光折变效应特性及其在波分复用技术中的应用
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摘要
本文通过比较几类WDM复用器件，指出各自的优缺点。基于体光栅严格的波长与角度选择性，提出了一中制作波分复用器的新方法—体全息光栅波分复用法，并就该器件的设计原理、制作方法、等一系列问题展开讨论。其主要内容包括：
1．阐述了光折变效应产生的机制和光折变Bragg光栅的形成机理；以体全息光栅的耦合波理论为基础，讨论了光折变晶体中体全息光栅的衍射效率、角度、波长选择性；从Bragg衍射公式出发讨论了体全息Bragg光栅用于波分复用时的波长关系及宽光谱应用时光栅的Bragg失配量。
2．从理论上着重探讨了LiNbO_3：Fe：Zn晶体作为波分复用器，其写入角、通道间隔、转动角是互相制约的。另外，对光栅的厚度与最小通道间隔的关系也进行了讨论。
3．对晶体中体全息Bragg光栅的写入和擦除时间常数进行了测量，在此基础上对多重光栅的曝光方法进行了讨论。并进一步分析了波分复用器件制作过程中诸如记录材料的选择、写入光路以及曝光方法等关键技术环节，研究表明双掺杂的铌酸锂晶体(LiNbO_3：Fe：Zn)是用于光折变体全息波分复用器件的最佳材料。
4．讨论了在双掺杂的LiNbO_3(Fe，Zn)晶体中多重体全息Bragg光栅的写入方法，并提出了基于体全息光栅技术的全息波长解复用器的具体设计方案，在此实验的基础上，对多重体全息Bragg光栅用于波分复用器的可行性进行了验证。
在上述的基础上，设计出基于体全息技术的选择型1×2全息光自选通的实验方案，并进行了理论和实验的对比。
In this thesis, by contrasting, I indicate some advantages and disadvantages of several kinds of WDM respectively. Based on volume grating having strict wavelength and angle selectivity, put forward a new method of making Wavelength division multiplexing—volume holographic wavelength division multiplex. Meanwhile I discuss some issues about this kind of WDM such as design principal, facture method and its properties.the main contents are as follows:
1. The mechanisms of the photorefractive effect and the creation of photorefractive grating are explained .Based on the coupled-wave theory, the Bragg diffraction efficiency, the angle selectivity and wavelength selectivity of volume holographic Bragg gratings formed in photorefractive crystals are analyzed. According to the Bragg's diffraction formula, the relation of the demultiplexing angle on communication wavelengths to the writing angle of volume holographic Bragg gratings, and the Bragg mismatching value during wavelength demultiplexing with wide spectra by employing volume holographic Bragg gratings are discussed.
2. Writing angle, channel space, rotation angle, in LiNbO_3:Fe:Zn crystal as the device of wavelength-division multiplexing, are discussed in theory. And the relation of the thickness of grating and the minimum channel space is discussed, too.
3. The holographic time constants were gained by recording and erasing a single grating in a slice of LiNbO_3:Fe:Zn crystal. According to the recording and erasing time constants, the exposure time schedule of superimposed gratings was discussed. The pacing technology in making the WDM device such as selecting recording material, making sure recording geometry , exposure method and so on are analyzed further. The research conclusions are as follows: the Fe and Zn doped LiNbO_3 should be considered at first as holographic recording material in our system.
4. The recording approach of the multiple volume holographic Bragg gratings in LiNbO_3:Fe:Zn crystal was investigated. Concretely designing scheme of holographic wavelength demultiplexing based on the technique of volume holographic gratings is put forward. On the base of this experiment, the experiment shows the feasibility of the multiple volume holographic Bragg gratings using in the wavelength division multiplexing.
A experimental scheme of selective 1×2 holographic optical self- thoroughfare based on volume holographic grating is designed, and compared the result of the experiment with the theory.
1．阐述了光折变效应产生的机制和光折变Bragg光栅的形成机理；以体全息光栅的耦合波理论为基础，讨论了光折变晶体中体全息光栅的衍射效率、角度、波长选择性；从Bragg衍射公式出发讨论了体全息Bragg光栅用于波分复用时的波长关系及宽光谱应用时光栅的Bragg失配量。
2．从理论上着重探讨了LiNbO_3：Fe：Zn晶体作为波分复用器，其写入角、通道间隔、转动角是互相制约的。另外，对光栅的厚度与最小通道间隔的关系也进行了讨论。
3．对晶体中体全息Bragg光栅的写入和擦除时间常数进行了测量，在此基础上对多重光栅的曝光方法进行了讨论。并进一步分析了波分复用器件制作过程中诸如记录材料的选择、写入光路以及曝光方法等关键技术环节，研究表明双掺杂的铌酸锂晶体(LiNbO_3：Fe：Zn)是用于光折变体全息波分复用器件的最佳材料。
4．讨论了在双掺杂的LiNbO_3(Fe，Zn)晶体中多重体全息Bragg光栅的写入方法，并提出了基于体全息光栅技术的全息波长解复用器的具体设计方案，在此实验的基础上，对多重体全息Bragg光栅用于波分复用器的可行性进行了验证。
在上述的基础上，设计出基于体全息技术的选择型1×2全息光自选通的实验方案，并进行了理论和实验的对比。
In this thesis, by contrasting, I indicate some advantages and disadvantages of several kinds of WDM respectively. Based on volume grating having strict wavelength and angle selectivity, put forward a new method of making Wavelength division multiplexing—volume holographic wavelength division multiplex. Meanwhile I discuss some issues about this kind of WDM such as design principal, facture method and its properties.the main contents are as follows:
1. The mechanisms of the photorefractive effect and the creation of photorefractive grating are explained .Based on the coupled-wave theory, the Bragg diffraction efficiency, the angle selectivity and wavelength selectivity of volume holographic Bragg gratings formed in photorefractive crystals are analyzed. According to the Bragg's diffraction formula, the relation of the demultiplexing angle on communication wavelengths to the writing angle of volume holographic Bragg gratings, and the Bragg mismatching value during wavelength demultiplexing with wide spectra by employing volume holographic Bragg gratings are discussed.
2. Writing angle, channel space, rotation angle, in LiNbO_3:Fe:Zn crystal as the device of wavelength-division multiplexing, are discussed in theory. And the relation of the thickness of grating and the minimum channel space is discussed, too.
3. The holographic time constants were gained by recording and erasing a single grating in a slice of LiNbO_3:Fe:Zn crystal. According to the recording and erasing time constants, the exposure time schedule of superimposed gratings was discussed. The pacing technology in making the WDM device such as selecting recording material, making sure recording geometry , exposure method and so on are analyzed further. The research conclusions are as follows: the Fe and Zn doped LiNbO_3 should be considered at first as holographic recording material in our system.
4. The recording approach of the multiple volume holographic Bragg gratings in LiNbO_3:Fe:Zn crystal was investigated. Concretely designing scheme of holographic wavelength demultiplexing based on the technique of volume holographic gratings is put forward. On the base of this experiment, the experiment shows the feasibility of the multiple volume holographic Bragg gratings using in the wavelength division multiplexing.
A experimental scheme of selective 1×2 holographic optical self- thoroughfare based on volume holographic grating is designed, and compared the result of the experiment with the theory.
引文
[1]李艳辉，光折变多重体光栅波长解复用技术研究西北大学硕士学位论文，西安，2005
[2]纪越峰，光波分复用系统，北京邮电大学出版社，2001
[3]J. Minowa, Y. Fujii, Dielectric multilayer thin film filters for WDM transmission, J. Lightwave Technol,1983, 1:116-121
[4]H. Takahashi, S. Suzuki, K. Kato, et al, Arrayed-waveguide grating for wavelength division multi/demultiplexer with nanometer resolution, Electronics Lett., 1990, 26(2): 87-88
[5]徐宁榕，周春燕,WDM技术与应用，人民邮电出版社，北京，2002：63～65
[6]K.O. Hill, G. Meltz, Fiber Bragg grsting technology fundamentals and overview, J. Lightwave Technol., 1997, 15:12631276
[7]顾畹仪，波分复用系统的发展和应用[[J]，电信科学，2001，(3)：24327
[8]T. Erdogan, Fiber grating spectra, J. Lightwave Technol, 1997, 15:12771294
[9]D.Herve, M. Chauver. J.E. Viallet and M.J. Chawki, Fisrt tunable narrowband 1.55m optical drop filter using a dynamic Photorefractive grating in iron doped indium phosphide, Elec. Lett, 1994, 30(22):1883-1884
[10]R.T.B. James, C. Wah, K. Lizuka, H. Shimotahira. Optically tunable optical filter. Appl Opt, 1995,34:8230-8235
[11]S.Breer, K. Buse. Wavelength demultiplexing with volume Phase holograms in photorefracive lithium niobate, Appl. Phys. B, 1998, 66:339-345
[12]P. Boffi, 1550-nm volume holography for optical communication devices, IEEE, Photonics Technology Letters, 2000, 12(10):1355-1357
[13]J.W. An, N. Kim, K.W. Lee, Volume holographic wavelength demultiplexing based on rotation multiplexing in the 90 geometry, Opt. Comm., 2001, 197:247-254
[14]Ph.Dittrich, G. Montemezzani, P.G. unter, Tunable optical filter for wavelength division multiplexing using dynamic interband photorefractive gratings, Opt. Comm., 2002, 214:370
[15]O.Beyer, I. Nee, F.Havermeyer, and K. Buse, Holographic recording of Bragg grating for wavelength division multiplexing in doped and partially polymerized Poly(methyl methacrylate), Appl. Opt., 2003, 42:30-37
[16]A.Askin,et al,Optically-induced refractive index inhomogeneities in LiNbO_3 and LiTaO_3,Appl.phys.Lett,1966,(9):72
[17]F.S.Chen,J.T.LaMacchia,D.B.Fraser, Holographic storage in lithium niobate,Appl.phys.Lett,1968,12(7):223-224
[18]P.Yeh,Introducton to Photorefractive Nonlinear Optics[M],New York:John Wiley &Sons,1993
[19]P.Gunter, J.P.Huignard,Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications 1 [M],Springer-Vedag,1988,Berlin
[20]刘思敏，郭儒，凌振芳，光折变非线性光学，中国标准出版社，1992，
[21]N.K. Kuktaravel, V.B. Markov, S.G. Odulov, M.S. Soskin and V.L. Vinebki, Holographic storage in electrooptic I. Steady state,Ferroelectries,22,949,1979.
[22]20.W.R. Klein, Theoretical efficiency of Bragg devices [J], Proc. IEEE, 1966, 54: 803
[23]B. H. Kogelnik, Coupled wave theory for thick hologram gratings [J], Bell System Technical Journal, 1969, 48(9): 2909-2974
[24]陶世荃，王大勇，江竹青，等，光全息存储[M]，北京工业大学出版社，1998
[25]N.V. Kukhtarev, V. B. Markov, S. G. Odulov, et al, Holographic storage in electrooptic crystals,Ferroelectric, 1979, 22:949-956
[26]J.M. Heaton, P. A. Mills, C. G. S. Paigeetal, Diffraction efficiency and angular selectivity of volume phase holograms recorded in photorefractive materials, Opt.Acta., 1984,31(8): 885-901
[27]E.S. Maniloff, K. M. Johnson, Maximized photorefractive holographic storage, J.Appl. Phy,1991,70(9):4702
[28]杨德兴，向红丽，赵建林，等，基于宽光谱应用的波长解复用多重体光栅的光写入特性，光子学报，2006，35(1)：24～27
[29]向红丽，分层Bragg光栅的制作及其波分复用特性研究，西北工业大学硕士论文，2005
[30]Y.P. Yang, Holographic recording and dynamic range improvement in lithium niobate crystals, California Institute of Technology doctor thesis, California, 2003, 1-7
[31]覃鸣燕，陶世荃，梁宝来，等，掺铬KNSBN晶体的全息存储特性，2000，21(4)：11—12
[32]Y. Taketomi, J. E. Ford, H. S. Sasaki, et al. Incremental recording for photorefractive hologram multiplexing, Opt. Lett, 1991, 16(22): 1774-1776
[33]D. Psaltis, D. Brady, K. Wagner, Adaptive optical networks using photorefractive crystals, Appl. Opt.,1988, 27(9): 1752
[34]A.C. Strasser, E. S. K. M.Johnson, et al., Procedure for recording multiple-exposure holograms with equal diffraction efficiency in photorefractive media, Opt. Lett., 1999, 14(1): 6-8
[35]忽满利，李育林，刘玉华，等，多重全息存储中曝光均匀性的研究，激光杂志，1999， 20(3)：23～26
[36]忽满利，刘玉华，刘继芳，等，光折变晶体均匀多重全息图存储研究，光子学报，1999， 28(7)： 641～646
[37]刘继芳，李育林，等，光折变晶体多重全息存储衍射效率均匀性的研究， 光子学报， 1997，26(5)：428～433
[38]W.J. Burke, P. Sheng, Crosstalk noise multiple thick-phase holograms, J. Appl. Phys., 1977, 48(2): 681～685
[39]Psaltis D,Brady D,Wagener K.Adaptive optical networks using photorefractive crystals .Appl Opt,1988,27(9 ):1752～1759
[40]E. Chuang, D. Psaltis, Storage of 1000 holograms with use of a dual-wavelength method, Appl. Opt, 1997, 36: 8445
[41]Burr GW, Psaltis D.Effect of the oxidation state of LiNbO~3:Fe on the djffraction efficiency of multiple holograms[J]. Optics Lett, 1996, 21(12):893-895
[42]Moke F H, Burr G W, Psaltis D. System metric for holographic memory system[J].Optics Lett, 1996, 21(12):896-898
[43]忽满利等，密集型多重体全息光栅波长解复用技术，红外与激光工程，2004，6，第33卷第3期
[44]王小怀，密集型多重体全息光栅波长解复用技术研究 西北大学硕士学位论文，西安， 2004
[45]Joseph J,Pillai P, Singh K.A novel way of noise reduction in image amplification by two-beam coupling in photorefractive BaTiO_3 crystal .Opt.Commun.,1991,80(1):84-88
[46]Rabinovich W S,Feldman B J,Gilbreath G C.Suppression of photorefraction beam fanning using achromatic gratings.Opt.Lett.,1991,16(15):1147-1149
[47]He Q,Yeh P.Fanning noise reduction in photorefractive amplifiers using incoherent erasures.Appl.opt,1994,33(2):283～287
[48]忽满利，李育林等，全息存储的栅增强读出，中国激光，2000，1，第27卷第1期
[49]Volk T, Rubinina N ,Wohlecke.Optical-damage-resistant impurities in lithium niobate.opt.Soc.Am.(B),1994,11(9):1681～1687
[50]Kostuk R ,Sincerbox G .Polarization sensitivity of noise grating recorded in silver halide volume holograms.Appl.Opt.,1988,27(14):2993-2998
[51]J.W.An, N. Kim, K.W. Lee, Volume holographic wavelength demultiplexing based on rotation multiplexing in the 90~0 geometry, Opt.Comm., 2001, 197(4/6):247-254
[52]Strasser A C,Maniloff E S,Johnson K M,Goggin S D D.Procedure for recording multiple-exposure holograms with equal diffraction efficiency in photorefractive media ,Opt Lett,1989,14(1):6～8
[53]Raibenbach H,Delboulbe A,Huignard J.Noise supppression in photorefractive image amplifiers.Opt.Lett.,1989,14(22):1275～1277
[54]Sun Q ,Tian G,Liu S et al..A new method to suppress the fanning noise in the photorefractive LiNbO_3:F_e crystals .Chin.phy.lett ,1996,13:675-677
[55]黄章勇，新型光无源器件，北京邮电大学出版社，北京，2003，79～81
[2]纪越峰，光波分复用系统，北京邮电大学出版社，2001
[3]J. Minowa, Y. Fujii, Dielectric multilayer thin film filters for WDM transmission, J. Lightwave Technol,1983, 1:116-121
[4]H. Takahashi, S. Suzuki, K. Kato, et al, Arrayed-waveguide grating for wavelength division multi/demultiplexer with nanometer resolution, Electronics Lett., 1990, 26(2): 87-88
[5]徐宁榕，周春燕,WDM技术与应用，人民邮电出版社，北京，2002：63～65
[6]K.O. Hill, G. Meltz, Fiber Bragg grsting technology fundamentals and overview, J. Lightwave Technol., 1997, 15:12631276
[7]顾畹仪，波分复用系统的发展和应用[[J]，电信科学，2001，(3)：24327
[8]T. Erdogan, Fiber grating spectra, J. Lightwave Technol, 1997, 15:12771294
[9]D.Herve, M. Chauver. J.E. Viallet and M.J. Chawki, Fisrt tunable narrowband 1.55m optical drop filter using a dynamic Photorefractive grating in iron doped indium phosphide, Elec. Lett, 1994, 30(22):1883-1884
[10]R.T.B. James, C. Wah, K. Lizuka, H. Shimotahira. Optically tunable optical filter. Appl Opt, 1995,34:8230-8235
[11]S.Breer, K. Buse. Wavelength demultiplexing with volume Phase holograms in photorefracive lithium niobate, Appl. Phys. B, 1998, 66:339-345
[12]P. Boffi, 1550-nm volume holography for optical communication devices, IEEE, Photonics Technology Letters, 2000, 12(10):1355-1357
[13]J.W. An, N. Kim, K.W. Lee, Volume holographic wavelength demultiplexing based on rotation multiplexing in the 90 geometry, Opt. Comm., 2001, 197:247-254
[14]Ph.Dittrich, G. Montemezzani, P.G. unter, Tunable optical filter for wavelength division multiplexing using dynamic interband photorefractive gratings, Opt. Comm., 2002, 214:370
[15]O.Beyer, I. Nee, F.Havermeyer, and K. Buse, Holographic recording of Bragg grating for wavelength division multiplexing in doped and partially polymerized Poly(methyl methacrylate), Appl. Opt., 2003, 42:30-37
[16]A.Askin,et al,Optically-induced refractive index inhomogeneities in LiNbO_3 and LiTaO_3,Appl.phys.Lett,1966,(9):72
[17]F.S.Chen,J.T.LaMacchia,D.B.Fraser, Holographic storage in lithium niobate,Appl.phys.Lett,1968,12(7):223-224
[18]P.Yeh,Introducton to Photorefractive Nonlinear Optics[M],New York:John Wiley &Sons,1993
[19]P.Gunter, J.P.Huignard,Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications 1 [M],Springer-Vedag,1988,Berlin
[20]刘思敏，郭儒，凌振芳，光折变非线性光学，中国标准出版社，1992，
[21]N.K. Kuktaravel, V.B. Markov, S.G. Odulov, M.S. Soskin and V.L. Vinebki, Holographic storage in electrooptic I. Steady state,Ferroelectries,22,949,1979.
[22]20.W.R. Klein, Theoretical efficiency of Bragg devices [J], Proc. IEEE, 1966, 54: 803
[23]B. H. Kogelnik, Coupled wave theory for thick hologram gratings [J], Bell System Technical Journal, 1969, 48(9): 2909-2974
[24]陶世荃，王大勇，江竹青，等，光全息存储[M]，北京工业大学出版社，1998
[25]N.V. Kukhtarev, V. B. Markov, S. G. Odulov, et al, Holographic storage in electrooptic crystals,Ferroelectric, 1979, 22:949-956
[26]J.M. Heaton, P. A. Mills, C. G. S. Paigeetal, Diffraction efficiency and angular selectivity of volume phase holograms recorded in photorefractive materials, Opt.Acta., 1984,31(8): 885-901
[27]E.S. Maniloff, K. M. Johnson, Maximized photorefractive holographic storage, J.Appl. Phy,1991,70(9):4702
[28]杨德兴，向红丽，赵建林，等，基于宽光谱应用的波长解复用多重体光栅的光写入特性，光子学报，2006，35(1)：24～27
[29]向红丽，分层Bragg光栅的制作及其波分复用特性研究，西北工业大学硕士论文，2005
[30]Y.P. Yang, Holographic recording and dynamic range improvement in lithium niobate crystals, California Institute of Technology doctor thesis, California, 2003, 1-7
[31]覃鸣燕，陶世荃，梁宝来，等，掺铬KNSBN晶体的全息存储特性，2000，21(4)：11—12
[32]Y. Taketomi, J. E. Ford, H. S. Sasaki, et al. Incremental recording for photorefractive hologram multiplexing, Opt. Lett, 1991, 16(22): 1774-1776
[33]D. Psaltis, D. Brady, K. Wagner, Adaptive optical networks using photorefractive crystals, Appl. Opt.,1988, 27(9): 1752
[34]A.C. Strasser, E. S. K. M.Johnson, et al., Procedure for recording multiple-exposure holograms with equal diffraction efficiency in photorefractive media, Opt. Lett., 1999, 14(1): 6-8
[35]忽满利，李育林，刘玉华，等，多重全息存储中曝光均匀性的研究，激光杂志，1999， 20(3)：23～26
[36]忽满利，刘玉华，刘继芳，等，光折变晶体均匀多重全息图存储研究，光子学报，1999， 28(7)： 641～646
[37]刘继芳，李育林，等，光折变晶体多重全息存储衍射效率均匀性的研究， 光子学报， 1997，26(5)：428～433
[38]W.J. Burke, P. Sheng, Crosstalk noise multiple thick-phase holograms, J. Appl. Phys., 1977, 48(2): 681～685
[39]Psaltis D,Brady D,Wagener K.Adaptive optical networks using photorefractive crystals .Appl Opt,1988,27(9 ):1752～1759
[40]E. Chuang, D. Psaltis, Storage of 1000 holograms with use of a dual-wavelength method, Appl. Opt, 1997, 36: 8445
[41]Burr GW, Psaltis D.Effect of the oxidation state of LiNbO~3:Fe on the djffraction efficiency of multiple holograms[J]. Optics Lett, 1996, 21(12):893-895
[42]Moke F H, Burr G W, Psaltis D. System metric for holographic memory system[J].Optics Lett, 1996, 21(12):896-898
[43]忽满利等，密集型多重体全息光栅波长解复用技术，红外与激光工程，2004，6，第33卷第3期
[44]王小怀，密集型多重体全息光栅波长解复用技术研究 西北大学硕士学位论文，西安， 2004
[45]Joseph J,Pillai P, Singh K.A novel way of noise reduction in image amplification by two-beam coupling in photorefractive BaTiO_3 crystal .Opt.Commun.,1991,80(1):84-88
[46]Rabinovich W S,Feldman B J,Gilbreath G C.Suppression of photorefraction beam fanning using achromatic gratings.Opt.Lett.,1991,16(15):1147-1149
[47]He Q,Yeh P.Fanning noise reduction in photorefractive amplifiers using incoherent erasures.Appl.opt,1994,33(2):283～287
[48]忽满利，李育林等，全息存储的栅增强读出，中国激光，2000，1，第27卷第1期
[49]Volk T, Rubinina N ,Wohlecke.Optical-damage-resistant impurities in lithium niobate.opt.Soc.Am.(B),1994,11(9):1681～1687
[50]Kostuk R ,Sincerbox G .Polarization sensitivity of noise grating recorded in silver halide volume holograms.Appl.Opt.,1988,27(14):2993-2998
[51]J.W.An, N. Kim, K.W. Lee, Volume holographic wavelength demultiplexing based on rotation multiplexing in the 90~0 geometry, Opt.Comm., 2001, 197(4/6):247-254
[52]Strasser A C,Maniloff E S,Johnson K M,Goggin S D D.Procedure for recording multiple-exposure holograms with equal diffraction efficiency in photorefractive media ,Opt Lett,1989,14(1):6～8
[53]Raibenbach H,Delboulbe A,Huignard J.Noise supppression in photorefractive image amplifiers.Opt.Lett.,1989,14(22):1275～1277
[54]Sun Q ,Tian G,Liu S et al..A new method to suppress the fanning noise in the photorefractive LiNbO_3:F_e crystals .Chin.phy.lett ,1996,13:675-677
[55]黄章勇，新型光无源器件，北京邮电大学出版社，北京，2003，79～81