分层布拉格光栅的制作及其波分复用特性研究
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摘要
伴随掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)的实用化,波分复用(WDM)技术在近年来得到了
迅速发展。然而复用波长数的增加,光网络中常用的各种波分复用技术存在的缺陷逐渐
显露出来。体布拉格光栅以其优异的波长和角度选择性以及多通道特性,成为目前研究
新型波分复用技术的一个热点问题。本文在研究光折变体全息光栅的基础上,提出了平
面波导阵列分层光栅和直接分层多重光栅的解复用方法,该方法不但具有体全息光栅作
为波分复用器的所有优点,而且它实现的通道数将成倍于体全息光折变光栅实现的通道
数。针对这种新的分层布拉格光栅结构,从理论和实验两方面研究其光写入制作方法和
衍射特性。开展的研究工作及获得的主要结果如下:
1. 以体全息光栅的耦合波理论为基础,讨论了光折变晶体中光栅的衍射效率、角度
和波长选择性及体全息光栅的复用技术。
2. 为了确定写入多重光栅的曝光参数,通过在片状LiNbO3:Fe晶体中写入单个光
栅,对不同实验条件下晶体的饱和折射率调制度、光栅的写入和擦除时间常数进行了测
量。按照测出的参数和光栅重数,定出了时间递减曝光序列,写入了衍射效率相近的8
重光栅;实验研究了平面波导阵列分层光栅的写入方法及特性,在单层波导内获得了衍
射效率相近的四重光栅,并进一步在阵列波导内写入了单重光栅。
3. 针对光通信中波长覆盖范围日益增宽的特点,从理论上研究了用于宽光谱范围波
长解复用器件的多重体光栅的布拉格匹配和各波长对应光栅衍射效率的均匀性。计算及
实验结果均表明,由于记录介质的色散效应将导致多重体全息光栅读出过程中明显的布
拉格失配,并且在写入过程中获得的均匀折射率调制度的多重体光栅,在读出过程中各
通信波长对应光栅的衍射效率将不均匀。为此,提出了改进多重体光栅的光写入方法,
给出了利用角度复用法写入透射型多重体光栅时解复用波长与写入角度的关系,以及写
入体光栅过程中记录介质的折射率调制度修正公式。
4. 实验研究了光栅的角度和波长选择性与晶体厚度、写入角、折射率调制度的关系,
发现通过选择晶体厚度、写入角、折射率调制度大小,能够使光栅具有最佳角度选择性。
利用在LiNbO3:Fe晶体中形成的两重体全息光栅,进行了可见光和红外通信波段的两通
道的解复用实验。在上述实验的基础上,对直接分层多重光栅用于波分复用器进行了实
验分析,在同一块晶体中写入了两层四重(2x4) 光栅,并在红外通信波段成功地观察
到分离的衍射谱。
The techniques of dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) have made a large progress with the appearance of EDFA. But there emerge their own disadvantages of available WDM techniques in optical fiber system with the increasing of the channels. At the present time, volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) used for DWDM attract widely attention due to their excellent angle and wavelength selectivities. On basis of the study of photorefractive volume holographic grating, the multiple VBGs layered by planar waveguide array and the directly layered multiple VBGs are presented. Compared with photorefractive volume holographic grating, not only the layered VBGs have the same characteristics of common VBGs, but also the much more channels can be formed by the layered VBGs. Fabrication of layered Bragg gratings and their properties in DWDM are theoretically and experimentally investigated in the thesis. The main work in the thesis is as following:1. On basis of the Kogelnik's coupled wave theory, the Bragg diffraction efficiency, the angle selectivity and wavelength selectivity, and multiplexing techniques of volume holographic gratings formed in photorefractive crystals are analyzed.2. Under the different experimental conditions, the saturation values of modulation, the recording and erasure time constants are measured by recording single grating in a slice of LiNbO_3:Fe crystal. With exposure time schedules of subsequent gratings given by the preceding experiments, eight multiplexing gratings with the uniform diffraction efficiencies are recorded. The writing method and characteristics of gratings in a single planar waveguide are experimentally investigated, and four multiplexing gratings with the uniformity diffraction efficiencies are recorded in a single planner waveguide. Furthermore, the single grating is recorded in planar waveguide array.3. The Bragg matching and the uniformity of Bragg diffraction efficiencies of multiple volume holographic gratings (MVHGs), which are used for wavelength demultiplexing devices in optical communication based on all wave optical fiber, are theoretically studied and quantitatively analyzed. It is shown that the Bragg mismatching will be caused due to the recording medium dispersion during wavelength demultiplexing with wide spectra by employing MVHGs. Moreover the Bragg diffraction efficiencies of MVHGs with homogeneous refractive index modulation obtained at short writing wavelength will not be uniform at different optical communication wavelengths. And that has been experimentally demonstrated. For this reason, the improved dependence of writing angles on communication wavelengths for fabricating angle-multiplexing transmission MVHGs and the corrected formula for refractive index modulation of individual volume holographic grating at writing wavelength are presented in order to ensure rigorous Bragg
matching and the uniformity of diffraction efficiencies.4. It is experimentally investigated that dependence of the angle and wavelength selectivity of photorefractive volume grating on the different crystal thicknesses, recording angles and the refractive index modulation. Experimental results show that the desired angle and wavelength selectivity of the volume gratings can be determined by the choices of the crystal thicknesses, recording angles and the refractive index modulation. Using the photorefractive volume gratings formed in LiNbCO_3 Fe crystal, the demultiplexings in the region of infrared optical communication and visible light have achieved. Furthermore, the four superimposed VBGs in two layers are recorded in a LiNbO3:Fe crystal. The diffraction efficiencies were obtained by respectively measuring the spectrum distribution of each layer gratings transmittance in infrared communication region. The feasibility of layered MVHGs applied to WDM system is experimentally confirmed.
迅速发展。然而复用波长数的增加,光网络中常用的各种波分复用技术存在的缺陷逐渐
显露出来。体布拉格光栅以其优异的波长和角度选择性以及多通道特性,成为目前研究
新型波分复用技术的一个热点问题。本文在研究光折变体全息光栅的基础上,提出了平
面波导阵列分层光栅和直接分层多重光栅的解复用方法,该方法不但具有体全息光栅作
为波分复用器的所有优点,而且它实现的通道数将成倍于体全息光折变光栅实现的通道
数。针对这种新的分层布拉格光栅结构,从理论和实验两方面研究其光写入制作方法和
衍射特性。开展的研究工作及获得的主要结果如下:
1. 以体全息光栅的耦合波理论为基础,讨论了光折变晶体中光栅的衍射效率、角度
和波长选择性及体全息光栅的复用技术。
2. 为了确定写入多重光栅的曝光参数,通过在片状LiNbO3:Fe晶体中写入单个光
栅,对不同实验条件下晶体的饱和折射率调制度、光栅的写入和擦除时间常数进行了测
量。按照测出的参数和光栅重数,定出了时间递减曝光序列,写入了衍射效率相近的8
重光栅;实验研究了平面波导阵列分层光栅的写入方法及特性,在单层波导内获得了衍
射效率相近的四重光栅,并进一步在阵列波导内写入了单重光栅。
3. 针对光通信中波长覆盖范围日益增宽的特点,从理论上研究了用于宽光谱范围波
长解复用器件的多重体光栅的布拉格匹配和各波长对应光栅衍射效率的均匀性。计算及
实验结果均表明,由于记录介质的色散效应将导致多重体全息光栅读出过程中明显的布
拉格失配,并且在写入过程中获得的均匀折射率调制度的多重体光栅,在读出过程中各
通信波长对应光栅的衍射效率将不均匀。为此,提出了改进多重体光栅的光写入方法,
给出了利用角度复用法写入透射型多重体光栅时解复用波长与写入角度的关系,以及写
入体光栅过程中记录介质的折射率调制度修正公式。
4. 实验研究了光栅的角度和波长选择性与晶体厚度、写入角、折射率调制度的关系,
发现通过选择晶体厚度、写入角、折射率调制度大小,能够使光栅具有最佳角度选择性。
利用在LiNbO3:Fe晶体中形成的两重体全息光栅,进行了可见光和红外通信波段的两通
道的解复用实验。在上述实验的基础上,对直接分层多重光栅用于波分复用器进行了实
验分析,在同一块晶体中写入了两层四重(2x4) 光栅,并在红外通信波段成功地观察
到分离的衍射谱。
The techniques of dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) have made a large progress with the appearance of EDFA. But there emerge their own disadvantages of available WDM techniques in optical fiber system with the increasing of the channels. At the present time, volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) used for DWDM attract widely attention due to their excellent angle and wavelength selectivities. On basis of the study of photorefractive volume holographic grating, the multiple VBGs layered by planar waveguide array and the directly layered multiple VBGs are presented. Compared with photorefractive volume holographic grating, not only the layered VBGs have the same characteristics of common VBGs, but also the much more channels can be formed by the layered VBGs. Fabrication of layered Bragg gratings and their properties in DWDM are theoretically and experimentally investigated in the thesis. The main work in the thesis is as following:1. On basis of the Kogelnik's coupled wave theory, the Bragg diffraction efficiency, the angle selectivity and wavelength selectivity, and multiplexing techniques of volume holographic gratings formed in photorefractive crystals are analyzed.2. Under the different experimental conditions, the saturation values of modulation, the recording and erasure time constants are measured by recording single grating in a slice of LiNbO_3:Fe crystal. With exposure time schedules of subsequent gratings given by the preceding experiments, eight multiplexing gratings with the uniform diffraction efficiencies are recorded. The writing method and characteristics of gratings in a single planar waveguide are experimentally investigated, and four multiplexing gratings with the uniformity diffraction efficiencies are recorded in a single planner waveguide. Furthermore, the single grating is recorded in planar waveguide array.3. The Bragg matching and the uniformity of Bragg diffraction efficiencies of multiple volume holographic gratings (MVHGs), which are used for wavelength demultiplexing devices in optical communication based on all wave optical fiber, are theoretically studied and quantitatively analyzed. It is shown that the Bragg mismatching will be caused due to the recording medium dispersion during wavelength demultiplexing with wide spectra by employing MVHGs. Moreover the Bragg diffraction efficiencies of MVHGs with homogeneous refractive index modulation obtained at short writing wavelength will not be uniform at different optical communication wavelengths. And that has been experimentally demonstrated. For this reason, the improved dependence of writing angles on communication wavelengths for fabricating angle-multiplexing transmission MVHGs and the corrected formula for refractive index modulation of individual volume holographic grating at writing wavelength are presented in order to ensure rigorous Bragg
matching and the uniformity of diffraction efficiencies.4. It is experimentally investigated that dependence of the angle and wavelength selectivity of photorefractive volume grating on the different crystal thicknesses, recording angles and the refractive index modulation. Experimental results show that the desired angle and wavelength selectivity of the volume gratings can be determined by the choices of the crystal thicknesses, recording angles and the refractive index modulation. Using the photorefractive volume gratings formed in LiNbCO_3 Fe crystal, the demultiplexings in the region of infrared optical communication and visible light have achieved. Furthermore, the four superimposed VBGs in two layers are recorded in a LiNbO3:Fe crystal. The diffraction efficiencies were obtained by respectively measuring the spectrum distribution of each layer gratings transmittance in infrared communication region. The feasibility of layered MVHGs applied to WDM system is experimentally confirmed.
引文
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2. 徐宁榕,周春燕: WDM技术与应用。人民邮电出版社,北京,2002
3. 黄章勇: 新型光无源器件。北京邮电大学出版社,北京,2003
4. D. Herve", M. Chauvet, J. E. Viallet, M.J. Chawky. First tunable narrowband 1. 55um optical drop filter using a dynamic photorefractive grating in iron doped indium phosphide. Electron. Lett, 1994, 30: 1883-1884
5. R. T. B. James, C. Wah, K. lizuka, H. Shimotahira. Optically tunable optical filter. Appl Opt, 1995, 34: 8230-8235
6. S.Breer, K.Bsue. Wavelength demultiplexing with volume phase holograms in photorefractive lithium niobate. Appl phys B, 1998, 66: 339-345
7. P Boffi et al. 1550-nm volulne holography for optical communication devices. IEEE. Photonics Technology Letters, 2000,12 (10) : 1355-1357
8. J. W. An et al. Volume holographic wavelength demultiplexer based on rotation multiplexing in the 90 geometry. Optics Communications, 2001, 197: 247-254
9. Y. Lee, J.W. An and N. Kim, Experimental demonstration of 50 GHz-space 42-channel volume holographic demultiplexer, Elec. Lett., 2002, 38(14) :730~732
10. Ph. Dittrich, G. Montemezzani, P. Gunter. Tunable optical filter for wavelength division multiplexing using dynamic interband photorefractive gratings. Optics Communications, 2002, 214: 363-370
11. O. Beyer, I. Nee, F. Havermeyer, and K. Buse, Holographic recording of Bragg grating for wavelength division multiplexing in doped and partially polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate), Appl. Opt., 2003, 42:30-37
12. Christophe Moser, Demetri Psaltis, Gregory Stekman. US patent, 0007202 Al. 2003-01-09
13. 陈家壁,马军山,李湘宁,等.中国专利,02112253,9. 2003-12-31
14. 陶世荃,王大勇,江竹青,等.中国专利,02155429,3. 2003-06-18
15. K. Takada, M. Abe, T. Shibate, et al. 5GHz-spaced 4200-channel two-stage tandem demultiplexer for ultra-multi-wavelength lighe source using supercontinuum generation. Electronics letters, 2002, 38(12) :572-573
16. P. J. van Heerden, Theory of optical information storage in solids [J], Applied Optics, 1963, 2(4) : 393-400
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19. B. H. Kogelnik, Coupled wave theory for thick hologram gratings [J], Bell System Technical Journal, 1969, 48(9) : 2909-2974
20. W. R. Klein, Theoretical efficiency of Bragg devices [J], Proc.IEEE, 1966, 54: 803
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2. 徐宁榕,周春燕: WDM技术与应用。人民邮电出版社,北京,2002
3. 黄章勇: 新型光无源器件。北京邮电大学出版社,北京,2003
4. D. Herve", M. Chauvet, J. E. Viallet, M.J. Chawky. First tunable narrowband 1. 55um optical drop filter using a dynamic photorefractive grating in iron doped indium phosphide. Electron. Lett, 1994, 30: 1883-1884
5. R. T. B. James, C. Wah, K. lizuka, H. Shimotahira. Optically tunable optical filter. Appl Opt, 1995, 34: 8230-8235
6. S.Breer, K.Bsue. Wavelength demultiplexing with volume phase holograms in photorefractive lithium niobate. Appl phys B, 1998, 66: 339-345
7. P Boffi et al. 1550-nm volulne holography for optical communication devices. IEEE. Photonics Technology Letters, 2000,12 (10) : 1355-1357
8. J. W. An et al. Volume holographic wavelength demultiplexer based on rotation multiplexing in the 90 geometry. Optics Communications, 2001, 197: 247-254
9. Y. Lee, J.W. An and N. Kim, Experimental demonstration of 50 GHz-space 42-channel volume holographic demultiplexer, Elec. Lett., 2002, 38(14) :730~732
10. Ph. Dittrich, G. Montemezzani, P. Gunter. Tunable optical filter for wavelength division multiplexing using dynamic interband photorefractive gratings. Optics Communications, 2002, 214: 363-370
11. O. Beyer, I. Nee, F. Havermeyer, and K. Buse, Holographic recording of Bragg grating for wavelength division multiplexing in doped and partially polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate), Appl. Opt., 2003, 42:30-37
12. Christophe Moser, Demetri Psaltis, Gregory Stekman. US patent, 0007202 Al. 2003-01-09
13. 陈家壁,马军山,李湘宁,等.中国专利,02112253,9. 2003-12-31
14. 陶世荃,王大勇,江竹青,等.中国专利,02155429,3. 2003-06-18
15. K. Takada, M. Abe, T. Shibate, et al. 5GHz-spaced 4200-channel two-stage tandem demultiplexer for ultra-multi-wavelength lighe source using supercontinuum generation. Electronics letters, 2002, 38(12) :572-573
16. P. J. van Heerden, Theory of optical information storage in solids [J], Applied Optics, 1963, 2(4) : 393-400
17. Chen. F. S, LaMacchia, J. T, Fraser, D. B., Holographic storage in lithium niobate. Appl phys. Lett., 1968, 12(7) : 223-224
18. E. N. Leith, A. Kozma, J. Upatnieks, J. Marks, N. Massey, Holographic data storage in three-dimensional media [J], Applied Optics, 1966, 5(8) : 1303-1311
19. B. H. Kogelnik, Coupled wave theory for thick hologram gratings [J], Bell System Technical Journal, 1969, 48(9) : 2909-2974
20. W. R. Klein, Theoretical efficiency of Bragg devices [J], Proc.IEEE, 1966, 54: 803
21. 刘思敏,郭儒,凌振芳,光折变非线性光学,中国标准出版社,1992,3-4
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