国有部门和非国有部门工资差异的经验研究
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摘要
随着中国经济持续高速增长，企业职工的工资水平明显得到提升。然而，在城镇居民收入不断提升的同时，城镇劳动力市场中一直存在严重的国有部门和非国有部门之间的市场分割。本文在对工资差异理论及其经验研究方法进行系统梳理的基础上，应用微观经济计量方法，对中国城镇劳动力市场中国有部门和非国有部门之间的工资差异及其影响因素进行了系统的分析。
不同劳动力群体间的工资差异也自然而然地受到了诸多经济学者的关注。在工资差异理论的发展历程中，主要有三种理论广泛运用，分别是补偿性工资差异理论、新古典学派工资差异理论、歧视和劳动力市场分割导致的工资差异理论。补偿性工资差异理论认为，工作安全程度、工作承担责任和工作成功可能性等工作场所差异将导致相同特征的劳动力工资水平存在明显差异。新古典学派工资差异理论认为，劳动力个体的工资水平与其所具有的人力资本水平有关，且个体在生产过程中所付出的努力是工资的函数，因而工资增加将会提高生产效率。歧视理论认为，劳动力市场中针对某群体的歧视导致了劳动力个体间的工资差异。劳动力市场分割理论认为，劳动力市场的分割使得处于不同市场中企业具有不同的垄断权，因而可以为劳动力支付不同的工资。
依据劳动力市场工资差异相关理论，大量经济学者给出了群体间工资差异的分解方法，包括传统的工资差异经验研究方法、工资分布上的工资差异经验研究方法、考虑到劳动力市场分割的工资差异经验研究方法以及考虑区域经济因素的工资差异经验研究方法。随着经验研究方法的发展，经济学者基于不同数据对劳动力市场中不同群体间的工资差异进行了分析。本文结合中国实际，对中国劳动力市场中国有部门和非国有部门间的工资差异进行系统分析。
首先，依据2007年中国城镇家庭收入调查数据（CHIP），建立Mincer工资方程，并应用Heckman两步骤方法消除样本选择偏差，对工资方程进行回归，借鉴Oaxaca和Blinder的工资差异分解方法，对国有部门和非国有部门的总体工资差异进行分解。分析结果表明，国有部门和非国有部门劳动力之间存在明显的工资差异。国有部门的工资水平明显高于非国有部门的工资水平，且国有部门和非国有部门间的劳动力人力资本差异导致的工资差异为0.11，占总体工资差异的45%，劳动力市场所有制分割导致的部门间工资差异为0.13，占总体工资差异的55%。因此，政府部门设计和实施公平的就业制度和工资制度，消除劳动力流动的障碍，将不仅有助于国有部门和非国有部门间工资差异的缩小，而且有助于中国经济持续健康稳定的增长。
其次，依据2002年和2007年的中国城镇家庭收入调查数据，应用微观经济计量方法和工资差异分解方法分析国有部门和非国有部门间工资差异的变动。分析结果表明，2002年至2007年间，国有部门和非国有部门间的小时工资对数差异由0.29降至0.23，但所有制因素导致的部门间工资差异却在增大，表明部门间工资差异的缩小主要是由两部门间劳动力特征差异的缩小导致的。因此，政府部门在努力提高国有部门劳动效率的同时，努力消除劳动力在国有部门和非国有部门间的流动障碍，消除国有企业对市场的垄断，将有助于国有部门和非国有部门间工资差异的缩小。
再次，依据2007年中国城镇家庭收入调查数据，建立工资方程的分位数回归模型，并应用M-M分解方法，分解国有部门和非国有部门工资分布差异。分析结果表明，在工资分布的所有分位数上，非国有部门的工资水平均明显低于国有部门的工资水平。随着分位点的提高，国有部门和非国有部门间的工资差异表现出不断下降的趋势。随着工资水平的提高，部门间工资差异的缩小主要由部门间劳动力个体特征差异的缩小导致。因此，针对低收入群体，政府部门应努力提高非国有部门的劳动力的教育和经验水平，促进其工资水平的提高；针对高收入群体，应消除垄断等所有制分割因素带来的工资差异，使其工资更加市场化，才能有效地缩小国有部门和非国有部门间的工资差距。
最后，依据2007年中国城镇家庭收入调查数据，建立城镇居民工资方程的多层模型，对国有部门和非国有部门的工资方程分别进行回归，进而分析地区经济环境对部门间工资差异的影响。分析结果表明，地区市场化水平的提高对国有部门和非国有部门的工资均具有显著的正向影响，但也将使得所有制分割等因素导致的部门间工资差异增大；失业率的上升对国有部门的工资获得具有显著的正向影响，而对非国有部门工资获得具有显著的负向影响，因而地区失业率的提高将使得所有制分割等因素导致的部门间工资差异增大。因此，政府在注重提高劳动力人力资本水平的同时，应均衡各地区的发展，提高欠发达地区的市场化水平，更应注重社会的公平性，加大劳动力资源在不同地区之间的流动，将有助于缩小国有部门和非国有部门之间的工资差异。
本文的研究结果不仅有助于理解中国城镇劳动力市场中国有部门和非国有部门间工资差异的来源，把握劳动力市场的运行规律，而且有助于劳动力市场公共政策的评价与设计，具有理论和现实意义。
With China' economy continue rapidly, enterprise workers’ wages have been raisesignificantly. However, there has been a serious market segmentation between statesector and non-state sectors of the urban labor market, while the income of urbanresidents rise, Based on the wage gap theory and empirical research methodssystematically, using application of micro-econometric methods, to analyze, wagedifferences between Chinese authorities and the non-state sector of Chinese urbanlabor market and its influencing factors.
Wage differences between labor groups have naturally been a serious concern ofmany economists. In the course of wage gap theory development, there are three maintheories widely used, they are compensatory wage gap theory, neoclassical theory ofwage disparities, discrimination and labor market segmentation theory lead to wagedifferentials.Compensating wage differentials theory, that is the degree of job security,job responsibilities and work successfully in the workplace, the possibility of theexistence of differences will lead to significant differences in labor wages the samelevel. Neoclassical theory that wage differences, that is wage labor and human capitalthe individual level have related to the production process and individual effort is afunction of wages, wage increases will therefore increase productivity. Discriminationtheory believes that labor market discrimination against certain groups in the laborforce led to the wage differentials between individuals. Labor market segmentationtheory suggests that labor market segmentation allows companies in different marketswith different monopoly, which can be paid different wages for the labor force.
Based on wage differences the theory of the labor market, the large number of economists have given a decomposition method of wage differentials between groups,including traditional wage differentials empirical research methods, wage differentialswage distribution experience research methods, taking into account the differences inwage labor market segmentation experience research methods and regional economicfactors to consider wage differentials empirical research methods. With thedevelopment of empirical research methods, based on different data economists wagedifferences between groups in the labor market are analyzed. In this paper, we considerthe reality of China, the Chinese labor market Chinese wage differences betweensectors and non-state sector of system analysis.
Firstly, according to the2007Chinese urban household income survey data(CHIP), establish Mincer wage equation and apply Heckman two-step method toeliminate sample selection bias, regression equation for wages, refer to wagedifferentials learn Oaxaca and Blinder decomposition method, the state-owned sectorand overall wage gap decomposition of non-state sector. The results show that thereis an obvious difference between the state sector wage and non-state sector workforce.State sector wages significantly higher than the non-state sector wages and wagedifferentials human capital differences in the state sector and non-state sectors resultedin0.11, accounting for45%of the overall wage differentials, labor marketsegmentation caused by ownership sectors the difference between the wages of0.13,accounting for55%of the overall wage differences. Therefore, the governmentdepartments to design and implement fair employment system and the wage system,the elimination of barriers to labor mobility, will not only help state-owned sector andthe non-state sector wage differentials narrowed, but also help China 's economycontinues to grow healthy and stable.
Secondly, according to the2002and2007survey of Chinese urban householdincome data, applications, micro-economic approach and wage differences between measured decomposition analysis of changes in the state sector and the non-state sectorwage differences. The results showed that between year2002-2007, the number ofdifferences between the hourly wage of the state sector and the non-state sector fellfrom0.29to0.23, but the wage differentials between sectors and ownership factors isincreasing, indicating narrowing of wage differentials between sectors mainly by thecharacteristic differences between the two sectors of the labor narrow lead. Therefore,the government departments in the state sector efforts to improve labor efficiency,efforts to eliminate barriers to labor mobility between the state sector and the non-state sector, to eliminate the monopoly of state-owned enterprises on the market willhelp the wage difference between the state-owned sector and non-state sectornarrowing.
Moreover, according to the2007Chinese urban household income survey data toestablish the wage equation quintile regression model, and apply MM decomposition, todecompose of the state sector and the distribution of non-state sector wage differences.The results show that the median wage in all of the distribution of the non-state sectorwage was lower than the average wage in the state sector. With the improvement ofsites, and the non-state sector wage differentials between the state sectors showed adeclining trend. With the increase in wage levels, department wage differentialsnarrowed between departments reduced mainly by the individual characteristics lead todifferences in the labor force. Therefore, for low-income groups, the governmentshould strive to improve the level of education and experience of non-state sectorworkforce, promote the improvement of their wages;For high-income groups, shouldeliminate the wage gap monopoly ownership split factors brought to wages moremarket-oriented, in order to effectively reduce the wage gap between the state sectorand non-state sectors.
Finally, according to the2007Chinese urban household income survey data, to build multi-tier model of urban wage equation, the state-owned sector and thenon-state sector wage equation regression respectively, and then analyze the impact ofthe regional economic environment sector wage differences. The results show thatincreasing the level of regional markets all have significant positive impact on thewages of non-state sector and the state sector, but will also make the ownership splitbetween the department and other factors led to the wage gap increases; rise inunemployment in the state-owned wage differences between wage sector obtain asignificant positive impact, while the non-state sector wages to obtain a significantnegative impact, thus increasing regional unemployment rates and other factors willmake the ownership split led sector increases. Therefore, the government focus onimproving the level of human capital, while the balanced development of all regionsshould improve the underdeveloped areas of the market level, and also focus on socialequity, increase labor resources flow between different regions, and it will help narrowthe wage gap in the state sector and the non-state sector.
Results of this study will not only help understand the sectors and non-state sectorwage differences of Chinese market, grasping the laws governing the operation of thelabor market, but also contribute a lot to the evaluation and design of public policies ofChinese labor market. It has theoretical and practical significance.
不同劳动力群体间的工资差异也自然而然地受到了诸多经济学者的关注。在工资差异理论的发展历程中，主要有三种理论广泛运用，分别是补偿性工资差异理论、新古典学派工资差异理论、歧视和劳动力市场分割导致的工资差异理论。补偿性工资差异理论认为，工作安全程度、工作承担责任和工作成功可能性等工作场所差异将导致相同特征的劳动力工资水平存在明显差异。新古典学派工资差异理论认为，劳动力个体的工资水平与其所具有的人力资本水平有关，且个体在生产过程中所付出的努力是工资的函数，因而工资增加将会提高生产效率。歧视理论认为，劳动力市场中针对某群体的歧视导致了劳动力个体间的工资差异。劳动力市场分割理论认为，劳动力市场的分割使得处于不同市场中企业具有不同的垄断权，因而可以为劳动力支付不同的工资。
依据劳动力市场工资差异相关理论，大量经济学者给出了群体间工资差异的分解方法，包括传统的工资差异经验研究方法、工资分布上的工资差异经验研究方法、考虑到劳动力市场分割的工资差异经验研究方法以及考虑区域经济因素的工资差异经验研究方法。随着经验研究方法的发展，经济学者基于不同数据对劳动力市场中不同群体间的工资差异进行了分析。本文结合中国实际，对中国劳动力市场中国有部门和非国有部门间的工资差异进行系统分析。
首先，依据2007年中国城镇家庭收入调查数据（CHIP），建立Mincer工资方程，并应用Heckman两步骤方法消除样本选择偏差，对工资方程进行回归，借鉴Oaxaca和Blinder的工资差异分解方法，对国有部门和非国有部门的总体工资差异进行分解。分析结果表明，国有部门和非国有部门劳动力之间存在明显的工资差异。国有部门的工资水平明显高于非国有部门的工资水平，且国有部门和非国有部门间的劳动力人力资本差异导致的工资差异为0.11，占总体工资差异的45%，劳动力市场所有制分割导致的部门间工资差异为0.13，占总体工资差异的55%。因此，政府部门设计和实施公平的就业制度和工资制度，消除劳动力流动的障碍，将不仅有助于国有部门和非国有部门间工资差异的缩小，而且有助于中国经济持续健康稳定的增长。
其次，依据2002年和2007年的中国城镇家庭收入调查数据，应用微观经济计量方法和工资差异分解方法分析国有部门和非国有部门间工资差异的变动。分析结果表明，2002年至2007年间，国有部门和非国有部门间的小时工资对数差异由0.29降至0.23，但所有制因素导致的部门间工资差异却在增大，表明部门间工资差异的缩小主要是由两部门间劳动力特征差异的缩小导致的。因此，政府部门在努力提高国有部门劳动效率的同时，努力消除劳动力在国有部门和非国有部门间的流动障碍，消除国有企业对市场的垄断，将有助于国有部门和非国有部门间工资差异的缩小。
再次，依据2007年中国城镇家庭收入调查数据，建立工资方程的分位数回归模型，并应用M-M分解方法，分解国有部门和非国有部门工资分布差异。分析结果表明，在工资分布的所有分位数上，非国有部门的工资水平均明显低于国有部门的工资水平。随着分位点的提高，国有部门和非国有部门间的工资差异表现出不断下降的趋势。随着工资水平的提高，部门间工资差异的缩小主要由部门间劳动力个体特征差异的缩小导致。因此，针对低收入群体，政府部门应努力提高非国有部门的劳动力的教育和经验水平，促进其工资水平的提高；针对高收入群体，应消除垄断等所有制分割因素带来的工资差异，使其工资更加市场化，才能有效地缩小国有部门和非国有部门间的工资差距。
最后，依据2007年中国城镇家庭收入调查数据，建立城镇居民工资方程的多层模型，对国有部门和非国有部门的工资方程分别进行回归，进而分析地区经济环境对部门间工资差异的影响。分析结果表明，地区市场化水平的提高对国有部门和非国有部门的工资均具有显著的正向影响，但也将使得所有制分割等因素导致的部门间工资差异增大；失业率的上升对国有部门的工资获得具有显著的正向影响，而对非国有部门工资获得具有显著的负向影响，因而地区失业率的提高将使得所有制分割等因素导致的部门间工资差异增大。因此，政府在注重提高劳动力人力资本水平的同时，应均衡各地区的发展，提高欠发达地区的市场化水平，更应注重社会的公平性，加大劳动力资源在不同地区之间的流动，将有助于缩小国有部门和非国有部门之间的工资差异。
本文的研究结果不仅有助于理解中国城镇劳动力市场中国有部门和非国有部门间工资差异的来源，把握劳动力市场的运行规律，而且有助于劳动力市场公共政策的评价与设计，具有理论和现实意义。
With China' economy continue rapidly, enterprise workers’ wages have been raisesignificantly. However, there has been a serious market segmentation between statesector and non-state sectors of the urban labor market, while the income of urbanresidents rise, Based on the wage gap theory and empirical research methodssystematically, using application of micro-econometric methods, to analyze, wagedifferences between Chinese authorities and the non-state sector of Chinese urbanlabor market and its influencing factors.
Wage differences between labor groups have naturally been a serious concern ofmany economists. In the course of wage gap theory development, there are three maintheories widely used, they are compensatory wage gap theory, neoclassical theory ofwage disparities, discrimination and labor market segmentation theory lead to wagedifferentials.Compensating wage differentials theory, that is the degree of job security,job responsibilities and work successfully in the workplace, the possibility of theexistence of differences will lead to significant differences in labor wages the samelevel. Neoclassical theory that wage differences, that is wage labor and human capitalthe individual level have related to the production process and individual effort is afunction of wages, wage increases will therefore increase productivity. Discriminationtheory believes that labor market discrimination against certain groups in the laborforce led to the wage differentials between individuals. Labor market segmentationtheory suggests that labor market segmentation allows companies in different marketswith different monopoly, which can be paid different wages for the labor force.
Based on wage differences the theory of the labor market, the large number of economists have given a decomposition method of wage differentials between groups,including traditional wage differentials empirical research methods, wage differentialswage distribution experience research methods, taking into account the differences inwage labor market segmentation experience research methods and regional economicfactors to consider wage differentials empirical research methods. With thedevelopment of empirical research methods, based on different data economists wagedifferences between groups in the labor market are analyzed. In this paper, we considerthe reality of China, the Chinese labor market Chinese wage differences betweensectors and non-state sector of system analysis.
Firstly, according to the2007Chinese urban household income survey data(CHIP), establish Mincer wage equation and apply Heckman two-step method toeliminate sample selection bias, regression equation for wages, refer to wagedifferentials learn Oaxaca and Blinder decomposition method, the state-owned sectorand overall wage gap decomposition of non-state sector. The results show that thereis an obvious difference between the state sector wage and non-state sector workforce.State sector wages significantly higher than the non-state sector wages and wagedifferentials human capital differences in the state sector and non-state sectors resultedin0.11, accounting for45%of the overall wage differentials, labor marketsegmentation caused by ownership sectors the difference between the wages of0.13,accounting for55%of the overall wage differences. Therefore, the governmentdepartments to design and implement fair employment system and the wage system,the elimination of barriers to labor mobility, will not only help state-owned sector andthe non-state sector wage differentials narrowed, but also help China 's economycontinues to grow healthy and stable.
Secondly, according to the2002and2007survey of Chinese urban householdincome data, applications, micro-economic approach and wage differences between measured decomposition analysis of changes in the state sector and the non-state sectorwage differences. The results showed that between year2002-2007, the number ofdifferences between the hourly wage of the state sector and the non-state sector fellfrom0.29to0.23, but the wage differentials between sectors and ownership factors isincreasing, indicating narrowing of wage differentials between sectors mainly by thecharacteristic differences between the two sectors of the labor narrow lead. Therefore,the government departments in the state sector efforts to improve labor efficiency,efforts to eliminate barriers to labor mobility between the state sector and the non-state sector, to eliminate the monopoly of state-owned enterprises on the market willhelp the wage difference between the state-owned sector and non-state sectornarrowing.
Moreover, according to the2007Chinese urban household income survey data toestablish the wage equation quintile regression model, and apply MM decomposition, todecompose of the state sector and the distribution of non-state sector wage differences.The results show that the median wage in all of the distribution of the non-state sectorwage was lower than the average wage in the state sector. With the improvement ofsites, and the non-state sector wage differentials between the state sectors showed adeclining trend. With the increase in wage levels, department wage differentialsnarrowed between departments reduced mainly by the individual characteristics lead todifferences in the labor force. Therefore, for low-income groups, the governmentshould strive to improve the level of education and experience of non-state sectorworkforce, promote the improvement of their wages;For high-income groups, shouldeliminate the wage gap monopoly ownership split factors brought to wages moremarket-oriented, in order to effectively reduce the wage gap between the state sectorand non-state sectors.
Finally, according to the2007Chinese urban household income survey data, to build multi-tier model of urban wage equation, the state-owned sector and thenon-state sector wage equation regression respectively, and then analyze the impact ofthe regional economic environment sector wage differences. The results show thatincreasing the level of regional markets all have significant positive impact on thewages of non-state sector and the state sector, but will also make the ownership splitbetween the department and other factors led to the wage gap increases; rise inunemployment in the state-owned wage differences between wage sector obtain asignificant positive impact, while the non-state sector wages to obtain a significantnegative impact, thus increasing regional unemployment rates and other factors willmake the ownership split led sector increases. Therefore, the government focus onimproving the level of human capital, while the balanced development of all regionsshould improve the underdeveloped areas of the market level, and also focus on socialequity, increase labor resources flow between different regions, and it will help narrowthe wage gap in the state sector and the non-state sector.
Results of this study will not only help understand the sectors and non-state sectorwage differences of Chinese market, grasping the laws governing the operation of thelabor market, but also contribute a lot to the evaluation and design of public policies ofChinese labor market. It has theoretical and practical significance.
引文
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