数字相控阵雷达的研究
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摘要
近年来，相控阵雷达技术逐步在众多科技研究领域表现出旺盛的生命力，并已经广泛应用到军用和民用领域；同时，数字技术也取得了迅猛的发展。作者更进一步将数字技术融入到相控阵雷达中，使两者完美地结合起来，充分发挥它们的特长，提出了一种全数字的相控阵雷达方案。
本文以相控阵雷达组成为主轴，逐一对相控阵雷达关键技术中的天线阵原理、数字波束形成(DBF)技术和收发(T／R)组件组成进行详细的分析，利用数字技术对传统相控阵雷达设计方案中的模拟电路部分进行改进；在理论设计单元圆形微带贴片天线单元的基础上，利用微波仿真软件HFSS和OPTIMETRICS对四单元的圆形微带贴片天线阵进行设计与仿真；对相控阵雷达的幅相监测技术进行理论分析和讨论，选择最佳的幅相监测方案。本论文研究的重点是：针对传统相控阵雷达系统收发(T／R)组件中的移相和限幅功能均在射频段完成，大胆利用直接数字合成(DDS)芯片组成频率在2MHz左右的数字电路代替传统相控阵雷达在射频段进行移相和限幅的电路，从而组成全数字发射通道，使对相位和幅度的控制和调试更方便快捷，并设计具体的电路验证此方案的可行性。
Phased array radars have been identified as the 'next generation' radars for many applications and demonstrator systems have been produced over the last few years for naval, ground based, airborne and civil applications. Great changes have taken place in digital technique at the same time. In order to improve the conventional phased array radar performance, the author presents a new type of phased array radars scheme that adequately applies digital technology to phased array radar.
Full discussion is given in this paper according to the structure of conventional phased array radar. Key technologies are first introduced here such as the phased array antenna theory, DBF( digital beam forming) theory and the configuration of transmit and receive(T/R) modules. Then part of analog circuitry is optimized with the digital technology. Cell circular microstrip disk antenna successfully developed based on the theory of microstrip antenna, the four-celled circular microstrip disk antenna arrays are designed, simulated and analyzed with EDA tools-HFSS , OPT1METRICS. This paper goes on with analysis of the phased array radar calibration theory and compare of different schemes, then the best is adopted. 2 MHz digital circuit mainly composed of DDS(direct digital synthesis) chip, which carries out the shift of the phase and the limit of the amplitude, has been designed and debugged successfully. It is used to substitute for the conventional phased shift circuit and amplitude limiting circuit which work at the radio frequency, so the all-digital transmit channel of phased shift array radar is achieved.
本文以相控阵雷达组成为主轴，逐一对相控阵雷达关键技术中的天线阵原理、数字波束形成(DBF)技术和收发(T／R)组件组成进行详细的分析，利用数字技术对传统相控阵雷达设计方案中的模拟电路部分进行改进；在理论设计单元圆形微带贴片天线单元的基础上，利用微波仿真软件HFSS和OPTIMETRICS对四单元的圆形微带贴片天线阵进行设计与仿真；对相控阵雷达的幅相监测技术进行理论分析和讨论，选择最佳的幅相监测方案。本论文研究的重点是：针对传统相控阵雷达系统收发(T／R)组件中的移相和限幅功能均在射频段完成，大胆利用直接数字合成(DDS)芯片组成频率在2MHz左右的数字电路代替传统相控阵雷达在射频段进行移相和限幅的电路，从而组成全数字发射通道，使对相位和幅度的控制和调试更方便快捷，并设计具体的电路验证此方案的可行性。
Phased array radars have been identified as the 'next generation' radars for many applications and demonstrator systems have been produced over the last few years for naval, ground based, airborne and civil applications. Great changes have taken place in digital technique at the same time. In order to improve the conventional phased array radar performance, the author presents a new type of phased array radars scheme that adequately applies digital technology to phased array radar.
Full discussion is given in this paper according to the structure of conventional phased array radar. Key technologies are first introduced here such as the phased array antenna theory, DBF( digital beam forming) theory and the configuration of transmit and receive(T/R) modules. Then part of analog circuitry is optimized with the digital technology. Cell circular microstrip disk antenna successfully developed based on the theory of microstrip antenna, the four-celled circular microstrip disk antenna arrays are designed, simulated and analyzed with EDA tools-HFSS , OPT1METRICS. This paper goes on with analysis of the phased array radar calibration theory and compare of different schemes, then the best is adopted. 2 MHz digital circuit mainly composed of DDS(direct digital synthesis) chip, which carries out the shift of the phase and the limit of the amplitude, has been designed and debugged successfully. It is used to substitute for the conventional phased shift circuit and amplitude limiting circuit which work at the radio frequency, so the all-digital transmit channel of phased shift array radar is achieved.
引文
[1] Meurer, G., Canntrell B. and Stapleton R., "Digital array technology for radar applications," IEEE Radar conference 2000, Washionton D.C., USA.
[2] Szu H., Stapleton, R. and Willwerth F., "Digial radar commercial applications, " IEEE Radar Conference 2000, Washionton D.C., USA.
[3] Blass J. The multi-directional antenna: An New Approach to stacked Beams. P1RE conv ., Vol.8,pt.I,1963,623-632
[4] Allen J.L., Some Extensions of the Theory of Random Error Effects on Array Pattterns. In J.L.Allen et al. Phased Attay Radar Studies, Tech. Rept. No. 236,Laboratory, M.L.T., 1 July, 1960 to 1 July, 1961
[5] James K.Hsiao., Effect of errors on the sidelobe level of a low-sidelobe array antenna, ADA 101228
[6] G.A.Deschamps., "Microstrip microwave antennas", USAF Symp.on antenna, 1953
[7] E.V.Byron, "a new flush-mounted antenna element for phased array application" Proc, Phased-Array Antenna Symp. 1970
[8] Cheston.T.C,and Frank.J "Phased Array Radar Antennas."Chapter 7 in Skolnik.M, "Radar Handbook", 1990
[9] Adrian Garrod., Digital Modules for Phased Array Radar.Proceeding of IEEE international Radar conference. USA, 1995
[10] F.J. Tospann, Radar Countermeasure:Digital Receivers and DRFM as Modem Elements in Future And-Radar Jamming systems, Proceeding of international Radar Symposium IRS98,Munich, Sept. 1998
[11] R.E.Munson, "Single slot cavity antennas assembly",U.S. Patent No 3713162
[12] Dietmar matthes, The Digital Receiver-A Technology for Future Electronic warfare Systems.international Conference on radar System'99 France,May 1999
[13] Drabowitch S. and Ancona C. Antennas volume2 Applications.Washiogton: Hemisphere public corporation, 1988
[14] Wardrop B, Digital Beamforming in radar system-A Review. Military Microwaves, 1984, 319～323
[14] Wolfram B, Christian S, Brigitte H. Scenarios and System Architcctures Advantangeous for Optical Technologies in Phased Array Antennas. Optoelectronic Signal Processing for phased Array Antennas, 1990
[15] Billam ER. New techniques in phased array radar. 15th European Microwave conference proceedings, 1985
[16] Barton D K. Radar System Analysis. ARTECH HOUSE, 1985
[17] Chris Pell. Phased Arrav Radars. Famboraugh, UK. Microwave ExHiBitions and publication Limited, 1998
[18] S.A.Long, et.al., "Impedance of a Circular-Disc Printed Circuit Antenna", Electron.Lett, Vol.14, 1978
[19] A.G..Derneryd, "Analyisis of the Microstrip Disc Antenna Element", 1997
[20] S.Yano, A. Ishimaru, "A Theoretical Study of the Impedance of a Circular Microstrip Disk Antenna", IEEE. Trans Antennas Propagat, Jan 1981
[21] Y.T.LO, Et.al, "Study of Microstrip Antenna, Microstrip Phased Arrays, and Microstrip Feed Networks", ADA053005, Dec. 1977
[22] 邹理和．数字信号处理．北京：国防T业出版社，1985
[23] 刘克成等编著，《天线原理》，同防科技人学山版衬，1989
[24] 张光义编著， 《相控阵雷达系统》，国防工业山版社，1994
[25] 蔡庆宁等编著，《相控阵雷达数据处理及其仿真技术》，凼防I一业…版礼，
1997
[26](美)N．阿米特等编著，《相控阵天线理论与分析》，国防工业出版社，1978
[27]郭燕昌 等编著，《相控阵和频率扫描天线原理》，国防工业出版社，1978
[28](加)鲍尔，I．J．，(加)布哈蒂亚，P．著，《微带天线》，电子工业出版社，1984
[29]张钧 等编著，《微带天线理论与工程》，国防工业出版社，1988
[30]钟顺时 编著，《微带天线理论与应用》，西安电子科技大学出版社，1991
[31]哈林顿 编著，《正弦电磁场》，孟侃译，上海科学技术出版社，1964年
[32]清华大学《微带电路》编写组，《微带电路》，人民邮电出版社，1976年
[33]於洪标，等，数字T/R组件在相控阵雷达中的应用，第七届全国雷达年会论文集，南京，1999，11
[34]丁鹭飞，雷达原理，西北电讯工程学院出版社，1984
[35]顾墨琳．微波接收机低噪声前端．现代雷达，1979，1(2)：77～92
[36]曹志刚，钱亚生；现代通信原理，清华大学出版社，1993．4
[37]杨小牛、楼才义、徐建良，软件无线电原理与应用，电子工业出版社，2001．1
[38]张光义，微波技术在先进相控阵雷达中的应用，现代雷达1996
[39]殷连生，微波大系统相移精确的交叉换位法．电子学报，1987
[40]华海根等，相控阵接收多波束的数字形成方法及计算机模拟试验．电子学报，1982
[2] Szu H., Stapleton, R. and Willwerth F., "Digial radar commercial applications, " IEEE Radar Conference 2000, Washionton D.C., USA.
[3] Blass J. The multi-directional antenna: An New Approach to stacked Beams. P1RE conv ., Vol.8,pt.I,1963,623-632
[4] Allen J.L., Some Extensions of the Theory of Random Error Effects on Array Pattterns. In J.L.Allen et al. Phased Attay Radar Studies, Tech. Rept. No. 236,Laboratory, M.L.T., 1 July, 1960 to 1 July, 1961
[5] James K.Hsiao., Effect of errors on the sidelobe level of a low-sidelobe array antenna, ADA 101228
[6] G.A.Deschamps., "Microstrip microwave antennas", USAF Symp.on antenna, 1953
[7] E.V.Byron, "a new flush-mounted antenna element for phased array application" Proc, Phased-Array Antenna Symp. 1970
[8] Cheston.T.C,and Frank.J "Phased Array Radar Antennas."Chapter 7 in Skolnik.M, "Radar Handbook", 1990
[9] Adrian Garrod., Digital Modules for Phased Array Radar.Proceeding of IEEE international Radar conference. USA, 1995
[10] F.J. Tospann, Radar Countermeasure:Digital Receivers and DRFM as Modem Elements in Future And-Radar Jamming systems, Proceeding of international Radar Symposium IRS98,Munich, Sept. 1998
[11] R.E.Munson, "Single slot cavity antennas assembly",U.S. Patent No 3713162
[12] Dietmar matthes, The Digital Receiver-A Technology for Future Electronic warfare Systems.international Conference on radar System'99 France,May 1999
[13] Drabowitch S. and Ancona C. Antennas volume2 Applications.Washiogton: Hemisphere public corporation, 1988
[14] Wardrop B, Digital Beamforming in radar system-A Review. Military Microwaves, 1984, 319～323
[14] Wolfram B, Christian S, Brigitte H. Scenarios and System Architcctures Advantangeous for Optical Technologies in Phased Array Antennas. Optoelectronic Signal Processing for phased Array Antennas, 1990
[15] Billam ER. New techniques in phased array radar. 15th European Microwave conference proceedings, 1985
[16] Barton D K. Radar System Analysis. ARTECH HOUSE, 1985
[17] Chris Pell. Phased Arrav Radars. Famboraugh, UK. Microwave ExHiBitions and publication Limited, 1998
[18] S.A.Long, et.al., "Impedance of a Circular-Disc Printed Circuit Antenna", Electron.Lett, Vol.14, 1978
[19] A.G..Derneryd, "Analyisis of the Microstrip Disc Antenna Element", 1997
[20] S.Yano, A. Ishimaru, "A Theoretical Study of the Impedance of a Circular Microstrip Disk Antenna", IEEE. Trans Antennas Propagat, Jan 1981
[21] Y.T.LO, Et.al, "Study of Microstrip Antenna, Microstrip Phased Arrays, and Microstrip Feed Networks", ADA053005, Dec. 1977
[22] 邹理和．数字信号处理．北京：国防T业出版社，1985
[23] 刘克成等编著，《天线原理》，同防科技人学山版衬，1989
[24] 张光义编著， 《相控阵雷达系统》，国防工业山版社，1994
[25] 蔡庆宁等编著，《相控阵雷达数据处理及其仿真技术》，凼防I一业…版礼，
1997
[26](美)N．阿米特等编著，《相控阵天线理论与分析》，国防工业出版社，1978
[27]郭燕昌 等编著，《相控阵和频率扫描天线原理》，国防工业出版社，1978
[28](加)鲍尔，I．J．，(加)布哈蒂亚，P．著，《微带天线》，电子工业出版社，1984
[29]张钧 等编著，《微带天线理论与工程》，国防工业出版社，1988
[30]钟顺时 编著，《微带天线理论与应用》，西安电子科技大学出版社，1991
[31]哈林顿 编著，《正弦电磁场》，孟侃译，上海科学技术出版社，1964年
[32]清华大学《微带电路》编写组，《微带电路》，人民邮电出版社，1976年
[33]於洪标，等，数字T/R组件在相控阵雷达中的应用，第七届全国雷达年会论文集，南京，1999，11
[34]丁鹭飞，雷达原理，西北电讯工程学院出版社，1984
[35]顾墨琳．微波接收机低噪声前端．现代雷达，1979，1(2)：77～92
[36]曹志刚，钱亚生；现代通信原理，清华大学出版社，1993．4
[37]杨小牛、楼才义、徐建良，软件无线电原理与应用，电子工业出版社，2001．1
[38]张光义，微波技术在先进相控阵雷达中的应用，现代雷达1996
[39]殷连生，微波大系统相移精确的交叉换位法．电子学报，1987
[40]华海根等，相控阵接收多波束的数字形成方法及计算机模拟试验．电子学报，1982