allocates the current situation. Then discusses the economic reformprocess in the residents' income distribution and structural characteristics of thedynamic change trend of Chinese economy in the future, to maintain sustained rapidgrowth while avoiding the enlargement of income distribution gap provides experiencesummary. And on this basis, for the Chinese economy to maintain steady growth andavoid income distribution gap expands further policy recommendations, enrich andperfect the developing countries and countries with economies in transition, economicgrowth and income distribution theory and empirical research.
The main innovation of the paper work includes:
①The use of dynamic and multiple perspectives, introducing the income mobilityand income source decomposition analysis framework to study the current situation ofincome distribution of Shenzhen city. In Shenzhen this market economy is very active inthe city, static measurement and calculation of income allocation difference is the factthat does not dispute, but because economy exists in improving their incomeopportunities, in dweller income mobility and income source and structure of a pluralityof contexts, as long as the guarantee of economic activity main body in economicactivities in a fair chance, long term income allocation difference because of theadjustment of market mechanism action and income mobility and reduced to areasonable level.
②In this paper the Shenzhen city and Chongqing City, income distributioncharacteristics were analyzed, in order to area difference to reflect the economicdevelopment in the process of income distribution features and change trend. InShenzhen city and Chongqing City, income allocation circumstance contrast analysis,not only to examine the total income allocation difference, and also to differentdemographic characteristics, such as age, education level, to the rural householdregistration and the city registered a measure of household registration status, whetherto leave the household registration that migration, gender, nationality, marital andemployment industry and so, on the overall income allocates difference contribution aswell as dweller income decision function and conducted an empirical study.
③In this paper using the State Statistical Bureau Shenzhen investigation team in2005,2006, Chinese city household survey collected in Shenzhen City600cityhouseholds (approximately1100individual sample) sample survey data and the NationalBureau of statistics investigation team in Chongqing in2005China city householdsurvey collected in Shenzhen City300city households (approximately600a residentindividual sample) sample survey data to study the current situation of incomedistribution. Chinese city resident investigation by the State Statistics Bureau City socialeconomy investigation division of the organization and implementation of the nationalurban resident sampling investigation, the sampling data aggregated by statisticalanalysis is used to the Chinese government 's official urban residents living situationreport, is currently available in addition to the most authoritative census income data.
本论文通过对深圳市和重庆市收入分配情况的调查研究和深入分析，以深圳市和重庆市居民抽样调查数据为基础，从居民收入变动性、居民收入来源和居民个人特征对收入的影响等方面入手，对比东部沿海经济特区深圳市和地处西部的重庆市的居民收入情况，掌握中国经济发展过程中城市居民收入分配的现状，探讨经济体制改革过程中居民收入分配的动态变化趋势和结构特征，为未来中国经济在保持持续高速增长的同时避免收入分配差距扩大提供经验总结。笔者经研究发现，较高的收入流动性和社会机会公平是深圳市在经济高速发展过程中保持社会稳定和谐的关键。以此为基础，本文对中国经济在保持持续稳定增长的同时避免收入分配差距进一步扩大提出了政策建议。
深圳市作为中国最早的经济特区和改革开放的窗口，三十年来在经济体制改革方面走在全国前列，经济社会发展取得了巨大的成就。深圳市的居民收入分配特征在一定程度上反映了中国经济和收入分配未来发展的特征和趋势。重庆市地处中国西部腹地，在计划经济时期就是中国重要的工业基地，是一座具有中国现阶段经济发展典型特征的城市。对深圳市和重庆市收入分配情况进行定量分析，能够勾画出收入分配大小和收入分配结构在经济发展过程中的变化趋势，能够找出缩小居民收入差距的对策，能够为全体居民提供公平的劳动力市场竞争环境提供参考，能够丰富和完善发展中国家及经济转型国家经济增长和收入分配的理论和实证研究，具有非常重要的理论价值和现实意义。
本论文的主要创新点包括：
①本文使用动态和多元的视角，引入收入流动性和收入来源分解的分析框架来考察深圳市和重庆市的收入分配现状。与重庆市相比，深圳这座市场经济十分活跃的城市，静态测算的收入分配差异较大是不争的事实，但由于经济中存在大量提高自身收入的机会，在居民收入流动性和收入来源结构多元化的背景下，深圳市能够保障经济活动主体在经济活动中的机会公平，因此长期的收入分配差距会因为市场机制的调节作用和收入变动性而缩小到一个合理的水平。
②本文将深圳市与重庆市的收入分配特征进行对比分析，以地区差异来反映经济发展过程中的收入分配特征变化趋势。在深圳市与重庆市收入分配情况的对比分析中，不仅仅考察整体收入分配差异，还对不同的个人特征，如年龄、受教育程度、以农村户籍和城市户籍衡量的户籍状况、是否离开户口登记地表示的迁移情况、性别、民族、婚姻和就业行业等，对总体收入分配差异的贡献以及居民收入决定函数进行了实证研究。
③本文使用国家统计局深圳调查队在2005、2006年中国城市住户调查中收集的深圳市600户城市居民家庭（约1100个居民个体样本）抽样调查数据和国家统计局重庆调查队在2005年中国城市住户调查中收集的重庆市300户城市居民家庭（约600个居民个体样本）抽样调查数据来定量研究收入分配现状。中国城市住户调查是由国家统计局城市社会经济调查司组织实施的全国性城镇居民抽样调查，该抽样数据经统计分析后被用于中国政府公布的官方城镇居民生活情况报告中，是目前可获得的除人口普查之外最为权威的居民收入数据。
The Chinese government has put forward aim to construct harmonious society, sothe next step of the reform will pay more attention to the measures of reform bettercoordinated, paying more attention to social fairness, make reform to take into accountthe interests of every aspect, to take care of each respect concerns, make all of thepeople share in the fruits of reform and development. Therefore, for China's economicdevelopment in the process of income allocation imparity problem in-depth study hasimportant practical significance and academic value.
Shenzhen is China 's earliest special economic zones and the reform and openingup the window, a long time in the process of economic system reform to go incountrywide front, has made enormous achievements in economic development.Shenzhen city residents income distribution characteristics in a certain extent reflectsthe Chinese economy and the income distribution of the features and the trend of futuredevelopment, to Shenzhen economy development process in the income distribution ofcomprehensive quantitative analysis, make clear income distribution in the process ofeconomic development trend, find out the gap of contractible dweller income, for allresidents to provide fair labor market competition environment has important theoreticalvalue and practical significance.
The present paper through to the Shenzhen city income allocation circumstanceinvestigation and in-depth analysis, Shenzhen city resident sampling investigation datafor the foundation, in dweller income is fluctuant, dweller income sources and residents'demographic characteristics influence to income to wait for respect proceed with,combine and is located west of the city of Chongqing dweller income the contrastiveanalysis, clear the master as the forefront of reform and opening up of Shenzhen city indweller income allocates the current situation. Then discusses the economic reformprocess in the residents' income distribution and structural characteristics of thedynamic change trend of Chinese economy in the future, to maintain sustained rapidgrowth while avoiding the enlargement of income distribution gap provides experiencesummary. And on this basis, for the Chinese economy to maintain steady growth andavoid income distribution gap expands further policy recommendations, enrich andperfect the developing countries and countries with economies in transition, economicgrowth and income distribution theory and empirical research.
The main innovation of the paper work includes:
①The use of dynamic and multiple perspectives, introducing the income mobilityand income source decomposition analysis framework to study the current situation ofincome distribution of Shenzhen city. In Shenzhen this market economy is very active inthe city, static measurement and calculation of income allocation difference is the factthat does not dispute, but because economy exists in improving their incomeopportunities, in dweller income mobility and income source and structure of a pluralityof contexts, as long as the guarantee of economic activity main body in economicactivities in a fair chance, long term income allocation difference because of theadjustment of market mechanism action and income mobility and reduced to areasonable level.
②In this paper the Shenzhen city and Chongqing City, income distributioncharacteristics were analyzed, in order to area difference to reflect the economicdevelopment in the process of income distribution features and change trend. InShenzhen city and Chongqing City, income allocation circumstance contrast analysis,not only to examine the total income allocation difference, and also to differentdemographic characteristics, such as age, education level, to the rural householdregistration and the city registered a measure of household registration status, whetherto leave the household registration that migration, gender, nationality, marital andemployment industry and so, on the overall income allocates difference contribution aswell as dweller income decision function and conducted an empirical study.
③In this paper using the State Statistical Bureau Shenzhen investigation team in2005,2006, Chinese city household survey collected in Shenzhen City600cityhouseholds (approximately1100individual sample) sample survey data and the NationalBureau of statistics investigation team in Chongqing in2005China city householdsurvey collected in Shenzhen City300city households (approximately600a residentindividual sample) sample survey data to study the current situation of incomedistribution. Chinese city resident investigation by the State Statistics Bureau City socialeconomy investigation division of the organization and implementation of the nationalurban resident sampling investigation, the sampling data aggregated by statisticalanalysis is used to the Chinese government 's official urban residents living situationreport, is currently available in addition to the most authoritative census income data.
引文
阿特金森,A. B.,布古农, F.,莫里森, C.,姜超（译）,2005.收入流动性的实证研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社
巴罗,萨拉伊马丁,2000.经济增长,(Barro, J. R., Sala-I-Martin, X., Economic Growth,1995,McGraw-Hill Press),中译本,北京：中国社会科学出版社.
边燕杰,张展新,2002.市场化与收入分配——对1988年和1995年城市住户收入调查的分析,中国社会科学,(5):97-111.
蔡继明，李亚鹏.怎样进一步合理调整分配关系[J].经济学家.2011(11)：99-101
陈玉宇,王志刚,魏众,2004.中国城镇居民20世纪90年代收入不平等及其变化——地区因素、人力资本在其中的作用,经济科学,(6):16-25.
陈钊，万广华，陆铭.行业间不平等：日益重要的城镇收入差距成因——基于回归方程的分解[J].中国社会科学.2010(3):65-76
陈宗胜,1997.中国城市居民收入分配差别现状、趋势及影响因素——以天津市为案例,经济研究,(3):21-31.
陈宗胜,周云波,2001,体制改革对城镇居民收入差别的影响——天津市城镇居民收入分配差别再研究,中国社会科学,(6):54-62.
杜鹏,汪锋,张宗益.2008.时间和收入来源对城市居民收入分配差距的影响——对深圳市城市居民家庭收入变动性和收入来源的实证研究[J].统计研究.（12）:23-29.
段均，杨俊.劳动力跨部门配置与居民收入差距——基于省级面板数据的实证分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究.2011(8):53-64
卡恩,1999.改革和发展中的中国贫困问题分析,载于赵人伟等(主编),1999,中国居民收入分配再研究:经济改革和发展中的收入分配,北京:中国财政经济出版社.
卡恩,李思勤,1999.中国的收入和不均等——1988年至1995年住户收入构成、分配和变化,载于赵人伟等(主编),1999.中国居民收入分配再研究:经济改革和发展中的收入分配,北京:中国财政经济出版社.
李虎.2005.关于基尼系数分解分析的讨论[J].数量经济技术经济研究.（3）：127-135.
李实,1997.中国经济转轨中劳动力流动模型,经济研究,(1):23-30.
李实,赵人伟,张平,1998.中国经济转型与收入分配变动[J].经济研究.(4)：43-52.
李实,1999.中国农村劳动力流动与收入增长和分配,中国社会科学,(2):16-33.
李实,赵人伟,1999.中国居民收入分配再研究,经济研究,(4):3-17.
李实,赵人伟,张平,1999.中国收入分配变动的理论解释和经验分析,载于赵人伟等(主编),1999,中国居民收入分配再研究:经济改革和发展中的收入分配,北京:中国财政经济出版社.
李实,2003.中国个人收入分配研究回顾与展望[J].经济学季刊,(2):379-403
林毅夫,蔡昉,李周,1999.中国的奇迹：发展战略与经济改革(增订版),上海：上海三联书店和上海人民出版社.
林毅夫,刘明兴,2003.中国的经济增长收敛与收入分配,世界经济,(8):3-14.
陆铭,陈钊,万广华,2005.因患寡,而患不均——中国的收入差距、投资、教育和增长的相互影响,经济研究,(12):4-14.
奈特,宋丽娜,1999.中国的经济增长、经济改革和收入差距的扩大,载于赵人伟等(主编),1999,中国居民收入分配再研究:经济改革和发展中的收入分配,北京:中国财政经济出版社.
孙文凯,路江涌,白重恩,2007.中国农村收入流动分析[J].经济研究,(8), pp46-57
万广华.解释中国农村区域间的收入不平等：一种基于回归方程的分解方法[J].经济研究.2004(8):117-127
万广华.2008.不平等的度量与分解[J].经济学（季刊）.(1):347-368
王海港,2005.中国居民家庭的收入变动及其对长期平等的影响[J].经济研究,(1):46-57
王韧,2006.中国城乡收入差距变动的成因分析：兼论“倒U”假说的适用性,统计研究,(4):14-19.
王卫,汪锋,张宗益.2007.基于个人特征的收入差距分解分析——以重庆市为案例[J].统计研究.（3）:62-67.
王卫，张宗益，徐开龙.劳动力迁移对收入分配的影响研究[J].人口研究.2007(11)：55-66
王小鲁,樊纲,2005,中国收入差距的走势和影响因素分析[J].经济研究,(10):24-36
魏众,2004.健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响,经济研究,(2):64-74.
巫锡炜.中国城镇家庭户收入和财产不平等：1995-2002[J].人口研究.2011(6)：13-26
徐宽,2003.基尼系数的研究文献在过去八十年是如何拓展的[J].经济学（季刊）,(4):757-778
杨俊,张宗益,2003.中国经济发展中的收入分配及库兹涅茨倒U假设再探讨,数量经济技术经济研究,(2):30-34.
杨俊,张宗益,李晓羽,2005.收入分配、人力资本与经济增长：来自中国的检验(1995-2003),经济科学,(2):5-15.
尹恒,李实,邓曲恒,2006.中国城镇个人收入流动性研究[J].经济研究,(10):30-43
原新，韩靓.多重分割视角下外来人口就业与收入歧视分析[J].人口研究.2009(1)：62-71
赵人伟,格里芬,1993.中国居民收入分配研究,北京：中国社会科学出版社.
赵人伟,李实,1997.中国居民收入差距的扩大及其原因,经济研究,(9):19-28.
赵人伟,李实,李思勤.1999.中国居民收入分配再研究：经济改革和发展中的收入分配[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社.
Ahluwalia, M.,1976. Inequality, Poverty and Development, Journal of Development Economics,3(6):229-341.
Alesina, A. and Rodrik, D.,1994. Distributive Politics and Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journalof Economics, Vol.109(2),465-490.
Anand, S.,1983. Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia: Measurement and Decomposition. New York:Oxford University Press.
Araar A. and Duclos J. Y. DAD: A Software for Poverty and Distributive Analysis. PMMA WorkingPaper No.2006-10.2006.
Atkinson A., and Morrison C.,1992, Empirical Studies of Earnings Mobility. Chur, Switzerland:Harwood.
Barro, Robert J.,2000. Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries. Journal of Economic Growth,5,1, March,87-120.
Benabou, R.,1996. Inequality and Growth. NBER macroeconomics annual,11-76.
Benhabib, J. and A. Rustichini,1996. Social Conflict and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth,1,1,129-146.
Benjamin, Dwayne, Loren Brandt and John Giles,2004. The Dynamics of Inequality and Growth inRural China: Does Higher Inequality Impede Growth? working paper, University of Toronto.
Box, G. E. P. and Cox, D. R.,1964. An analysis of transformation, Journal of the Royal StatistiacalSociety, series B,26,211-252.
Chakravarty S., Dutta B. and Weymark J.,1985, Ethical Indices of Income Mobility. Social Choiceand Welfare,2:1-21.
Cline, W. R.,1975. Distribution and Development: a Survey of Literature. Journal of DevelopmentEconomics,1(4):359-400.
Deininger, K., and L. Squire,1996. A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality. World BankEconomic Review,10(3):565-591.
Deininger, K., and L. Squire,1998. Inequality and Growth: Results from a New Data Set. Journal ofDevelopment Economics,57:259-287.
De La Croix, David and Matthias Doepke,2004, Inequality and Growth: Why Differential FertilityMatters. American Economic Review,93,4,1091-1113.
Duclos J. Y. and Araar A. Poverty and Equity Measurement, policy and Estimation with DAD. NewYork:Springer and International Development Research Centre,2006. fromwww.idrc.ca/openbook/229-5
Fei, John C. H., Rainis, Gustav and Kuo, Shirley W. Y.,1978. Growth and the Family Distribution ofIncome by Factor Components, Quarterly Journal of Economics,92(1):17-53.
Fields, G. S., and G. H. Jakubson,1994. New Evidence on Kuznets Curve. Working paper, CornellUniversity.
Fields, G., and OK F.,1996. The Meaning and Measurement of Income Mobility. Journal ofEconomic Theory,71:349-377.
Fields, G., and OK F.,1999. Measuring Movement of Income. Economica,66(264):455-472.
Fields, Gary S., Yoo, Gyeongjoon,2000. Falling Labour Income Inequality in Korea’s economicgrowth: Pattern and Underlying Causes. Review of Income and Wealth,46, pp139-159
Fields, Gary, S.2005. The Many Facets of Economic Mobility. ILR School Cornell UniversityWorking paper, July.
Fishman, A. and A. Simhon,2002. The division of Labor, Inequality and Growth. Journal ofEconomic Growth,7,117-136.
Galor, Oded and Joseph Zeira,1993. Income Distribution and Macroeconomics. Review ofEconomic Studies,60,35-52.
Galor, O., and Moav O.1999, From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality in theprocess of development. Discussion paper no.2307, CEPR, London.
Gini, Corrado,1921. Measurement of Inequality of Income, The Economic Journal,31:124-126.
Kanbur, Ravi and Xiaobo Zhang,1999. Which Regional Inequality? The Evolution of Rural-Urbanand Inland-Coastal Inequality in China from1983to1995, Journal of Comparative Economics,27:686-701.
Knight, John B&Song, Lina,1991. The Determinants of Urban Income Inequality in China. OxfordBulletin of Economics and Statistics, Blackwell Publishing,53(2):123-154.
Knight, John B&Song, Lina,1993. The Spatial Contribution to Income Inequality in Rural China.Cambridge Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press,17(2):195-213.
Kuznet, S.,1955. Economic Growth and Income Inequality. American Economic Review,45(1):1-28.
Kuznets, S.,1963. Quantitative Aspects of the Economic Growth of Nations: VIII. Distribution ofIncome by Size. Economic Development and Culture Change,11(2):1-80.
Khor, Niny and John Pencavel,2006, Income Mobility of Individual in China and The United States.Economics of Transition,14(3):417-458.
Jarvis S. and Jenkins S.,1998. How Much Income Mobility Is There in Britain? The EconomicJournal,108(March):1-16.
Lambert, Peter J.,1989. The Distribution and Redistribution of Income: A Mathematical Analysis,Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell Inc.
Lerman, Robert I. and Shlomo Yitzhaki,1984, A Note on the Calculation and Interpretation of theGini Index, Economics Letter,15:363-368.
Lewis, W. A.,1954, Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor, The ManchesterSchool of Economic and Social Studies22,139-191, Reprinted in A. N. Agarwala and S. P.Singh (eds.) The Economics of Underdevelopment, Bombay: Oxford University Press,1958.
Li, Hongyi, and Heng-fu Zou,1998. Income Inequality is not Harmful for Growth: Theory andEvidence, Review of Development Economics,2,3,318-334.
Lindert, P. H. and Williamson, J. G.,1985. Growth, equality and history, Explorations in economichistory22.
Lundberg, Mattias and Lyn Squire,2003. The Simultaneous Evolution of Growth and Inequality,The Economic Journal,113(April),326-344.
Mackinnon, J., H. White, and R. Davidson, Tests for Model Specification in the Presence ofAlternative Hypotheses: Some Further Results, Journal of Econometrics, vol.21,1983
Morduch, Jonathan, Sicular, Terry,2002. Rethinking Inequality Decomposition, with Evidence fromRural China. The Economic Journal,112, pp93-106
Newey, W. K., and K. West, A simple Positive Semi-Definite Heteroscedasticity and AutocorrelationConsistent Covariance Matrix, Econometrica, vol.55,1987, pp103-708
Paukert, F.,1973. Income Distribution at Different Level of Development: A Survey of Evidence,International Labour Review,108:97-125.
Persson, Torsten, and Guido Tabellini,1994. Is Inequality Harmful for Growth? Theory andEvidence, American Economic Review,84,600-621.
Ravallion, Martin,1998. Does Aggregation Hide the Harmful Effects of Inequality on Growth?Economics Letters,61,73-77.
Robinson, S.,1976. A Note on the U Hypothesis Relating Income Inequality and EconomicDevelopment, American Economic Review, Vol.66(3):437-440.
Saith, A.,1983. Development and Distribution: a Critique of the Cross-country U-hypothesis,Journal of Development Economics,13(3):367-382.
Sakia, R. M.1992. The Box-Cox transformation technique:a review. The Statistician,41:169-178.
Shorrcks A.,1978a.. The measurement of Mobility. Econometrica,46:1013-1024.
Shorrcks A.,1978b. Income Inequality and Income Mobility. Journal of Economic Theory,46:376-393.
Shorrocks, A F.1980. The Class of Additively Decomposable Inequality Measures [J]. Econometrica.48(3):613-625.
Shorrocks, A F.1982. Inequality Decomposition by Factor Components [J]. Econometrica.30(1):193-211.
Shorrocks, A F.1984. Inequality Decomposition by Population Subgroups[J]. Econometrica.52(6):1369-1385.
Shorrocks, Anthony F.,1999, Decomposition Procedures for Distributional Analysis: A UnifiedFramework Based on the Shaply value, Unpublished Manuscript, Department of Economics,University of Essex.
Stuart, A.,1954. The Correlation between Variate-values and Ranks in Samples from a ContinuousDistribution, British Journal of Statistical Psychology, Vol.7, Part1:37-44.
Stuart, A.,1955. The Correlation between Variate-values and Ranks in Samples from DistributionsHaving No Variance, British Journal of Statistical Psychology, Vol.8, Part1:25-27.
Theil, H. Economics and Information Theory[M].1967. Amsterdam, North-Holland.
World Bank,1997. Sharing Rising Incomes-Disparities in China, Washington D.C.
Yao, Shujie and Zongyi Zhang,2001. On Regional Inequality and Diverging Clubs: A Case Study ofContemporary China, Journal of Comparative Economics,29(3):466-84.
Yao, Shujie and Zongyi Zhang,2002. Economic Growth and Diverging Clubs: A Case Study of theChinese Regions, Applied Economics Letters,9(12):833-36.
Yao, Shujie; Zhang, Zongyi; Hanmer, Lucia,2004. Growing inequality and poverty in China, ChinaEconomic Review, Vol.15(2):145-163.
Yao, Shujie; Zhang, Zongyi; Feng, Gengfu,2005. Rural-urban and Regional Inequality in Output,Income and Consumption in China under Economic Reforms, Journal of Economic Studies,32(1):4-24.
巴罗,萨拉伊马丁,2000.经济增长,(Barro, J. R., Sala-I-Martin, X., Economic Growth,1995,McGraw-Hill Press),中译本,北京：中国社会科学出版社.
边燕杰,张展新,2002.市场化与收入分配——对1988年和1995年城市住户收入调查的分析,中国社会科学,(5):97-111.
蔡继明，李亚鹏.怎样进一步合理调整分配关系[J].经济学家.2011(11)：99-101
陈玉宇,王志刚,魏众,2004.中国城镇居民20世纪90年代收入不平等及其变化——地区因素、人力资本在其中的作用,经济科学,(6):16-25.
陈钊，万广华，陆铭.行业间不平等：日益重要的城镇收入差距成因——基于回归方程的分解[J].中国社会科学.2010(3):65-76
陈宗胜,1997.中国城市居民收入分配差别现状、趋势及影响因素——以天津市为案例,经济研究,(3):21-31.
陈宗胜,周云波,2001,体制改革对城镇居民收入差别的影响——天津市城镇居民收入分配差别再研究,中国社会科学,(6):54-62.
杜鹏,汪锋,张宗益.2008.时间和收入来源对城市居民收入分配差距的影响——对深圳市城市居民家庭收入变动性和收入来源的实证研究[J].统计研究.（12）:23-29.
段均，杨俊.劳动力跨部门配置与居民收入差距——基于省级面板数据的实证分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究.2011(8):53-64
卡恩,1999.改革和发展中的中国贫困问题分析,载于赵人伟等(主编),1999,中国居民收入分配再研究:经济改革和发展中的收入分配,北京:中国财政经济出版社.
卡恩,李思勤,1999.中国的收入和不均等——1988年至1995年住户收入构成、分配和变化,载于赵人伟等(主编),1999.中国居民收入分配再研究:经济改革和发展中的收入分配,北京:中国财政经济出版社.
李虎.2005.关于基尼系数分解分析的讨论[J].数量经济技术经济研究.（3）：127-135.
李实,1997.中国经济转轨中劳动力流动模型,经济研究,(1):23-30.
李实,赵人伟,张平,1998.中国经济转型与收入分配变动[J].经济研究.(4)：43-52.
李实,1999.中国农村劳动力流动与收入增长和分配,中国社会科学,(2):16-33.
李实,赵人伟,1999.中国居民收入分配再研究,经济研究,(4):3-17.
李实,赵人伟,张平,1999.中国收入分配变动的理论解释和经验分析,载于赵人伟等(主编),1999,中国居民收入分配再研究:经济改革和发展中的收入分配,北京:中国财政经济出版社.
李实,2003.中国个人收入分配研究回顾与展望[J].经济学季刊,(2):379-403
林毅夫,蔡昉,李周,1999.中国的奇迹：发展战略与经济改革(增订版),上海：上海三联书店和上海人民出版社.
林毅夫,刘明兴,2003.中国的经济增长收敛与收入分配,世界经济,(8):3-14.
陆铭,陈钊,万广华,2005.因患寡,而患不均——中国的收入差距、投资、教育和增长的相互影响,经济研究,(12):4-14.
奈特,宋丽娜,1999.中国的经济增长、经济改革和收入差距的扩大,载于赵人伟等(主编),1999,中国居民收入分配再研究:经济改革和发展中的收入分配,北京:中国财政经济出版社.
孙文凯,路江涌,白重恩,2007.中国农村收入流动分析[J].经济研究,(8), pp46-57
万广华.解释中国农村区域间的收入不平等：一种基于回归方程的分解方法[J].经济研究.2004(8):117-127
万广华.2008.不平等的度量与分解[J].经济学（季刊）.(1):347-368
王海港,2005.中国居民家庭的收入变动及其对长期平等的影响[J].经济研究,(1):46-57
王韧,2006.中国城乡收入差距变动的成因分析：兼论“倒U”假说的适用性,统计研究,(4):14-19.
王卫,汪锋,张宗益.2007.基于个人特征的收入差距分解分析——以重庆市为案例[J].统计研究.（3）:62-67.
王卫，张宗益，徐开龙.劳动力迁移对收入分配的影响研究[J].人口研究.2007(11)：55-66
王小鲁,樊纲,2005,中国收入差距的走势和影响因素分析[J].经济研究,(10):24-36
魏众,2004.健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响,经济研究,(2):64-74.
巫锡炜.中国城镇家庭户收入和财产不平等：1995-2002[J].人口研究.2011(6)：13-26
徐宽,2003.基尼系数的研究文献在过去八十年是如何拓展的[J].经济学（季刊）,(4):757-778
杨俊,张宗益,2003.中国经济发展中的收入分配及库兹涅茨倒U假设再探讨,数量经济技术经济研究,(2):30-34.
杨俊,张宗益,李晓羽,2005.收入分配、人力资本与经济增长：来自中国的检验(1995-2003),经济科学,(2):5-15.
尹恒,李实,邓曲恒,2006.中国城镇个人收入流动性研究[J].经济研究,(10):30-43
原新，韩靓.多重分割视角下外来人口就业与收入歧视分析[J].人口研究.2009(1)：62-71
赵人伟,格里芬,1993.中国居民收入分配研究,北京：中国社会科学出版社.
赵人伟,李实,1997.中国居民收入差距的扩大及其原因,经济研究,(9):19-28.
赵人伟,李实,李思勤.1999.中国居民收入分配再研究：经济改革和发展中的收入分配[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社.
Ahluwalia, M.,1976. Inequality, Poverty and Development, Journal of Development Economics,3(6):229-341.
Alesina, A. and Rodrik, D.,1994. Distributive Politics and Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journalof Economics, Vol.109(2),465-490.
Anand, S.,1983. Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia: Measurement and Decomposition. New York:Oxford University Press.
Araar A. and Duclos J. Y. DAD: A Software for Poverty and Distributive Analysis. PMMA WorkingPaper No.2006-10.2006.
Atkinson A., and Morrison C.,1992, Empirical Studies of Earnings Mobility. Chur, Switzerland:Harwood.
Barro, Robert J.,2000. Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries. Journal of Economic Growth,5,1, March,87-120.
Benabou, R.,1996. Inequality and Growth. NBER macroeconomics annual,11-76.
Benhabib, J. and A. Rustichini,1996. Social Conflict and Growth. Journal of Economic Growth,1,1,129-146.
Benjamin, Dwayne, Loren Brandt and John Giles,2004. The Dynamics of Inequality and Growth inRural China: Does Higher Inequality Impede Growth? working paper, University of Toronto.
Box, G. E. P. and Cox, D. R.,1964. An analysis of transformation, Journal of the Royal StatistiacalSociety, series B,26,211-252.
Chakravarty S., Dutta B. and Weymark J.,1985, Ethical Indices of Income Mobility. Social Choiceand Welfare,2:1-21.
Cline, W. R.,1975. Distribution and Development: a Survey of Literature. Journal of DevelopmentEconomics,1(4):359-400.
Deininger, K., and L. Squire,1996. A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality. World BankEconomic Review,10(3):565-591.
Deininger, K., and L. Squire,1998. Inequality and Growth: Results from a New Data Set. Journal ofDevelopment Economics,57:259-287.
De La Croix, David and Matthias Doepke,2004, Inequality and Growth: Why Differential FertilityMatters. American Economic Review,93,4,1091-1113.
Duclos J. Y. and Araar A. Poverty and Equity Measurement, policy and Estimation with DAD. NewYork:Springer and International Development Research Centre,2006. fromwww.idrc.ca/openbook/229-5
Fei, John C. H., Rainis, Gustav and Kuo, Shirley W. Y.,1978. Growth and the Family Distribution ofIncome by Factor Components, Quarterly Journal of Economics,92(1):17-53.
Fields, G. S., and G. H. Jakubson,1994. New Evidence on Kuznets Curve. Working paper, CornellUniversity.
Fields, G., and OK F.,1996. The Meaning and Measurement of Income Mobility. Journal ofEconomic Theory,71:349-377.
Fields, G., and OK F.,1999. Measuring Movement of Income. Economica,66(264):455-472.
Fields, Gary S., Yoo, Gyeongjoon,2000. Falling Labour Income Inequality in Korea’s economicgrowth: Pattern and Underlying Causes. Review of Income and Wealth,46, pp139-159
Fields, Gary, S.2005. The Many Facets of Economic Mobility. ILR School Cornell UniversityWorking paper, July.
Fishman, A. and A. Simhon,2002. The division of Labor, Inequality and Growth. Journal ofEconomic Growth,7,117-136.
Galor, Oded and Joseph Zeira,1993. Income Distribution and Macroeconomics. Review ofEconomic Studies,60,35-52.
Galor, O., and Moav O.1999, From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality in theprocess of development. Discussion paper no.2307, CEPR, London.
Gini, Corrado,1921. Measurement of Inequality of Income, The Economic Journal,31:124-126.
Kanbur, Ravi and Xiaobo Zhang,1999. Which Regional Inequality? The Evolution of Rural-Urbanand Inland-Coastal Inequality in China from1983to1995, Journal of Comparative Economics,27:686-701.
Knight, John B&Song, Lina,1991. The Determinants of Urban Income Inequality in China. OxfordBulletin of Economics and Statistics, Blackwell Publishing,53(2):123-154.
Knight, John B&Song, Lina,1993. The Spatial Contribution to Income Inequality in Rural China.Cambridge Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press,17(2):195-213.
Kuznet, S.,1955. Economic Growth and Income Inequality. American Economic Review,45(1):1-28.
Kuznets, S.,1963. Quantitative Aspects of the Economic Growth of Nations: VIII. Distribution ofIncome by Size. Economic Development and Culture Change,11(2):1-80.
Khor, Niny and John Pencavel,2006, Income Mobility of Individual in China and The United States.Economics of Transition,14(3):417-458.
Jarvis S. and Jenkins S.,1998. How Much Income Mobility Is There in Britain? The EconomicJournal,108(March):1-16.
Lambert, Peter J.,1989. The Distribution and Redistribution of Income: A Mathematical Analysis,Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell Inc.
Lerman, Robert I. and Shlomo Yitzhaki,1984, A Note on the Calculation and Interpretation of theGini Index, Economics Letter,15:363-368.
Lewis, W. A.,1954, Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor, The ManchesterSchool of Economic and Social Studies22,139-191, Reprinted in A. N. Agarwala and S. P.Singh (eds.) The Economics of Underdevelopment, Bombay: Oxford University Press,1958.
Li, Hongyi, and Heng-fu Zou,1998. Income Inequality is not Harmful for Growth: Theory andEvidence, Review of Development Economics,2,3,318-334.
Lindert, P. H. and Williamson, J. G.,1985. Growth, equality and history, Explorations in economichistory22.
Lundberg, Mattias and Lyn Squire,2003. The Simultaneous Evolution of Growth and Inequality,The Economic Journal,113(April),326-344.
Mackinnon, J., H. White, and R. Davidson, Tests for Model Specification in the Presence ofAlternative Hypotheses: Some Further Results, Journal of Econometrics, vol.21,1983
Morduch, Jonathan, Sicular, Terry,2002. Rethinking Inequality Decomposition, with Evidence fromRural China. The Economic Journal,112, pp93-106
Newey, W. K., and K. West, A simple Positive Semi-Definite Heteroscedasticity and AutocorrelationConsistent Covariance Matrix, Econometrica, vol.55,1987, pp103-708
Paukert, F.,1973. Income Distribution at Different Level of Development: A Survey of Evidence,International Labour Review,108:97-125.
Persson, Torsten, and Guido Tabellini,1994. Is Inequality Harmful for Growth? Theory andEvidence, American Economic Review,84,600-621.
Ravallion, Martin,1998. Does Aggregation Hide the Harmful Effects of Inequality on Growth?Economics Letters,61,73-77.
Robinson, S.,1976. A Note on the U Hypothesis Relating Income Inequality and EconomicDevelopment, American Economic Review, Vol.66(3):437-440.
Saith, A.,1983. Development and Distribution: a Critique of the Cross-country U-hypothesis,Journal of Development Economics,13(3):367-382.
Sakia, R. M.1992. The Box-Cox transformation technique:a review. The Statistician,41:169-178.
Shorrcks A.,1978a.. The measurement of Mobility. Econometrica,46:1013-1024.
Shorrcks A.,1978b. Income Inequality and Income Mobility. Journal of Economic Theory,46:376-393.
Shorrocks, A F.1980. The Class of Additively Decomposable Inequality Measures [J]. Econometrica.48(3):613-625.
Shorrocks, A F.1982. Inequality Decomposition by Factor Components [J]. Econometrica.30(1):193-211.
Shorrocks, A F.1984. Inequality Decomposition by Population Subgroups[J]. Econometrica.52(6):1369-1385.
Shorrocks, Anthony F.,1999, Decomposition Procedures for Distributional Analysis: A UnifiedFramework Based on the Shaply value, Unpublished Manuscript, Department of Economics,University of Essex.
Stuart, A.,1954. The Correlation between Variate-values and Ranks in Samples from a ContinuousDistribution, British Journal of Statistical Psychology, Vol.7, Part1:37-44.
Stuart, A.,1955. The Correlation between Variate-values and Ranks in Samples from DistributionsHaving No Variance, British Journal of Statistical Psychology, Vol.8, Part1:25-27.
Theil, H. Economics and Information Theory[M].1967. Amsterdam, North-Holland.
World Bank,1997. Sharing Rising Incomes-Disparities in China, Washington D.C.
Yao, Shujie and Zongyi Zhang,2001. On Regional Inequality and Diverging Clubs: A Case Study ofContemporary China, Journal of Comparative Economics,29(3):466-84.
Yao, Shujie and Zongyi Zhang,2002. Economic Growth and Diverging Clubs: A Case Study of theChinese Regions, Applied Economics Letters,9(12):833-36.
Yao, Shujie; Zhang, Zongyi; Hanmer, Lucia,2004. Growing inequality and poverty in China, ChinaEconomic Review, Vol.15(2):145-163.
Yao, Shujie; Zhang, Zongyi; Feng, Gengfu,2005. Rural-urban and Regional Inequality in Output,Income and Consumption in China under Economic Reforms, Journal of Economic Studies,32(1):4-24.