基于小波变换的盲水印算法研究
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摘要
随着互联网和多媒体技术、通信技术的迅速发展，数字媒体的版权保护问题日益突出，使得数字水印技术备受人们关注。它是目前解决版权保护问题最有效的手段之一。鉴于小波技术发展的日趋成熟以及其在图像处理方面的优越性，本文深入研究了小波域数字图象水印技术。
本文分析了数字图象水印技术的原理及典型算法，讨论了数字图象水印的攻击方法和性能评估方法，针对当前的研究现状和存在的问题，重点讨论了如何选取水印的嵌入位置、如何采取嵌入策略和水印的盲提取方法。
1．提出了一种结合小波零树结构和奇异值分解的小波域盲水印算法。该算法结合小波零树原理对中低频子带系数进行水印的嵌入的同时，在高频细节子带利用奇异值良好的稳定性能来进行水印的嵌入。因此，该方法在针对高低频的多种攻击下具有良好的鲁棒性的同时，也拥有较大的水印容量。此外，本算法还结合人类视觉系统和图象局部特性来自适应确定量化间隔，使嵌入水印后的图象具有良好的视觉不可见性。
2．提出了一种基于整数提升方案小波和小波纹理块的彩色图象鲁棒水印算法。由于整数小波变换实现了整数到整数的映射，不引入量化误差，而考虑到人眼视觉系统亮度掩蔽特性和图像纹理特性，本算法在整数小波变换的基础上使用了分块技术，根据每个小波块的不同亮度和纹理特性对小波块进行选择，并在选出的高亮度和高纹理的小波纹理块中嵌入水印，提高了嵌入水印图像的不可见性。针对彩色图像的原理，对R、G、B分量分别嵌入不同的水印，实现了多种水印的嵌入。实验结果表明，该算法对各重攻击具有较好的稳健性，是一种有效的彩色图象盲水印算法。
Along with the development of Internet and Communicationmultimedia techniques, copyright protection of multimedia has becomeincreasingly prominent. More and more people pay attention to thewatermarking technologies. It is the most effective method of copyrightprotection question at present. Whereas the maturity of the wavelettechnology and its advantage in image processing field, a deep researchof digital image watermarking technology based on wavelet domain isdone in this paper.
This paper analyzes the digital image watermarking technology andits typical algorithm, discusses the attack and performance evaluationmethods of digital image watermarking. In view of the current researchstatus and problems, this article focuses on how to select the location ofthe watermark, how to adopt embedded strategies and blind extractionmethod of watermark.
1. A new blind wavelet domain watermark algorithm based on EZWstructure and SVD is proposed. In the low frequency detal bands, thisalgorithm adopts the EZW structure principle to embed the watermark, Inthe high frequency, uses the Stability of SVD to embed the watermark. So,this alogorithm is more robust under various attack than the traditionalgorithm. Meanwhile, this watermark also has the larger capacity.
2. A new blind watermarking algorithm of color images based on in-teger wavelet transform and wavelet texture blocks is proposed. Integerwavelet transform can map integers into integers, which reduces the errormade by floating numbers. Considering of the brightness and image textture masking characteristics of human visual system, this algorithm usessubblock technology on the basis of integer wavelet transform. It choosesthe high brightness and high texture wavelet blocks to implant watermark,so the invisibility of the watermark image is improved. It also achievesmultiple watermark embedding. Experiment results indicate it is aneffective blind color images algorithm.
本文分析了数字图象水印技术的原理及典型算法，讨论了数字图象水印的攻击方法和性能评估方法，针对当前的研究现状和存在的问题，重点讨论了如何选取水印的嵌入位置、如何采取嵌入策略和水印的盲提取方法。
1．提出了一种结合小波零树结构和奇异值分解的小波域盲水印算法。该算法结合小波零树原理对中低频子带系数进行水印的嵌入的同时，在高频细节子带利用奇异值良好的稳定性能来进行水印的嵌入。因此，该方法在针对高低频的多种攻击下具有良好的鲁棒性的同时，也拥有较大的水印容量。此外，本算法还结合人类视觉系统和图象局部特性来自适应确定量化间隔，使嵌入水印后的图象具有良好的视觉不可见性。
2．提出了一种基于整数提升方案小波和小波纹理块的彩色图象鲁棒水印算法。由于整数小波变换实现了整数到整数的映射，不引入量化误差，而考虑到人眼视觉系统亮度掩蔽特性和图像纹理特性，本算法在整数小波变换的基础上使用了分块技术，根据每个小波块的不同亮度和纹理特性对小波块进行选择，并在选出的高亮度和高纹理的小波纹理块中嵌入水印，提高了嵌入水印图像的不可见性。针对彩色图像的原理，对R、G、B分量分别嵌入不同的水印，实现了多种水印的嵌入。实验结果表明，该算法对各重攻击具有较好的稳健性，是一种有效的彩色图象盲水印算法。
Along with the development of Internet and Communicationmultimedia techniques, copyright protection of multimedia has becomeincreasingly prominent. More and more people pay attention to thewatermarking technologies. It is the most effective method of copyrightprotection question at present. Whereas the maturity of the wavelettechnology and its advantage in image processing field, a deep researchof digital image watermarking technology based on wavelet domain isdone in this paper.
This paper analyzes the digital image watermarking technology andits typical algorithm, discusses the attack and performance evaluationmethods of digital image watermarking. In view of the current researchstatus and problems, this article focuses on how to select the location ofthe watermark, how to adopt embedded strategies and blind extractionmethod of watermark.
1. A new blind wavelet domain watermark algorithm based on EZWstructure and SVD is proposed. In the low frequency detal bands, thisalgorithm adopts the EZW structure principle to embed the watermark, Inthe high frequency, uses the Stability of SVD to embed the watermark. So,this alogorithm is more robust under various attack than the traditionalgorithm. Meanwhile, this watermark also has the larger capacity.
2. A new blind watermarking algorithm of color images based on in-teger wavelet transform and wavelet texture blocks is proposed. Integerwavelet transform can map integers into integers, which reduces the errormade by floating numbers. Considering of the brightness and image textture masking characteristics of human visual system, this algorithm usessubblock technology on the basis of integer wavelet transform. It choosesthe high brightness and high texture wavelet blocks to implant watermark,so the invisibility of the watermark image is improved. It also achievesmultiple watermark embedding. Experiment results indicate it is aneffective blind color images algorithm.
引文
[1] Van Schyndel, Tirkel Osborne. A digital watermark. In: International Conference on Image Processing,1994,(2):86-90
[2] Cox I J, Killian J, Leighton F T, et al. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia IEEE Transactions.In:Image Processing, 1997,6(12): 1673-1687
[3] Dittmann J, Stabenau M, Steinmetz R. Robust MPEG video watermarking technologies. In:Multimedia and Security Workshop at ACM Multimedia'98 Conference Bristol.U.K, 1998.113-122
[4] Zhao J, Koch E, Luo C. Business today and tomorrow. In:Communications of the ACM 1998,41(7):67-72
[5] Christoph Busch, Wolfgang Funk, Stephen wolthusen. Digital watermarking from concepts to real-time video application In:.IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,JAN/Feb 1999,19(1):25-35
[6] F Degnillaume, T.Pun. Robust 3D DFT videl watermarking.In:IST/SPIT's 11th Annu Symp,Electronic Imaging'99 Secunity and watermarking of Multimedia Contents, 1999
[7] Zhuang Huai-yu, LiYing Wu, Cheng Ke. A Blind Spatial-temporal Algorithm on 3D Wavelet of Video Watermarking. In:2004 IEEE conference on multimedia and Expo(ICME) 1727-1730
[8] D kundur, D hatzinaks. Digital watermarking using multiresolution wavelet decomposition.In:Proc IEEE Int conference on Acoustics Speech and signalprocessing, 1999,5:2969-2972
[9] J L Vehel, A Manoury. Wavelet packet based watermarking.In:Processing of the 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition,2000,9
[10] M Barni, F Bartolini. A piva Improved Wavelet-based Watermarking Through pixed-wise Masking. In: IEEE Tram Image Proc 2001,10(5):783-791
[11] S Joo, Y Sub, J Shin, et al.A New Robust watermark Embedding into Wavelet DC Component. In: ETRI Journal 2002,24(5):401-404
[12] A Pommer. Wavelet packet methods for multimedia compression and encrypton.In:Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications Computers and Signal Processing.Victoria, Canada,2001,8:1-4
[13] C Serdean, M Ambroze. Wade DWT-based high-capacity blind video watermarking invariant to geometrical attacks. In: IEEE Proceedings image signal process,2003,2:51-58
[14] K Kundu. A Blind CDMA image Watermarking Scheme in Wavelet Domain. In:2004 international conference on image processing (ICIP),2633-2636
[15] COX I J,Miller M. The first 50 years of electronic watermarking.In:EURASIP J. of Applied Signal Processing, 2005, 2:126-132
[16] Voyatzis G, Pitas I. The use of watermarks in the protection of digital multimedia products. In: Proceedings of IEEE, 2006, 87(7): 1197-1207
[17] Xie, G Arce. Joint wavelet compression and authentication watermarking. In:Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on image Processing ICIP'98,Ⅱ,USA, 1998-10
[18] J R Kim, Y S Moon,A Robust Wavelet-based Digital Watermarking Using Level-Adaptive Thresholding In Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International conference on Image Processing ICIP'99 kobe Japan,1999-10:202-206
[19] Wang H J, Kuo C C J. Image Protection via watermarking on perceptually significant wavelet coefficients. In proceedings of the IEEE multimedia signal processing workshop,1998:278-284
[20] 陈青，苏祥芳，王延平．采用小波变换的鲁棒隐形水印算法．通信学报，2003，22(7)：61-65
[21] 周亚训，叶庆卫．基于小波和余弦变换组合的图象水印方案．电子学报，2005，29(12)：1693-1695
[22] Pereira S,Voloshynovskiy S, Pun T. Optimized wavelet domain watermark embedding strategy using linear programming. In:proceeding of SPIE AeroSense, April 2000,Orlando,USA,Wavelet Spplication Ⅶ: 26-28
[23] H Inoue,A Miyazaki,A Yamamoto et al.A digital watermark based on the wavelet transform and its robustness on image compression. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international Conference on Image Processing,ICIP'98,Chieago-Ⅱ,USA,1995
[24] LIU Tong, QIU Zheng-ding. A DWT Domain Image-Adaptive Digital Watermarking Algorithm.In: Journal of Software, 2002:13(4)
[25] Davoine F. Compadsion of two wavelet based image watermarking schemes In:Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on image processing, 2003: 682-685
[26] 黄达人，刘九芬，黄继武．小波变换域图像水印嵌入对策与算法．软件学报，2002，13(7)：1290-1297
[27] 宋玉杰，谭铁牛．基于脆弱性数字水印的图象完整性验证研究．中国图象图形学报，2003，1：1-7
[28] 孙中伟，冯登国，武传坤．基于弱信号检测理论的离散小波变换域数字水印盲检测算法．计算机研究与发展，2006，11：1920-1926
[29] 潘蓉，高有行．基于小波变换的图像水印嵌入方法．中国图象图形学报，2002，7(3)：667-671
[30] 朱岩，杨永田，冯登国．多小波变换域内基于扩频和量化的混合水印研究．电子学报，2006，10：116-121
[31] 张冉，陈向东．一种基于小波变换的灰度数字水印嵌入技术．通信学报，2004，25(2)：125-129
[32] 陆哲明，吴昊天，刘忠仁．一种用于版权通知和保护的多功能彩色图像水印算法．电子学报，2004，5：778-781
[33] 强英，王颖．基于多尺度小波分解的自适应图像水印算法．计算机工程与应用，2004，7：42-46
[34] 罗永，成礼智，徐志宏．基于带参数整数小波变换可见数字水印．软件学报，2004，2：238-249
[35] KUNDER D,HATZINAKOS D.Towards a telltale watermarking technique for tamper-proffmg.In:Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.Chicago,Illiois, 1998:409-418
[36] YU GJ, HY ML, LU CS. Mean Quantization-based Fragile Watermarking for Image Authentication.In: Optical Engineering, 2001,40 (7): 1396-1408
[37] D Kundur, D Hatzinakos,Digital water-marking using multiresolution wavelet decomposition.In:Proc IEEE Int Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing, 1999,1:2969-2972
[38] 欧珊瑚，张珩．基于混沌特性和视觉模型的小波数字水印算法研究．中国图象图形学报，2004，9(3)：345-352
[39] Bao Paul, Xiao xu Ma. Image Adaptive Watermarking Using Wavelet Domain Singular Value Deeompsition. In:IEEE Transactions on circuits and system for video technology,2005,1:96-102
[40] Chang Chin-Chen C, Tsai Piyu, Lin Chia-Chen. SVD-based Digital Image Watermarking Scheme.In:Pattern Recognition Letters,2005,26(10): 1577-1586
[41] 徐仲，张凯院，陆全．矩阵论简明教程．北京：科学出版社，2001：56-80
[42] 周波，陈健．基于奇异值分解的、抗几何失真的数字水印算法．中国图形图像学报，2004．9：506-510
[43] 罗三定，戴虎，沙莎．一种基于离散小波变换的数字水印技术．微计算机信息，2006，11：269-271
[44] Sweldens W. The Lifting Scheme:A New Philosophy in Biorthogonal Wavelet Constructions.In:Wavelet Applications in signal and Image ProcessingⅢ,Proc.SPE, 1995,2:68-79
[45] 肖亮，吴慧中，韦志辉．基于整数小波变换的图像鉴定数字水印技术．计算机工程与应用，2001，37(8)：21-23
[46] 陈健东，宜国荣．基于整数小波的无损数字水印技术．计算机工程，2003，8：27-29
[47] 宋琪，朱光喜，李宁．基于整数小波变换的灰度图像水印技术．计算机工程．2004．6：5454-62
[48] Lew is A S, Know les G. Image compression using the 2D wavelet transform ation. IEEE Tram on Image Processing, 1992, 1 (4) : 2442250
[49] Cox I J, Kilian F T, Leighton, et al. Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia. IEEE Trans.on Image Processing, 1997, 6(12): 1673-1687
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[2] Cox I J, Killian J, Leighton F T, et al. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia IEEE Transactions.In:Image Processing, 1997,6(12): 1673-1687
[3] Dittmann J, Stabenau M, Steinmetz R. Robust MPEG video watermarking technologies. In:Multimedia and Security Workshop at ACM Multimedia'98 Conference Bristol.U.K, 1998.113-122
[4] Zhao J, Koch E, Luo C. Business today and tomorrow. In:Communications of the ACM 1998,41(7):67-72
[5] Christoph Busch, Wolfgang Funk, Stephen wolthusen. Digital watermarking from concepts to real-time video application In:.IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,JAN/Feb 1999,19(1):25-35
[6] F Degnillaume, T.Pun. Robust 3D DFT videl watermarking.In:IST/SPIT's 11th Annu Symp,Electronic Imaging'99 Secunity and watermarking of Multimedia Contents, 1999
[7] Zhuang Huai-yu, LiYing Wu, Cheng Ke. A Blind Spatial-temporal Algorithm on 3D Wavelet of Video Watermarking. In:2004 IEEE conference on multimedia and Expo(ICME) 1727-1730
[8] D kundur, D hatzinaks. Digital watermarking using multiresolution wavelet decomposition.In:Proc IEEE Int conference on Acoustics Speech and signalprocessing, 1999,5:2969-2972
[9] J L Vehel, A Manoury. Wavelet packet based watermarking.In:Processing of the 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition,2000,9
[10] M Barni, F Bartolini. A piva Improved Wavelet-based Watermarking Through pixed-wise Masking. In: IEEE Tram Image Proc 2001,10(5):783-791
[11] S Joo, Y Sub, J Shin, et al.A New Robust watermark Embedding into Wavelet DC Component. In: ETRI Journal 2002,24(5):401-404
[12] A Pommer. Wavelet packet methods for multimedia compression and encrypton.In:Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications Computers and Signal Processing.Victoria, Canada,2001,8:1-4
[13] C Serdean, M Ambroze. Wade DWT-based high-capacity blind video watermarking invariant to geometrical attacks. In: IEEE Proceedings image signal process,2003,2:51-58
[14] K Kundu. A Blind CDMA image Watermarking Scheme in Wavelet Domain. In:2004 international conference on image processing (ICIP),2633-2636
[15] COX I J,Miller M. The first 50 years of electronic watermarking.In:EURASIP J. of Applied Signal Processing, 2005, 2:126-132
[16] Voyatzis G, Pitas I. The use of watermarks in the protection of digital multimedia products. In: Proceedings of IEEE, 2006, 87(7): 1197-1207
[17] Xie, G Arce. Joint wavelet compression and authentication watermarking. In:Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on image Processing ICIP'98,Ⅱ,USA, 1998-10
[18] J R Kim, Y S Moon,A Robust Wavelet-based Digital Watermarking Using Level-Adaptive Thresholding In Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International conference on Image Processing ICIP'99 kobe Japan,1999-10:202-206
[19] Wang H J, Kuo C C J. Image Protection via watermarking on perceptually significant wavelet coefficients. In proceedings of the IEEE multimedia signal processing workshop,1998:278-284
[20] 陈青，苏祥芳，王延平．采用小波变换的鲁棒隐形水印算法．通信学报，2003，22(7)：61-65
[21] 周亚训，叶庆卫．基于小波和余弦变换组合的图象水印方案．电子学报，2005，29(12)：1693-1695
[22] Pereira S,Voloshynovskiy S, Pun T. Optimized wavelet domain watermark embedding strategy using linear programming. In:proceeding of SPIE AeroSense, April 2000,Orlando,USA,Wavelet Spplication Ⅶ: 26-28
[23] H Inoue,A Miyazaki,A Yamamoto et al.A digital watermark based on the wavelet transform and its robustness on image compression. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international Conference on Image Processing,ICIP'98,Chieago-Ⅱ,USA,1995
[24] LIU Tong, QIU Zheng-ding. A DWT Domain Image-Adaptive Digital Watermarking Algorithm.In: Journal of Software, 2002:13(4)
[25] Davoine F. Compadsion of two wavelet based image watermarking schemes In:Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on image processing, 2003: 682-685
[26] 黄达人，刘九芬，黄继武．小波变换域图像水印嵌入对策与算法．软件学报，2002，13(7)：1290-1297
[27] 宋玉杰，谭铁牛．基于脆弱性数字水印的图象完整性验证研究．中国图象图形学报，2003，1：1-7
[28] 孙中伟，冯登国，武传坤．基于弱信号检测理论的离散小波变换域数字水印盲检测算法．计算机研究与发展，2006，11：1920-1926
[29] 潘蓉，高有行．基于小波变换的图像水印嵌入方法．中国图象图形学报，2002，7(3)：667-671
[30] 朱岩，杨永田，冯登国．多小波变换域内基于扩频和量化的混合水印研究．电子学报，2006，10：116-121
[31] 张冉，陈向东．一种基于小波变换的灰度数字水印嵌入技术．通信学报，2004，25(2)：125-129
[32] 陆哲明，吴昊天，刘忠仁．一种用于版权通知和保护的多功能彩色图像水印算法．电子学报，2004，5：778-781
[33] 强英，王颖．基于多尺度小波分解的自适应图像水印算法．计算机工程与应用，2004，7：42-46
[34] 罗永，成礼智，徐志宏．基于带参数整数小波变换可见数字水印．软件学报，2004，2：238-249
[35] KUNDER D,HATZINAKOS D.Towards a telltale watermarking technique for tamper-proffmg.In:Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.Chicago,Illiois, 1998:409-418
[36] YU GJ, HY ML, LU CS. Mean Quantization-based Fragile Watermarking for Image Authentication.In: Optical Engineering, 2001,40 (7): 1396-1408
[37] D Kundur, D Hatzinakos,Digital water-marking using multiresolution wavelet decomposition.In:Proc IEEE Int Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing, 1999,1:2969-2972
[38] 欧珊瑚，张珩．基于混沌特性和视觉模型的小波数字水印算法研究．中国图象图形学报，2004，9(3)：345-352
[39] Bao Paul, Xiao xu Ma. Image Adaptive Watermarking Using Wavelet Domain Singular Value Deeompsition. In:IEEE Transactions on circuits and system for video technology,2005,1:96-102
[40] Chang Chin-Chen C, Tsai Piyu, Lin Chia-Chen. SVD-based Digital Image Watermarking Scheme.In:Pattern Recognition Letters,2005,26(10): 1577-1586
[41] 徐仲，张凯院，陆全．矩阵论简明教程．北京：科学出版社，2001：56-80
[42] 周波，陈健．基于奇异值分解的、抗几何失真的数字水印算法．中国图形图像学报，2004．9：506-510
[43] 罗三定，戴虎，沙莎．一种基于离散小波变换的数字水印技术．微计算机信息，2006，11：269-271
[44] Sweldens W. The Lifting Scheme:A New Philosophy in Biorthogonal Wavelet Constructions.In:Wavelet Applications in signal and Image ProcessingⅢ,Proc.SPE, 1995,2:68-79
[45] 肖亮，吴慧中，韦志辉．基于整数小波变换的图像鉴定数字水印技术．计算机工程与应用，2001，37(8)：21-23
[46] 陈健东，宜国荣．基于整数小波的无损数字水印技术．计算机工程，2003，8：27-29
[47] 宋琪，朱光喜，李宁．基于整数小波变换的灰度图像水印技术．计算机工程．2004．6：5454-62
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