大型水平轴风力机风轮气动性能计算与优化设计
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摘要
风力发电是风能利用最有效的形式,现代大型风力机以水平轴轴风力机为主。水平轴风力机风轮气动性能计算研究是当前风力机空气动力学研究的热点,是风力机气动优化设计及载荷计算的关键。本研究利用现代计算方法和手段,对大型风力机风轮的气动性能计算与优化设计进行研究。
考虑到传统的无限叶片定环量的“圆盘理论”的不足,本研究采用复杂尾涡漩涡气动模型进行气动计算方法的研究。从最初的“叶片理论”和现有的数值解法出发,用数值方法对所涉及的积分-微分方程组进行求解,探索两种快速适用的气动性能计算的解法。一为Taylor级数-并行计算数值解法,其发挥了Fortran的快速并行计算的特性,并获得较好效果；二为Newton插值-数组化数值解法,其借助MATLAB等工具多线程计算的优势,实现了快速计算的目的。从研究中发现规律并总结：
1)对风轮气动性能计算时,不断优化计算程序,并结合并行计算和数组化运算,能够提高计算速度,可实现气动优化设计快速寻优。
2)所开发的气动计算方法与传统的各种气动计算方法进行了对比分析。计算结果随工况变化趋势一致,与GH bladed计算结果吻合较好。
3)应用开发的数值解法,并结合PSO(Partical Swarm Optimization)优化算法,对大型风力机叶片外形进行了气动优化设计,对比分析表明,其优化效果较好。
4)应用开发的数值解法,并同遗传算法相结合,对大型风力机变桨距气动参数进行了优化设计计算,特性变化趋势与实际风力机运行相符,具有一定的研究参考性。
气动性能的快速准确计算,高效的优化算法选取,是大型风力机风轮气动优化设计的关键。本研究开发的计算方法能为以后的研究提供参考,能为大型风力机气动计算与优化设计提供依据。
Wind power is the main form of wind energy, most of modern large-scale wind turbines are horizontal axis wind turbines, aerodynamic performance calculation of horizontal axis wind turbine is currently a research focus,and is the key of Aerodynamic optimization design of wind turbine. Whether the design is good leaves or not,mainly depends on the accuracy of aerodynamic performance calculation, so calculation of aerodynamic performance is very important. This paper study the aerodynamic performance calculation and design of rotor of the large-scale wind turbine by making full use of modern calculation methods.
Two methods basd on a complicated wake vortex aerodynamic model by employing numerical computation to solve the concerned integral differential equation,was lighted with original "blad theory" and cerrent numerical computational methods, and was developed. A method is called Taylor series-parallel computing numerical solution, which makes full use of Fortran characteristics of rapid parallel computing, obtains the good effect; Another is the Newton interpolation-arraying computation numerical solution, which take full advantage of arraying computation of MATLAB or FORTRN, reached the purpose of quick computation. The purpose of realizing fast calculation. From the study of law and summary:
1) on the rotor aerodynamic performance calculation, optimize calculation procedures, and parallel computing and wei-liang operations, can improve the calculation speed, satisfy the demand of the aerodynamic optimization design.
2) development of pneumatic calculation method and the traditional various pneumatic calculation methods are analyzed. Calculation results agree with the condition results of GH bladed.
3) A optimized design method combining the numerical methods with PSO(Partical Swarm Optimization)algorithm of large-scale wind turbine,was introduced and discussed.the feasibility and advantages of the application were demonstrated.
4) A computation method combining genetic algorithm with pitch aerodynamic parameter design of wind turbine was introduced and discussed. the feasibility and advantages of the application were demonstrated.
The fast and accurate calculating aerodynamic performance and efficiency of optimization algorithm of large wind machine, is the key to aerodynamic design rotor. The research and development of the calculation method for future research provides a reference for large wind machine, pneumatic calculation and design provides the basis.
考虑到传统的无限叶片定环量的“圆盘理论”的不足,本研究采用复杂尾涡漩涡气动模型进行气动计算方法的研究。从最初的“叶片理论”和现有的数值解法出发,用数值方法对所涉及的积分-微分方程组进行求解,探索两种快速适用的气动性能计算的解法。一为Taylor级数-并行计算数值解法,其发挥了Fortran的快速并行计算的特性,并获得较好效果；二为Newton插值-数组化数值解法,其借助MATLAB等工具多线程计算的优势,实现了快速计算的目的。从研究中发现规律并总结：
1)对风轮气动性能计算时,不断优化计算程序,并结合并行计算和数组化运算,能够提高计算速度,可实现气动优化设计快速寻优。
2)所开发的气动计算方法与传统的各种气动计算方法进行了对比分析。计算结果随工况变化趋势一致,与GH bladed计算结果吻合较好。
3)应用开发的数值解法,并结合PSO(Partical Swarm Optimization)优化算法,对大型风力机叶片外形进行了气动优化设计,对比分析表明,其优化效果较好。
4)应用开发的数值解法,并同遗传算法相结合,对大型风力机变桨距气动参数进行了优化设计计算,特性变化趋势与实际风力机运行相符,具有一定的研究参考性。
气动性能的快速准确计算,高效的优化算法选取,是大型风力机风轮气动优化设计的关键。本研究开发的计算方法能为以后的研究提供参考,能为大型风力机气动计算与优化设计提供依据。
Wind power is the main form of wind energy, most of modern large-scale wind turbines are horizontal axis wind turbines, aerodynamic performance calculation of horizontal axis wind turbine is currently a research focus,and is the key of Aerodynamic optimization design of wind turbine. Whether the design is good leaves or not,mainly depends on the accuracy of aerodynamic performance calculation, so calculation of aerodynamic performance is very important. This paper study the aerodynamic performance calculation and design of rotor of the large-scale wind turbine by making full use of modern calculation methods.
Two methods basd on a complicated wake vortex aerodynamic model by employing numerical computation to solve the concerned integral differential equation,was lighted with original "blad theory" and cerrent numerical computational methods, and was developed. A method is called Taylor series-parallel computing numerical solution, which makes full use of Fortran characteristics of rapid parallel computing, obtains the good effect; Another is the Newton interpolation-arraying computation numerical solution, which take full advantage of arraying computation of MATLAB or FORTRN, reached the purpose of quick computation. The purpose of realizing fast calculation. From the study of law and summary:
1) on the rotor aerodynamic performance calculation, optimize calculation procedures, and parallel computing and wei-liang operations, can improve the calculation speed, satisfy the demand of the aerodynamic optimization design.
2) development of pneumatic calculation method and the traditional various pneumatic calculation methods are analyzed. Calculation results agree with the condition results of GH bladed.
3) A optimized design method combining the numerical methods with PSO(Partical Swarm Optimization)algorithm of large-scale wind turbine,was introduced and discussed.the feasibility and advantages of the application were demonstrated.
4) A computation method combining genetic algorithm with pitch aerodynamic parameter design of wind turbine was introduced and discussed. the feasibility and advantages of the application were demonstrated.
The fast and accurate calculating aerodynamic performance and efficiency of optimization algorithm of large wind machine, is the key to aerodynamic design rotor. The research and development of the calculation method for future research provides a reference for large wind machine, pneumatic calculation and design provides the basis.
引文
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[5]D.勒古里雷斯.风力机的理论与设计[M].施鹏飞译.北京：机械工业出版社,1987,76-104
[6]肖功任.2000年风力发电目标-1000MW[J].风力发电,1995,39(4)：5-6
[7]施鹏飞.21世纪风力发电前景[J].中国电力,2000(9)：78-84
[8]陈宗器.风力发电综述与我国的开发设想[J].工程建设与设计,1999(5)：3-5
[9]胡传幌.欧洲风电产业又是一个创记录年.WWW.EWEA.ORG,2003
[10]霍福鹏.提高风力机叶片气动性能的研究[D]：[清华大学博士学位论文].北京：清华大学,2003
[11]施鹏飞.2002年中国风电发展报告.2003
[12]能源领域组.能源领域.科技发展“十五规划”和2015年远景规划.1999
[13]叶杭冶.风力发电机组的控制技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2002,4-5
[14]贺德馨.中国风能利用现状和发展战略[A].见：中国风能论文集[C].北京：万国学术出版社,1992
[15]刘家澄.我国风电场装机现状[J].中国能源,2008(8)：22-23
[16]窦秀荣.水平轴风力机气动性能及结构动力学特性研究[D]：[山东工业大学博士学位论文].山东：山东工业大学,1996
[17]David A Spera.Wind Turbine Technology[M]. New York:ASME PRESS,1994
[18]中国船级社.风力发电机组规范[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2003
[19]宋宪耕,窦秀荣,艾兴,何祖诚.水平轴风轮空气动力性能的分析计算[J].空气动力学报,1996,14(1)：92-97
[20]Peter Fuglsang. Design of the New RISΦ-A1 Airfoil Family for Wind Turbine.1999 European Wind Energy Comferendce. Nice:1999,134-137
[21]V V Alafouzons. Assessment of a New Family of Low Drag Airfoils(Ⅱ). In:1999 European Wind Energy Comferendce. Nice:1999,160-163
[22]Peter Fuglsang. Multipoint Optimization of Thick Highlift Airfoil for Wind Turbines. In:1997 European Wind Energy Comferendce. Dublin:1997,468-471
[23]江学忠.提高水平轴风力机效率的研究[D]：[清华大学博士学位论文].北京： 清华大学,1999
[24]Kristian,S Dahl, Peter Fuglsang. Design of the Wind Turbine Airfoil Family RISΦ-A-XX. RISO National Laboratory. Denmark.1998(12)
[25]龙泽强,张大康.风力机风轮贴粗糙带增效风洞试验[J].风力发电,1998(3)：26-28
[26]张峰,水平轴风力机气动性能及叶片振动特性研究[D]：[硕士学位论文].汕头大学,1998
[27]徐利军,水平轴风力机空气动力特性研究[D]：[清华大学博士学位论文].北京：清华大学,1997
[28]George S. Dulikravich, Aerodynamic Shape Design and Optimization: Status and Trends, Journal of Aircraft, Vol.29, No.6, Nov.-Dec.1992 pp1020-1026.
[29]Jamshid A. Generation Samareh,Status and Future of Geometry Modeling and Grid for Design No.1, January-Februaryand Optimization,Journal of Aircraft, Vol.36,1999, pp97-104
[30]K. D, Lee and S. Eyi, Aerodynamic Design vi. a Optimization, Journal of Aircraft, Vol.29, No.6, Nov.-Dec.1992, pp1012-1019.
[31]阎超、谢磊等,翼型的气动最优化设计方法和反设计方法,空气动力学学报,1/1999,中国空气动力学会,pp60-70
[32]黄勇、陈作斌、刘刚,基于伴随方程的翼型数值优化设计方法研究,空气动力学学报,4/1999,中国空气动力学会,pp413-422
[33]Shigeru Obayashi, Genetic Optimization Distributions for Inverse Design Methods, AIAA May 1996, pp881-886
[34]Ashok Gopalarathnam and Michael S. Selig, Multipoint Inverse Methods for Multielement Airfoi 1 Design, Journal of Aircraft, Vol.35, No.3, May-June 1998, pp398-404.
[35]Alejandro C. Limache, nverse Methods for Airfoil Design, Journal of Aircraft, Vol.32,No.5, September-October 1995,ppl001-1011
[36]Hyoung-Jin Kim and Oh-I-Iyun Rho, Aerodynami。 Design of Transonic Wings Using the Target Pressure Optimization Approach, Journal of Aircraft, Vol.35, No.5, September-October 1998, pp671-677
[37]Michael S. Selig and Mark D. Maughmer, Multipoint Inverse Airfoil Design Method Based on Conformal Mapping, AIAA Journal, Vol. 30, No.5, May 1992, pp 1162-1170.
[38]Earl P N Duque. Navier-Stokes Simulations of the Nrel Combined Experiment Phase Ⅱ Rotor.1999 European Wind Energy Comferendce. Nice:1999,79-84
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