制度环境差异和母公司控制下的子公司自主行为研究
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摘要
当前我国市场呈现出地域分散、市场分割的现状。其突出表现为：人为性市场分割、行政性地区封锁、体制性地方保护等。因此，在转型经济或者新兴市场经济国家中，虽然市场机制发挥一定作用，但是企业的发展在很大程度上仍然依赖非市场体系（如政府控制和社会网络等）获取资源。这种现状直接影响企业经营战略和方向，使其逐渐产生多元化的动机。因此，企业为了最大限度地发挥对这些资源的使用，就是对不同的行业或市场进行了再投资，从而出现企业高度多元化的现象。多元化的特征促使企业组织结构不断地发生调整和演进：当自身规模扩大，有能力进行多元化扩张时，到底是采取母子公司制还是总分部制。随后，在母子公司体制发展逐渐走向成熟的过程中，子公司的角色和战略演进也不断地发生着变化：母公司对权利的下放、子公司自身对战略地位提升的渴求和自我发展的迫切需要，使子公司逐渐开始尝试通过自主行为来实现自己的目标。而在理论学界，研究者们的研究视角也发生着微妙的转变。
结合这一背景，本文立足于当前市场分割的区域环境，尝试基于制度、创业、资源基础观、公司治理等理论研究母子公司制企业在区域多元化下的行为。由于近几年子公司战略地位的凸显，因此本文将研究对象确定为企业异地设置的子公司及其行为路径。结合对影响子公司自主行为的前因（制度环境差异、控制）和后果（绩效）的探讨，本文的研究问题可以概括为：跨区域子公司如何基于对母子公司两地制度环境差异和母公司控制方式的判断采取适当的自主创业行为，及这种行为对子公司自身成长所产生的影响？并具体从如下几个方面进行切入：（1）母子公司所在区域的制度环境差异程度对子公司选择采取何种自主行为是否存在显著影响，如何影响；（2）母公司控制及其程度对子公司采取何种自主行为是否存在显著影响，如何影响；（3）环境层面的制度因素与企业层面的母公司控制因素间对子公司自主行为是否存在交互影响，如何影响；（4）子公司自主行为的采取是否有助于自身绩效的提升，如何影响；（5）子公司基于对外部制度环境和母公司控制的评估，在选择采取具体某一类型的自主行为，及到最后绩效转换的过程中，还有无其他因素的影响（控制变量）？通过相关性分析、回归分析等统计方法对论文提出的理论模型和多个研究假设进行实证数据检验，并得到如下研究结论：
第一，环境层面制度距离对子公司自主行为选择所产生的影响存在差异：（1）母子公司两地制度环境差异对子公司内部自主行为会起抑制作用，即制度距离负向影响子公司内部自主行为；（2）母子公司两地制度环境差异对子公司外部自主行为会起促进推动作用，即制度距离正向影响子公司外部自主行为。第二，企业层面母公司行为和产出控制对子公司自主行为选择所产生的直接影响不一致：（1）行为控制可以直接正向影响子公司内部自主行为；（2）产出控制可以负向影响子公司外部自主行为。第三，企业层面母公司行为和产出控制与环境层面制度距离会对子公司自主行为产生的交互影响存在差异：（1）在行为控制和制度距离的交互作用下，子公司外部自主性会降低，即行为控制会负向调节制度距离与子公司外部自主行为的正向关系；（2）在产出控制与制度距离的交互作用下，子公司内部自主性会增加，即产出控制会负向调节制度距离与子公司内部自主行为的负向关系。第四，子公司采取不同类型的自主行为对子公司自身绩效产生的效果不同：（1）子公司内部自主行为对子公司绩效具有促进和提高的作用，通过在企业系统内部的积极性有助于吸引母公司的注意，提升内部运作效率，获取更多额外的资源；（2）子公司外部自主行为对子公司绩效的影响不明显，这与我国当前国内企业所处的情境相联系，但是仍可以看出子公司外部自主行为的采取需要控制在一定的水平之内，过度的子公司外部自主行为不会提升子公司自身的绩效，由于这种行为采取成本的提升导致正常的子公司运营活动受到严重影响。
本文的创新型贡献在理论上主要包含以下几个方面：（1）结合当前我国市场分割的特征，以中国境内跨区域设置子公司为研究样本，探讨了国际化理论的适用性，丰富和拓展了相关的理论成果。这在结论上体现明显：由于我国特殊的外部情境、企业成长历史和管理传统等因素，通常存在母公司控制的前提下，国内子公司都会依附于母公司对其控制进行行为回应；而这在国际研究中是不常见的。（2）由于子公司自主行为是一个较新的研究议题，因此对于跨区域企业子公司研究领域具有重要意义。结合环境和企业层面的两个要素，构建了子公司创业型自主行为的理论分析框架，丰富了当前子公司发展流派的研究内容和成果。此外，在实践上的贡献主要包含以下几个方面：（1）最终得出的研究结论为理解和解释我国国内异地子公司的自主行为选择提供理论依据与实证支持；（2）在实践上有助于为政府、企业相关政策的制定提供依据，并为子公司行为的判断和选择提供指导和借鉴。最后，本文指出了研究存在的局限及未来研究方向。
The current situation in our country presents a trend of regional dispersion. Itsoutstanding representations are the artificial market segmentation, administrative regionblockade, institutional local protection, etc. Therefore, the market mechanism has alreadyplayed an important role in the transition economy or emerging market economies, but thedevelopment of the corporations still depends on non-market system (such as governmentcontrol and social network, etc) to obtain resources in a large part. The situation directly affectthe corporations’ business strategies and the whole directions, and the emergence ofdiversified motives. Hence, the corporations tend to reinvest in different industries andmarkets in order to maximize the effectiveness of resources utilization, and that presents ahighly diversified phenomenon. The characteristics of diversity improve the continuouslyadjustments and evolution of the organization structure: as the expansion of their own scale,corporations have the sufficient ability to diversify, and also they have to face a selection oforganization structure. Then, in process of maturity on the selected system, the subsidiariesrole and strategic evolution also are constantly changing: the parents power devolution,subsidiaries’ desires of strategic position improvement and self development, both theseelements lead to fact that the subsidiaries gradually start to achieve their goals throughindependent behaviors. Corresponding, in the theoretical field, the research perspective ofscholars has also undergone some subtle changes.
To combine with this background, this paper studies the parent-subsidiary corporations’trans-regional behaviors through the integration of the institutional theory, entrepreneurialtheory, resource-based view and corporate governance theory based on the current marketsegmentation of regional environment. Considering the highlight of subsidiaries’ strategicposition in recent years, this paper identifies the trans-regional subsidiaries and their behaviorpaths as the study object. Integrating with discussions of the antecedents of subsidiaryinitiatives (the differences of institutional environment, parent control methods) andconsequences (subsidiaries performance), the research question can summarize as follow:based on the identification of the differences between parents’ and subsidiaries’ environmentsand the parent control methods, how the trans-regional subsidiaries take the appropriateentrepreneurial, initiative behaviors, and how these behaviors influence their owndevelopment? The specific point cuts are from the following aspects:(1) whether theparent-subsidiary environments differences can impact the identification of subsidiaryinitiatives (including the types and degree);(2) how the parent control methods influence the emergences of subsidiary initiatives, especially for the condition that the top managers are notfamiliar with regional institutional diversity. The impact paths are direct or indirect?(3) arethe adoption of these initiatives contributing to the improvement of their own performances?(4) in the processes (environments and parent method identifications, initiatives extents andtypes explications, the performance transformations), does there have any other impact factors(controlled variables)? This paper made a detailed regression analysis by the means ofstatistical methods to verify the theory model and research hypotheses. The conclusions are asfollows:
Firstly, the institutional distances influence the selection of subsidiary initiativesdifferently:(1) the parent-subsidiary environments differences can constrain the subsidiaries’internal initiatives. That means the environments differences have negative impact on thesubsidiary internal initiatives;(2) the parent-subsidiary environments differences can developand improve the subsidiaries’ external initiatives. That means: the environments differenceshave positive impact on the subsidiary external initiatives. Secondly, the parents’behavior andoutput control methods have different impact on the subsidiaries’ initiatives:(1) behaviorcontrol have a directly positive influence on the internal subsidiary initiative;(2) Outputcontrol have a positive influence on the external initiative. Thirdly, the parent control andinstitutional distance can have a interaction effect on the subsidiary initiative:(1) the behaviorcontrol can have a negative mediated impact on the positive relationship between theinstitutional distance and external subsidiary initiative;(2) the output control can have anegative mediated impact on the relationship between the institutional distance and internalsubsidiary initiative. Fourthly, the results of different types of subsidiary initiative on theirown performance are not the same:(1) the internal one can improve the performance.Through the activity in the corporate system, they can gain the parents’ attentions, improvethe effectiveness of internal operation, and get more extra resources;(2) but the impacts ofexternal ones on performances are not significant. It needs to concern with the contexts ofembedding environments. But we can also find that the emergence of subsidiaries’ externalinitiatives should be limited on a certain level: excessive external initiatives cannot improveperformances; otherwise, the extra costs of the behaviors lead to the subsidiaries regularoperations.
These theoretical innovative contributions include in the following aspects:(1) with thefeatures of current market segmentation in our country, this paper examines the feasibility ofinternational theory through the study of the trans-regional subsidiaries in China, and it alsoenriches and expands the related theoretical achievements. This can be obviously reflected in the conclusion: because of the specific external situation, enterprises’ development historyand management tradition, the subsidiaries would depend more on parents and take behaviorresponds to the parents’ control. This is not very common in the international research.(2) forthe reason that the subsidiary initiatives is a relatively new research issues, it is of greatsignificance for the research area of trans-regional subsidiaries. Combining with theenvironment and corporate level, it constructs a theoretical analysis framework of selection ofsubsidiary initiatives which served as a foundation of school of subsidiary development.Moreover, the practical innovative contributions mainly include the following aspects:(1) theconclusions of this paper provide the theoretical bases and empirical supports for theunderstandings and explanation on the local trans-regional subsidiaries’ initiatives in ourcountry;(2) In practice, it contributes to the advice supporting of relevant policies making bythe governments; and it also throws lights on the judgments and choices of the subsidiariesbehaviors. Finally, this paper also points out the research limitation and the future researchdirection.
结合这一背景，本文立足于当前市场分割的区域环境，尝试基于制度、创业、资源基础观、公司治理等理论研究母子公司制企业在区域多元化下的行为。由于近几年子公司战略地位的凸显，因此本文将研究对象确定为企业异地设置的子公司及其行为路径。结合对影响子公司自主行为的前因（制度环境差异、控制）和后果（绩效）的探讨，本文的研究问题可以概括为：跨区域子公司如何基于对母子公司两地制度环境差异和母公司控制方式的判断采取适当的自主创业行为，及这种行为对子公司自身成长所产生的影响？并具体从如下几个方面进行切入：（1）母子公司所在区域的制度环境差异程度对子公司选择采取何种自主行为是否存在显著影响，如何影响；（2）母公司控制及其程度对子公司采取何种自主行为是否存在显著影响，如何影响；（3）环境层面的制度因素与企业层面的母公司控制因素间对子公司自主行为是否存在交互影响，如何影响；（4）子公司自主行为的采取是否有助于自身绩效的提升，如何影响；（5）子公司基于对外部制度环境和母公司控制的评估，在选择采取具体某一类型的自主行为，及到最后绩效转换的过程中，还有无其他因素的影响（控制变量）？通过相关性分析、回归分析等统计方法对论文提出的理论模型和多个研究假设进行实证数据检验，并得到如下研究结论：
第一，环境层面制度距离对子公司自主行为选择所产生的影响存在差异：（1）母子公司两地制度环境差异对子公司内部自主行为会起抑制作用，即制度距离负向影响子公司内部自主行为；（2）母子公司两地制度环境差异对子公司外部自主行为会起促进推动作用，即制度距离正向影响子公司外部自主行为。第二，企业层面母公司行为和产出控制对子公司自主行为选择所产生的直接影响不一致：（1）行为控制可以直接正向影响子公司内部自主行为；（2）产出控制可以负向影响子公司外部自主行为。第三，企业层面母公司行为和产出控制与环境层面制度距离会对子公司自主行为产生的交互影响存在差异：（1）在行为控制和制度距离的交互作用下，子公司外部自主性会降低，即行为控制会负向调节制度距离与子公司外部自主行为的正向关系；（2）在产出控制与制度距离的交互作用下，子公司内部自主性会增加，即产出控制会负向调节制度距离与子公司内部自主行为的负向关系。第四，子公司采取不同类型的自主行为对子公司自身绩效产生的效果不同：（1）子公司内部自主行为对子公司绩效具有促进和提高的作用，通过在企业系统内部的积极性有助于吸引母公司的注意，提升内部运作效率，获取更多额外的资源；（2）子公司外部自主行为对子公司绩效的影响不明显，这与我国当前国内企业所处的情境相联系，但是仍可以看出子公司外部自主行为的采取需要控制在一定的水平之内，过度的子公司外部自主行为不会提升子公司自身的绩效，由于这种行为采取成本的提升导致正常的子公司运营活动受到严重影响。
本文的创新型贡献在理论上主要包含以下几个方面：（1）结合当前我国市场分割的特征，以中国境内跨区域设置子公司为研究样本，探讨了国际化理论的适用性，丰富和拓展了相关的理论成果。这在结论上体现明显：由于我国特殊的外部情境、企业成长历史和管理传统等因素，通常存在母公司控制的前提下，国内子公司都会依附于母公司对其控制进行行为回应；而这在国际研究中是不常见的。（2）由于子公司自主行为是一个较新的研究议题，因此对于跨区域企业子公司研究领域具有重要意义。结合环境和企业层面的两个要素，构建了子公司创业型自主行为的理论分析框架，丰富了当前子公司发展流派的研究内容和成果。此外，在实践上的贡献主要包含以下几个方面：（1）最终得出的研究结论为理解和解释我国国内异地子公司的自主行为选择提供理论依据与实证支持；（2）在实践上有助于为政府、企业相关政策的制定提供依据，并为子公司行为的判断和选择提供指导和借鉴。最后，本文指出了研究存在的局限及未来研究方向。
The current situation in our country presents a trend of regional dispersion. Itsoutstanding representations are the artificial market segmentation, administrative regionblockade, institutional local protection, etc. Therefore, the market mechanism has alreadyplayed an important role in the transition economy or emerging market economies, but thedevelopment of the corporations still depends on non-market system (such as governmentcontrol and social network, etc) to obtain resources in a large part. The situation directly affectthe corporations’ business strategies and the whole directions, and the emergence ofdiversified motives. Hence, the corporations tend to reinvest in different industries andmarkets in order to maximize the effectiveness of resources utilization, and that presents ahighly diversified phenomenon. The characteristics of diversity improve the continuouslyadjustments and evolution of the organization structure: as the expansion of their own scale,corporations have the sufficient ability to diversify, and also they have to face a selection oforganization structure. Then, in process of maturity on the selected system, the subsidiariesrole and strategic evolution also are constantly changing: the parents power devolution,subsidiaries’ desires of strategic position improvement and self development, both theseelements lead to fact that the subsidiaries gradually start to achieve their goals throughindependent behaviors. Corresponding, in the theoretical field, the research perspective ofscholars has also undergone some subtle changes.
To combine with this background, this paper studies the parent-subsidiary corporations’trans-regional behaviors through the integration of the institutional theory, entrepreneurialtheory, resource-based view and corporate governance theory based on the current marketsegmentation of regional environment. Considering the highlight of subsidiaries’ strategicposition in recent years, this paper identifies the trans-regional subsidiaries and their behaviorpaths as the study object. Integrating with discussions of the antecedents of subsidiaryinitiatives (the differences of institutional environment, parent control methods) andconsequences (subsidiaries performance), the research question can summarize as follow:based on the identification of the differences between parents’ and subsidiaries’ environmentsand the parent control methods, how the trans-regional subsidiaries take the appropriateentrepreneurial, initiative behaviors, and how these behaviors influence their owndevelopment? The specific point cuts are from the following aspects:(1) whether theparent-subsidiary environments differences can impact the identification of subsidiaryinitiatives (including the types and degree);(2) how the parent control methods influence the emergences of subsidiary initiatives, especially for the condition that the top managers are notfamiliar with regional institutional diversity. The impact paths are direct or indirect?(3) arethe adoption of these initiatives contributing to the improvement of their own performances?(4) in the processes (environments and parent method identifications, initiatives extents andtypes explications, the performance transformations), does there have any other impact factors(controlled variables)? This paper made a detailed regression analysis by the means ofstatistical methods to verify the theory model and research hypotheses. The conclusions are asfollows:
Firstly, the institutional distances influence the selection of subsidiary initiativesdifferently:(1) the parent-subsidiary environments differences can constrain the subsidiaries’internal initiatives. That means the environments differences have negative impact on thesubsidiary internal initiatives;(2) the parent-subsidiary environments differences can developand improve the subsidiaries’ external initiatives. That means: the environments differenceshave positive impact on the subsidiary external initiatives. Secondly, the parents’behavior andoutput control methods have different impact on the subsidiaries’ initiatives:(1) behaviorcontrol have a directly positive influence on the internal subsidiary initiative;(2) Outputcontrol have a positive influence on the external initiative. Thirdly, the parent control andinstitutional distance can have a interaction effect on the subsidiary initiative:(1) the behaviorcontrol can have a negative mediated impact on the positive relationship between theinstitutional distance and external subsidiary initiative;(2) the output control can have anegative mediated impact on the relationship between the institutional distance and internalsubsidiary initiative. Fourthly, the results of different types of subsidiary initiative on theirown performance are not the same:(1) the internal one can improve the performance.Through the activity in the corporate system, they can gain the parents’ attentions, improvethe effectiveness of internal operation, and get more extra resources;(2) but the impacts ofexternal ones on performances are not significant. It needs to concern with the contexts ofembedding environments. But we can also find that the emergence of subsidiaries’ externalinitiatives should be limited on a certain level: excessive external initiatives cannot improveperformances; otherwise, the extra costs of the behaviors lead to the subsidiaries regularoperations.
These theoretical innovative contributions include in the following aspects:(1) with thefeatures of current market segmentation in our country, this paper examines the feasibility ofinternational theory through the study of the trans-regional subsidiaries in China, and it alsoenriches and expands the related theoretical achievements. This can be obviously reflected in the conclusion: because of the specific external situation, enterprises’ development historyand management tradition, the subsidiaries would depend more on parents and take behaviorresponds to the parents’ control. This is not very common in the international research.(2) forthe reason that the subsidiary initiatives is a relatively new research issues, it is of greatsignificance for the research area of trans-regional subsidiaries. Combining with theenvironment and corporate level, it constructs a theoretical analysis framework of selection ofsubsidiary initiatives which served as a foundation of school of subsidiary development.Moreover, the practical innovative contributions mainly include the following aspects:(1) theconclusions of this paper provide the theoretical bases and empirical supports for theunderstandings and explanation on the local trans-regional subsidiaries’ initiatives in ourcountry;(2) In practice, it contributes to the advice supporting of relevant policies making bythe governments; and it also throws lights on the judgments and choices of the subsidiariesbehaviors. Finally, this paper also points out the research limitation and the future researchdirection.
引文
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