小型实用的高密度全息存储热固定系统
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摘要
体全息存储是一种高速并行读取的信息存储技术，在海量信息存储、光学相关图像库的建立、光学滤波器等方面取得了较大的进展。体全息存储的首选记录材料是光折变晶体(如Fe:LiNbO_3)，但直接存储在晶体中的信息容易受光和热的影响而丢失。克服晶体中光栅在暗保存和光读出过程中容易衰减的弱点，可使体全息存储成为一种具有实用性的非易失性存储技术。热固定是解决这一问题的有效方法之一。热固定包括定影和显影两个过程。定影是通过加热记录了体全息光栅的晶体使晶体中的离子运动并去补偿记录信息的电子光栅，形成与电子光栅互补的离子光栅；显影是在室温下用均匀光束照射晶体以擦除掉电子光栅，得到离子光栅。在以后的暗保存或者光读出状态，这种离子光栅能较长久地保持稳定，实现非易失性存储。
小型实用的高密度全息存储热固定系统以实用性为目的，主要针对热固定方法中的记录后补偿方式(即室温记录，高温定影，再室温显影)，从两个方面开展研究设计。一方面，以全息理论和Yariv热固定的带输运模型为指导，调研晶体材料的全息特性和热固定特性，在大量实验的基础上遴选出既适合大规模全息存储又有优良热固定性能的晶体；同时提出快速热固定流程，过程稳定，重复性好，缩短热固定时间。另一方面，围绕高密度全息存储设计复用存储技术，制作了有较大存储能力的小型实用热固定全息系统，包括角度一维度复用系统、离线加热的晶体夹持器和复位装置、适合离线与在线加热的温控加热装置。对于边长为1cm的立方晶体，复用系统在水平方向和垂直方向上的选择角分别为0.008°和0.41°，能够存储10000幅数据页；复位装置的角度复位精度优于0.001°；温控加热装置的控温精度为0.1℃。最后，采用分批热固定方法在Fe:LiNbO_3中存储1000幅二值数据页，全部读出所有的图像，衍射效率均匀，图像质量良好。存储系统的暗保存、光擦除时间常数分别为5.4年和43.6小时。本系统的研制成功有利于全息存储热固定的实用化。
Holographic data storage is a subject of considerable current and commercial interest. Volume holographic storage (VHS) has attracted interest because of its potential in high-density and fast parallel readout. Photorefractive crystals (e.g., doped LiNbO3) have been considered as one kind of the most important materials for VHS owing to wider dynamic range and their commercial availability in large size. However, the volume holographic gratings in photorefractive crystals are liable to dark decay and erasure under readout illumination. Thermal fixing method is a feasible solution to this problem. A complete thermal fixing procedure includes two steps i.e., fixing and developing. In fixing stage, the ions in crystals move to form an ionic grating that compensates the electronic grating at elevated temperature. In developing stage after cooling crystals to room temperature, a homogeneous illumination erases the electronic grating and brings out the ionic grating. The ionic grating has a longer lifetime both in dark and under readout illumination, so nonvolatile storage comes true.
This thesis is aimed at building up a compact high-density holographic storage system with thermal fixing function to make the nonvolatile storage technology practical. This system uses mainly post-recording fixing technique that involves recording at room temperature, fixing at elevated temperature, and developing at room temperature. The work of this thesis is divided into two parts. Firstly, based on holographic principles and the band transport atom theory for thermal fixing, given by Yariv, we investigated holographic characteristics and thermal-fixing characteristics of photorefractive crystals. Upon a lot of experiments, a practical assessment method is worked out for selection of crystals that are suitable for large-scale VHS and shows good thermal-fixing performance as well. Meanwhile, a method for rapid thermal fixing is presented, which has some advantages over conventional technique in stability and repeatability, while shortened the fixing time. Secondly, we have designed and made a compact practical holographic system that consists of angular-fractal multiplexing system and thermal fixing
equipment, including a crystal repositioner with precision less than 0.001 . For a cubic crystal of 1cm 1cm 1cm, the horizontal and vertical selective angles are 0.008 and 0.41 respectively. So the system is capable of storing 10000 holograms. We also have made an off-line heater and an on-line heater, both of which are controlled by a temperature controller (model EUROTHERM). The temperature controller can control temperature variation less than 0.1 in the chamber of the heater.
We stored 1000 binary pages in a 0.03% FerLiNbO3 crystal using this system and batch thermal fixing technique. All the stored images are retrieved, and the retrieved images have uniform diffraction efficiency and good quality. Experiments show that the holograms fixed in this crystal may last 5.4 years in dark and 43.6h under readout illumination. We believe that the successful building up of this system will make a great progress in high-density nonvolatile volume holographic storage.
小型实用的高密度全息存储热固定系统以实用性为目的，主要针对热固定方法中的记录后补偿方式(即室温记录，高温定影，再室温显影)，从两个方面开展研究设计。一方面，以全息理论和Yariv热固定的带输运模型为指导，调研晶体材料的全息特性和热固定特性，在大量实验的基础上遴选出既适合大规模全息存储又有优良热固定性能的晶体；同时提出快速热固定流程，过程稳定，重复性好，缩短热固定时间。另一方面，围绕高密度全息存储设计复用存储技术，制作了有较大存储能力的小型实用热固定全息系统，包括角度一维度复用系统、离线加热的晶体夹持器和复位装置、适合离线与在线加热的温控加热装置。对于边长为1cm的立方晶体，复用系统在水平方向和垂直方向上的选择角分别为0.008°和0.41°，能够存储10000幅数据页；复位装置的角度复位精度优于0.001°；温控加热装置的控温精度为0.1℃。最后，采用分批热固定方法在Fe:LiNbO_3中存储1000幅二值数据页，全部读出所有的图像，衍射效率均匀，图像质量良好。存储系统的暗保存、光擦除时间常数分别为5.4年和43.6小时。本系统的研制成功有利于全息存储热固定的实用化。
Holographic data storage is a subject of considerable current and commercial interest. Volume holographic storage (VHS) has attracted interest because of its potential in high-density and fast parallel readout. Photorefractive crystals (e.g., doped LiNbO3) have been considered as one kind of the most important materials for VHS owing to wider dynamic range and their commercial availability in large size. However, the volume holographic gratings in photorefractive crystals are liable to dark decay and erasure under readout illumination. Thermal fixing method is a feasible solution to this problem. A complete thermal fixing procedure includes two steps i.e., fixing and developing. In fixing stage, the ions in crystals move to form an ionic grating that compensates the electronic grating at elevated temperature. In developing stage after cooling crystals to room temperature, a homogeneous illumination erases the electronic grating and brings out the ionic grating. The ionic grating has a longer lifetime both in dark and under readout illumination, so nonvolatile storage comes true.
This thesis is aimed at building up a compact high-density holographic storage system with thermal fixing function to make the nonvolatile storage technology practical. This system uses mainly post-recording fixing technique that involves recording at room temperature, fixing at elevated temperature, and developing at room temperature. The work of this thesis is divided into two parts. Firstly, based on holographic principles and the band transport atom theory for thermal fixing, given by Yariv, we investigated holographic characteristics and thermal-fixing characteristics of photorefractive crystals. Upon a lot of experiments, a practical assessment method is worked out for selection of crystals that are suitable for large-scale VHS and shows good thermal-fixing performance as well. Meanwhile, a method for rapid thermal fixing is presented, which has some advantages over conventional technique in stability and repeatability, while shortened the fixing time. Secondly, we have designed and made a compact practical holographic system that consists of angular-fractal multiplexing system and thermal fixing
equipment, including a crystal repositioner with precision less than 0.001 . For a cubic crystal of 1cm 1cm 1cm, the horizontal and vertical selective angles are 0.008 and 0.41 respectively. So the system is capable of storing 10000 holograms. We also have made an off-line heater and an on-line heater, both of which are controlled by a temperature controller (model EUROTHERM). The temperature controller can control temperature variation less than 0.1 in the chamber of the heater.
We stored 1000 binary pages in a 0.03% FerLiNbO3 crystal using this system and batch thermal fixing technique. All the stored images are retrieved, and the retrieved images have uniform diffraction efficiency and good quality. Experiments show that the holograms fixed in this crystal may last 5.4 years in dark and 43.6h under readout illumination. We believe that the successful building up of this system will make a great progress in high-density nonvolatile volume holographic storage.
引文
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2 J. F. Heanue, M. C. Bashaw, and L. Hesselink. Volume Holographic Storage Materials and Recording Physics. Science.265, 1994, 5:749～752
3 S. Tao, D. R. Selviah, and J. E. Midwinter. Spatioangular Multiplexed Storage of 750 Holograms in an Fe:LiNbO_3 Crystal,Opt.Lett.. 1993,18:912～916
4 Ali Adibi, Karsten Buse, and Demetri Psaltis. Multillplexing Holograms in LiNbO_3:Fe:Mn Crystals. Opt. Letters.Vol. 124, No. 10,1999,15:1291～1294
5 Xin.An, Demetri Psaltis,and G. W. Burr. Thermal Fixing of 10000 Holograms in LiNbO_3:Fe. Appl.Opt.. Vol. 38, No.2,1999, 1:386～393
6 Yong Qiao, Sergei Orlov, Demetri Psaltis, and R. R. Neurgaonkar. Electrical Fixing of Photorefractive Holograms in Sr_(0.75)Ba_(0.25)Nb_2O_6. Opt. Lett. 18 12, 1993:1004～1006
7 Jian Ma, Tallis Chang, John Hong, R. Neurgaonkar, G. Barbastathis, and Demetri Psaltis. Electrical fixing of 1000 angle-multiplexed holograms in SBN:75. Opt. Lett..22. 1997,14:1116～1118
8 D.von der Linde, A. M. Glass, and K. F. Rodgers. Multiphoto Photorefractive Processes for Optical Storage in LiNb_3.Appl. Phys. Lett.. 25,1974, 3:155～157
9 Ali Adibi, Karsten Buse, and Demetri Psaltis. Multillplexing Holograms in LiNbO_3:Fe:Mn Crystals. Opt. Lett..Vol. 124, No. 10.1999, 5:1291～1294
10 David Lande, Sergei S. Orlov, Annapoorna Akella, Lambertus Hesselink, and R.R. Neurgaonkar. Digital Holographic Storage System Incorporating Optical Fixing. Opt. Lett.. Vol.22, No.22.1997, 11:1722～1724
11 Christophe Moser, Benjamin Schupp, and Demetri Psaltis. Localized Holographic Recording in Doubly Doped Lithium Niobate. Opt. Lett.. Vol. 25, No.3. 2000, 2:162～164
12 J. J. Amodei, D. L. Staebler. Holographic Pattern Fixing in Electro-optic Crystals.Appl. Phys. Lett.. 1971, 18:540～542
13 H. Vormann, G. Weber, S. Kapphan, and E. Kratzig. Hydrogen as Origin of Thermal Fixing in LiNbO_3:Fe. Solid State Communications. 1981, 40:543～545
14 N. V. Kukhtarev. Kinetics of Hologram Recording and Erasure in Electrooptic Crystals, Soy. Tech. Phys. Lett.. 1976, 2:438～440
15 P. Hertel, K. H. Ringhofer, and R. Sommerfeldt, Theory of Thermal Hologram Fixing and Application to LiNbO_3:Cu. Phys. Status Solidi A. 1987,104:855～862
16 M. Carrascosa, F. Agullo-Lopez. Theoretical Modeling of the Fixing and Developing of
Holographic Gratings in LiNbO_3. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 7,1990, 12:2317～2322
17 Ammon Yariv, Sergei S. Orlov, and George A. Rakuljic, Holographic storage Dynamics in Lithium Niobate: Theory and Experiment. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 1996, 13 11:2513～2523
18 Ammon Yariv, Sergei Orlov, George Rakuljic, and Victor Leyva. Holographic Fixing, Readout, and Storage Dynamics in Photorefractive Materials. Opt. Lett.. 20,1995, 11:1334～1336
19 Chao Ray Hsieh, Shiuan Huei Lin, Ken Y. Hsu, Tai Chiung Hsieh, Arthur Chiou, and John Hong. Optimal Conditions for Thermal Fixing of Volume Holograms in Fe:LiNbO_3 Crystals.Applied Optics. Vo.38, No.29.1999, 10:6141～6151
20 D. L. Staebler, W. J. Burke, W. Phillips, and Amodei. Multiple Storage and Erasure of Fixed Holograms in Fe-doped LiNbO_3. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1975, 26 4:182～184
21 L. Arizmendi, P. D. Townnsendt, M. Carrascosa, J. Baquedano, and J.M. Cabrera, Photorefractive Fixing and Related Thermal Effects in LiNbO_3. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 1991, 3:5399～5406
22 S. Breer, K. Buse, and F. Rickermann. Improved Development of Thermally Fixed Holograms in Photorefractive LiNbO_3. Opt. Lett.. 23, 1998,1:73～75
23 George A. Rakuljic, Prescription for Long-lifetime, High-diffraction-efficiency Fixed Holograms in Fe-doped LiNbO_3. Opt. Lett.. 22,1997, 11:825～827
24 George A. Rakuljic, Anthony S. Kewitsch. Development of Long Lifetime Photorefractive Crystals for Holographic Data Storage. U.S. Army research office. 1998,4:1～17
25 L. Arizmendi, A. Mendez, and J. V. Alvarez-Bravo. Stability of Fixed Holograms in LiNbO_3. Appl. Phys. Lett.. 70 1997, 5:571～573
26 L. Arizmendi, E. M. de Miguel-Sanz, and M. Carrascosa. Lifetimes of Thermally Fixed Holograms in LiNbO_3:Fe Crystals. Opt. Lett.. 23, 1998,12:960～962
27 J. F. Heanue, M. C. Bashaw, A. J. Daiber, R. Snyder, and L. Hesselink. Digital Holographic Storage System Incorporating Thermal Fixing in Lithium Niobate. Opt. Lett.. 21,1996, 19:1615～1617
28 Daofan Zhang, Yuhe Zhang, Chengxiang Li, Yansong Chen, and Yong Zhu. Thermal Fixing of Holographic Gratings in BaTiO_3. Appl. Opt.. 34,1995,23:5241～5246
29 Bo Liu, Liren Liu, and Liangying Xu. Characteristics of Recording and Thermal Fixing in Lithium Niobate. Appl. Opt.. 37, 1998,11:2170～2176
30 刘波，刘立人，徐良瑛．LiNbO_3中光折变的热固定特性．光学学报．Vol．19，No．7，1999，7：941～947
31 李建朗，刘立人，刘友文，王淮生，周常河．Fe：LiNbO_3晶体光折变全息热固定动力学
特性分析．光学学报．Vol．20，No．12，2000，12：1635～1640
32 Bo Liu, Liren Liu, Liangying Xu, Jian Ma, and H. Lee. Local Thermal Fixing of a Photorefractive LiNbO_3 Hologram by Use of a CO_2 Laser. Appl. Opt..37,1998, 8:1342～1349
33 李建朗，刘立人，郭迎春，周常河．CO_2激光局域热固定光折变全息的一种新方法．Vol．19，1999，8：1065～1069
34 孙程君，许世文，张中兆，徐悟生，徐玉恒．氧化还原处理对Fe：LiNbO_3晶体光折变性能及热固定效果的影响．高技术通讯．2000,12：64～66
35 宋雪华，陶世荃，江竹青，刘国庆，光折变晶体中全息图的热固定过程研究．中国激光．Vol．A28，No．1，2001，1：59～62
36 江竹青，宋雪华，陶世荃．光折变晶体全息图的热固定特性优化的研究，中国激光 Vol．A28，No．2，2001，2：160～164
37 Zhuqing Jiang, Gang Meng, Guoqing Liu and Shiquan Tao. A Study on Batch Method of Thermal Fixing for Multiplexed Holographic Recordings. MRS Symp. Proc. 2001. Vol.674, V3.3:1～6
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41 J.M.Heaton,et,al.. Diffraction efficiency and agular selectivity of volume phase holograms recorded in photorefractive materials. Optica Acta. 31,1984, 8:885
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43 X.An and D.Psaltis. Experimental Characterization of an Angle-Multiplexed Holographic Memory. Opt.Lett.. 20,1995, 18:1913～1915
44 R. Muller, L. Arizmendi, M. Carrascosa, and J. M. Cabrera. Time Evolution of Grating Decay During Photorefractive Fixing Processes in LiNbO_3. J. Appl. Phys.. 77, 1995, 1:308～312
45 M. Carrascosa and F. Agullo-lopez. Optimization of the Developing Stage for Fixed Gratings in LiNbO_3. Opt. Commun.. 1996, 126:240～246
46 Sergei Orlov and Demetri Psaltis. Dynamic Electronic Compensation of Fixed Gratings in Photorefractive Media. Appl. Phys. Lett.. 631993, 18:2466～2468
2 J. F. Heanue, M. C. Bashaw, and L. Hesselink. Volume Holographic Storage Materials and Recording Physics. Science.265, 1994, 5:749～752
3 S. Tao, D. R. Selviah, and J. E. Midwinter. Spatioangular Multiplexed Storage of 750 Holograms in an Fe:LiNbO_3 Crystal,Opt.Lett.. 1993,18:912～916
4 Ali Adibi, Karsten Buse, and Demetri Psaltis. Multillplexing Holograms in LiNbO_3:Fe:Mn Crystals. Opt. Letters.Vol. 124, No. 10,1999,15:1291～1294
5 Xin.An, Demetri Psaltis,and G. W. Burr. Thermal Fixing of 10000 Holograms in LiNbO_3:Fe. Appl.Opt.. Vol. 38, No.2,1999, 1:386～393
6 Yong Qiao, Sergei Orlov, Demetri Psaltis, and R. R. Neurgaonkar. Electrical Fixing of Photorefractive Holograms in Sr_(0.75)Ba_(0.25)Nb_2O_6. Opt. Lett. 18 12, 1993:1004～1006
7 Jian Ma, Tallis Chang, John Hong, R. Neurgaonkar, G. Barbastathis, and Demetri Psaltis. Electrical fixing of 1000 angle-multiplexed holograms in SBN:75. Opt. Lett..22. 1997,14:1116～1118
8 D.von der Linde, A. M. Glass, and K. F. Rodgers. Multiphoto Photorefractive Processes for Optical Storage in LiNb_3.Appl. Phys. Lett.. 25,1974, 3:155～157
9 Ali Adibi, Karsten Buse, and Demetri Psaltis. Multillplexing Holograms in LiNbO_3:Fe:Mn Crystals. Opt. Lett..Vol. 124, No. 10.1999, 5:1291～1294
10 David Lande, Sergei S. Orlov, Annapoorna Akella, Lambertus Hesselink, and R.R. Neurgaonkar. Digital Holographic Storage System Incorporating Optical Fixing. Opt. Lett.. Vol.22, No.22.1997, 11:1722～1724
11 Christophe Moser, Benjamin Schupp, and Demetri Psaltis. Localized Holographic Recording in Doubly Doped Lithium Niobate. Opt. Lett.. Vol. 25, No.3. 2000, 2:162～164
12 J. J. Amodei, D. L. Staebler. Holographic Pattern Fixing in Electro-optic Crystals.Appl. Phys. Lett.. 1971, 18:540～542
13 H. Vormann, G. Weber, S. Kapphan, and E. Kratzig. Hydrogen as Origin of Thermal Fixing in LiNbO_3:Fe. Solid State Communications. 1981, 40:543～545
14 N. V. Kukhtarev. Kinetics of Hologram Recording and Erasure in Electrooptic Crystals, Soy. Tech. Phys. Lett.. 1976, 2:438～440
15 P. Hertel, K. H. Ringhofer, and R. Sommerfeldt, Theory of Thermal Hologram Fixing and Application to LiNbO_3:Cu. Phys. Status Solidi A. 1987,104:855～862
16 M. Carrascosa, F. Agullo-Lopez. Theoretical Modeling of the Fixing and Developing of
Holographic Gratings in LiNbO_3. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 7,1990, 12:2317～2322
17 Ammon Yariv, Sergei S. Orlov, and George A. Rakuljic, Holographic storage Dynamics in Lithium Niobate: Theory and Experiment. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 1996, 13 11:2513～2523
18 Ammon Yariv, Sergei Orlov, George Rakuljic, and Victor Leyva. Holographic Fixing, Readout, and Storage Dynamics in Photorefractive Materials. Opt. Lett.. 20,1995, 11:1334～1336
19 Chao Ray Hsieh, Shiuan Huei Lin, Ken Y. Hsu, Tai Chiung Hsieh, Arthur Chiou, and John Hong. Optimal Conditions for Thermal Fixing of Volume Holograms in Fe:LiNbO_3 Crystals.Applied Optics. Vo.38, No.29.1999, 10:6141～6151
20 D. L. Staebler, W. J. Burke, W. Phillips, and Amodei. Multiple Storage and Erasure of Fixed Holograms in Fe-doped LiNbO_3. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1975, 26 4:182～184
21 L. Arizmendi, P. D. Townnsendt, M. Carrascosa, J. Baquedano, and J.M. Cabrera, Photorefractive Fixing and Related Thermal Effects in LiNbO_3. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 1991, 3:5399～5406
22 S. Breer, K. Buse, and F. Rickermann. Improved Development of Thermally Fixed Holograms in Photorefractive LiNbO_3. Opt. Lett.. 23, 1998,1:73～75
23 George A. Rakuljic, Prescription for Long-lifetime, High-diffraction-efficiency Fixed Holograms in Fe-doped LiNbO_3. Opt. Lett.. 22,1997, 11:825～827
24 George A. Rakuljic, Anthony S. Kewitsch. Development of Long Lifetime Photorefractive Crystals for Holographic Data Storage. U.S. Army research office. 1998,4:1～17
25 L. Arizmendi, A. Mendez, and J. V. Alvarez-Bravo. Stability of Fixed Holograms in LiNbO_3. Appl. Phys. Lett.. 70 1997, 5:571～573
26 L. Arizmendi, E. M. de Miguel-Sanz, and M. Carrascosa. Lifetimes of Thermally Fixed Holograms in LiNbO_3:Fe Crystals. Opt. Lett.. 23, 1998,12:960～962
27 J. F. Heanue, M. C. Bashaw, A. J. Daiber, R. Snyder, and L. Hesselink. Digital Holographic Storage System Incorporating Thermal Fixing in Lithium Niobate. Opt. Lett.. 21,1996, 19:1615～1617
28 Daofan Zhang, Yuhe Zhang, Chengxiang Li, Yansong Chen, and Yong Zhu. Thermal Fixing of Holographic Gratings in BaTiO_3. Appl. Opt.. 34,1995,23:5241～5246
29 Bo Liu, Liren Liu, and Liangying Xu. Characteristics of Recording and Thermal Fixing in Lithium Niobate. Appl. Opt.. 37, 1998,11:2170～2176
30 刘波，刘立人，徐良瑛．LiNbO_3中光折变的热固定特性．光学学报．Vol．19，No．7，1999，7：941～947
31 李建朗，刘立人，刘友文，王淮生，周常河．Fe：LiNbO_3晶体光折变全息热固定动力学
特性分析．光学学报．Vol．20，No．12，2000，12：1635～1640
32 Bo Liu, Liren Liu, Liangying Xu, Jian Ma, and H. Lee. Local Thermal Fixing of a Photorefractive LiNbO_3 Hologram by Use of a CO_2 Laser. Appl. Opt..37,1998, 8:1342～1349
33 李建朗，刘立人，郭迎春，周常河．CO_2激光局域热固定光折变全息的一种新方法．Vol．19，1999，8：1065～1069
34 孙程君，许世文，张中兆，徐悟生，徐玉恒．氧化还原处理对Fe：LiNbO_3晶体光折变性能及热固定效果的影响．高技术通讯．2000,12：64～66
35 宋雪华，陶世荃，江竹青，刘国庆，光折变晶体中全息图的热固定过程研究．中国激光．Vol．A28，No．1，2001，1：59～62
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