几种改良材料对镉铅锌污染土壤上小白菜生长及元素吸收的影响
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摘要
采用盆栽试验研究了在镉、铅、锌污染的土壤上，几种改良材料对春秋两季小白菜的生长以及对元素吸收的影响。
第一季秋小白菜的盆栽试验，我们研究了石灰、钙镁磷肥、泥炭、硅肥对小白菜生长和元素吸收的影响。结果表明石灰和钙镁磷肥显著缓解重金属的毒害，改善了小白菜的生长；泥炭和硅肥对小白菜的生长略有改善。石灰和钙镁磷肥显著抑制小白菜对镉、铅、锌的吸收，对氮、钾、铜、锰的吸收也有显著抑制作用。泥炭和硅肥对镉、铅、锌的吸收的抑制效果较差。小白菜对镉、铅、锌的吸收均与土壤pH值呈显著负相关。
在第一季盆栽实验的基础上，设五个水平的石灰以保证使土壤中性化，再配施泥炭，研究有机—中性化作用对小白菜生长和元素吸收的影响。石灰(L)、石灰加低量泥炭(LP_1)、石灰加高量泥炭处理(LP_2)显著缓解重金属的毒害，显著改善了小白菜的生长状况，其中对茎叶鲜重的提高作用尤为显著，是对照的3～6倍。茎叶鲜重总体上看LP_1＞LP_2＞L。L、LP_1、LP_2处理显著抑制小白菜对镉、铅、锌的吸收，对小白菜铁、钾、铜、锰的吸收也有显著抑制作用。L_3～L_5，L_2P_1～L_5P_1处理可使Zn,Pb符合蔬菜卫生标准，L_2P_2～L_5P_2处理可使Zn符合蔬菜卫生标准，L_3P_2～L_5P_2可使Pb符合蔬菜卫生标准。Zn,Cd,Pb在土壤中的有效态含量(pH7.3的DTPA—CaCl_2—TEA提取) 与土壤pH呈极显著的负相关。Cd,Pb在小白菜茎叶的含量与土壤有效Cd,Pb也显著相关。而Zn,Cd,Pb在小白菜茎叶的含量与土壤pH呈极显著的二项式相关，茎叶Zn,Cd,Pb的含量先是随pH的升高而下降，而当pH升到6.7左右以后，茎叫Zn,Cd,Pb的含量又有回升。
上述结果表明，添加石灰、钙镁磷肥、泥炭等改良材料，可以在一定程度上抑制作物对土壤镉、铅、锌的吸收。但对于镉污染严重的土壤而言，这些改良材料还不能使小白菜的镉含量降低到食品卫生标准。
Pot experiments were conducted on a Cd-Pb-Zn polluted soil with two seasons of Brassica chinensis to investigate the rehabilitative effects of some modifiers. The effects of lime, peat, calcium magnesium phosphate and Si fertilizer were studied in the first pot experiment. Calcium magnesium phosphate and lime significantly stimulated the growth of the vegetable and depressed the uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn. The poisonous symptom of the heavy metals was eliminated. The absorption of Cu, N, P and Mn was also inhibited. In comparison with lime and calcium magnesium phosphate, peat and Si fertilizer showed much weaker effect on stimulating the growth and inhibiting the uptake of the heavy metals. The enrichment coefficient order was: Cd>Zn>Cu>>Pb. The uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn by Brassica chinensis was significantly correlated with soil pH.
Five levels of lime (L|-Ls)and two levels of peat (P|, P2) were applied to investigate the effect of organo-neutralization on the growth and element uptake of Brassica chinensis in the second pot experiment., Lime (L), lime and low level of peat( LP|), lime and high level of peat (LP2) all significantly alleviated the poisonous symptom of heavy metals and improved the growth of Brassica chinensis. Fresh weight of stem and leaf is 3-6 times as heavier as that of the control. Overall, the fresh weigh of stem and leaf is in the order of LP| > LP2 > L .The enrichment coefficients of Cd,Zn,Pb in Brassica chinensis were so great that their concentrations were far above the guide value of vegetable (Zn 20mg/kg, Cd 0.05mg/kg , Pb 1 .Omg/kg). The results showed that treatment L, LP1, LP2 significantly inhibited the uptake of Cd, Zn, Pb, Fe, K, Cu, Mn . Treatment L3~L5, L2P1~L5P1 could make the contents of Zn, Pb in Brassica chinensis accord with the guide value, Treatment L2P2桳5P2 could make the content of Zn accord
with the guide value, Treatment L3P2~L5P2 could make the content of Pb accord with the guide value.
The available heavy metals of Cd, Zn,Pb in soil were significantly negatively correlated with soil pH .The contents of Cd, Pb,Zn in Brassica chinensis also significantly correlated with their available contents in soil. Significant binomial correlation existed between the contents of Cd,Pb,Zn in Brassica chinensis and the soil pH.
The above results showed that lime, calcium magnesium phosphate with organic materials can effectively improve the growth of vegetable and inhibit the uptake of heavy metals on Cd-Pb-Zn polluted soil to a great extent. However, the organo-neutralization was not effective enough to depress the Cd uptake for a soil seriously polluted with Cd.
第一季秋小白菜的盆栽试验，我们研究了石灰、钙镁磷肥、泥炭、硅肥对小白菜生长和元素吸收的影响。结果表明石灰和钙镁磷肥显著缓解重金属的毒害，改善了小白菜的生长；泥炭和硅肥对小白菜的生长略有改善。石灰和钙镁磷肥显著抑制小白菜对镉、铅、锌的吸收，对氮、钾、铜、锰的吸收也有显著抑制作用。泥炭和硅肥对镉、铅、锌的吸收的抑制效果较差。小白菜对镉、铅、锌的吸收均与土壤pH值呈显著负相关。
在第一季盆栽实验的基础上，设五个水平的石灰以保证使土壤中性化，再配施泥炭，研究有机—中性化作用对小白菜生长和元素吸收的影响。石灰(L)、石灰加低量泥炭(LP_1)、石灰加高量泥炭处理(LP_2)显著缓解重金属的毒害，显著改善了小白菜的生长状况，其中对茎叶鲜重的提高作用尤为显著，是对照的3～6倍。茎叶鲜重总体上看LP_1＞LP_2＞L。L、LP_1、LP_2处理显著抑制小白菜对镉、铅、锌的吸收，对小白菜铁、钾、铜、锰的吸收也有显著抑制作用。L_3～L_5，L_2P_1～L_5P_1处理可使Zn,Pb符合蔬菜卫生标准，L_2P_2～L_5P_2处理可使Zn符合蔬菜卫生标准，L_3P_2～L_5P_2可使Pb符合蔬菜卫生标准。Zn,Cd,Pb在土壤中的有效态含量(pH7.3的DTPA—CaCl_2—TEA提取) 与土壤pH呈极显著的负相关。Cd,Pb在小白菜茎叶的含量与土壤有效Cd,Pb也显著相关。而Zn,Cd,Pb在小白菜茎叶的含量与土壤pH呈极显著的二项式相关，茎叶Zn,Cd,Pb的含量先是随pH的升高而下降，而当pH升到6.7左右以后，茎叫Zn,Cd,Pb的含量又有回升。
上述结果表明，添加石灰、钙镁磷肥、泥炭等改良材料，可以在一定程度上抑制作物对土壤镉、铅、锌的吸收。但对于镉污染严重的土壤而言，这些改良材料还不能使小白菜的镉含量降低到食品卫生标准。
Pot experiments were conducted on a Cd-Pb-Zn polluted soil with two seasons of Brassica chinensis to investigate the rehabilitative effects of some modifiers. The effects of lime, peat, calcium magnesium phosphate and Si fertilizer were studied in the first pot experiment. Calcium magnesium phosphate and lime significantly stimulated the growth of the vegetable and depressed the uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn. The poisonous symptom of the heavy metals was eliminated. The absorption of Cu, N, P and Mn was also inhibited. In comparison with lime and calcium magnesium phosphate, peat and Si fertilizer showed much weaker effect on stimulating the growth and inhibiting the uptake of the heavy metals. The enrichment coefficient order was: Cd>Zn>Cu>>Pb. The uptake of Cd, Pb and Zn by Brassica chinensis was significantly correlated with soil pH.
Five levels of lime (L|-Ls)and two levels of peat (P|, P2) were applied to investigate the effect of organo-neutralization on the growth and element uptake of Brassica chinensis in the second pot experiment., Lime (L), lime and low level of peat( LP|), lime and high level of peat (LP2) all significantly alleviated the poisonous symptom of heavy metals and improved the growth of Brassica chinensis. Fresh weight of stem and leaf is 3-6 times as heavier as that of the control. Overall, the fresh weigh of stem and leaf is in the order of LP| > LP2 > L .The enrichment coefficients of Cd,Zn,Pb in Brassica chinensis were so great that their concentrations were far above the guide value of vegetable (Zn 20mg/kg, Cd 0.05mg/kg , Pb 1 .Omg/kg). The results showed that treatment L, LP1, LP2 significantly inhibited the uptake of Cd, Zn, Pb, Fe, K, Cu, Mn . Treatment L3~L5, L2P1~L5P1 could make the contents of Zn, Pb in Brassica chinensis accord with the guide value, Treatment L2P2桳5P2 could make the content of Zn accord
with the guide value, Treatment L3P2~L5P2 could make the content of Pb accord with the guide value.
The available heavy metals of Cd, Zn,Pb in soil were significantly negatively correlated with soil pH .The contents of Cd, Pb,Zn in Brassica chinensis also significantly correlated with their available contents in soil. Significant binomial correlation existed between the contents of Cd,Pb,Zn in Brassica chinensis and the soil pH.
The above results showed that lime, calcium magnesium phosphate with organic materials can effectively improve the growth of vegetable and inhibit the uptake of heavy metals on Cd-Pb-Zn polluted soil to a great extent. However, the organo-neutralization was not effective enough to depress the Cd uptake for a soil seriously polluted with Cd.
引文
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71 Mench, M. J.; Didier, V. L.; Loffier, M., et al., 1994. A mimicked in-situ remediation study of metal-contaminated soils with emphasis on cadmium and lead. Environmental Quality, 23(1):58-63
72 屠乃美，郑华，邹永霞等，不同改良剂对铅镉污染稻田的改良效应研究．农业环境保护，2000，19(6)：324-326
73 Tsao, G. T.; Zheng, Y.; Lu, J. et al., 1997. Adsorption of heavy metal ions by immobilized phytic acid. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 63:731-741.
74 宋菲，郭玉文，刘孝义等．镉、锌、铅复合污染对菠菜的影响．农业环境保护，1996，15(1)：9-14
75 全国农业技术推广服务中心编著．中国有机肥料资源．北京：中国农业出版社，1996
76 傅显华，吴启堂．不同物料对叶菜吸收镉铅的影响．农业环境保护，1995，14(4)：145-149
77 Rogoz A., 1996.The content and uptake of some micronutrients and heavy metals in sunflowers and maize depending on the dose of lime. Zeszyty Problemowe Nauk Rolniczych, 434(1): 213-218.
78 Oliver D P, Tiller K G, Alston A M, et al, 1998. Effects of soil pH and applied cadmium concentration in wheat grain. Australian Journal of SoilResearch, 36(4):571-583
79 Thomas H C, 1984. Cadmium soil sorption at low concentrations: Ⅰ. Effect of time, Cadminm load, pH, and Calcium. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, (21): 105-114
80 汪洪，周卫，林葆．钙对镉胁迫下玉米生长及生理特性的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2001，7(1)：78-87
81 Mench M, et al. A study of additives to reduce availability of Pb in soil to plants. In: Remediation of soils contaminated with metals (Eds:I K Iskandar and D C Adriano), 1997, Science Reviews, Northwood
82 Boisson J., Ruttens A., Mench M. and J. Vangronsveld. 1999. Evaluation of hydroxyapatite as a metal immobilizing soil additive for the remediation of polluted soils. Part 1. Influence of hydroxyappitate on metal exchangeability in soil, plant growth and plant metal accumulation. Environmental Pollution, 104(2):225-233.
83 Chen X. B., Wright J. V., Conca J. L. and L. M. Peurrung, 1997. Evaluation of heavy metal emediation using mineral apatite. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 98(1-2):57-78.
84 Gavi F., Basta N. T. and W. R. Raun, 1997. Wheat grain cadmium as affected by long-term fertilization and soil acidity. Journal of Environmental Quality, 26(1):265-271.
85 Macpherson S. A. and M. H. Martin, 1994. Effects of phosphate additions to soil on lead and phosphate concentrations of Holcus lanatus grown on lead amended soil. Chemosphere, 29(12):2571-2581.
86 Richards I. R., Clayton C. J. and A. J. K Reeve, 1998. Effects of long-term fertilizer phosphorous application on soil and crop phosphorus and cadmium contents. Journal of Agricultural Science, 131 (2):187-195.
87 曹仁林，霍文瑞，何宗兰等．不同改良剂抑制水稻吸收镉的研究—在酸性土壤上．农业环境保护，1992，11(5)：195-198
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37 霍文瑞，曹仁林，何宗兰等．不同改良剂抑制水稻吸收镉的研究—在石灰性土壤上，农业环境保护，1989，6(6)：38-40，9
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39 曹仁林，霍文瑞，何宗兰等．钙镁磷肥对土壤中镉形态转化与水稻吸镉的影响[A]．见：迈向21世纪的土壤科学．中国土壤学会第九次全同会员代表人会天津市卷[C]，1999，231-234
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44 Basta, N. T, Pantone, D. J., Tabatabai, M. A., 1993. Path analysis of heavy metal adsorption by soil. Agronomy, 85(5): 1054-1057
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48 Cieslinki, G., Neilsen, G. H., Hogue, E. J., 1996. Effect of Soil Cadmium application and pH on growth and Cadmium accumulation in roots, leaves and fruit of strawberry plants (Fragaria Xananassa Duch.).Plant and Soil, 180:267—276
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50 陈世宝，华珞，白玲玉等．有机质在土壤重金属污染治理中的应用．农业环境与发展，1997，14(3)：26-29
51 华珞，陈世宝，白玲玉等．有机肥对镉锌污染土壤的改良效应．农业环境保护，1998，17(2)：55-59，62
52 曹利军，王华东．十壤作物系统镉污染及八防治研究．玎；境污染，孑防治，1996，18(5)：8-1l
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56 王果，谷勋刚，高树芳等．三种有机肥水溶性分解产物对铜、镉吸附的影响．土壤学报，1999，36(2)：179-187
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59 Puchstein, R.; Gerke, H. J.; Meier, G.,1990. Reclamation of a soil contaminated with cadmium. Deutscher Gartenbau, 1990, 44(21):580-585
60 鲁如坤，时正元，熊礼明，我国磷矿磷肥中镉的含量及其对生态环境影响的评价．土壤学报，1992，29(2)：150-157
61 杨志敏，郑绍健，胡霭堂．不同磷水平和介质pH对玉米和小麦镉积累的影响．南京农业大学学报，1999，22(1)：46-50
62 杨志敏，郑绍健，胡霭堂等．镉磷在小麦细胞内的积累和分布特性及其交互作用．南京农业大学学报，1998，21(2)：54-58
63 Panwar, B. S.; Singh, J. P.; Laura, R. D.,1999. Cadmium uptake by cowpea and mungbean as affected by Cd and P application. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 112:163-169
64 Macpherson, S. A.; Martin, M. H., 1994. Effects of phosphate additions to soil on lead and phosphate concentrations of Holcus lanatus grown on lead amended soil. Chemosphere, 29(12):2571-2581
65 Kaushik, R. D.; Gupta, V. K.; Singh, J. P., 1993. Distribution of zinc, cadmium, and copper forms in soils as influenced by phosphorus application. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation, 7(2):163-171
66 Gworek, B., 1992. Inactivation of cadmium in contaminated soils using synthetic zeolites. Environmental Pollution, 75(3):269-271
67 Gworek, B., 1992. Use of synthetic zeolites of 3A and 5A type for lead immobilization in anthropogenic soils. Polish Journal of Soil Science, 25(1):35-39
68 Gworek, B., 1992. Lead inactivation in soils by zeolites. Plant and Soil, 143(1): 71-74
69 Baidina, N. L., 1991. The use of zeolites as heavy metal absorbents in technogenically contaminated soils. Izvestiya Sibirskogo Otdeleniya Akademii Nauk SSSR, 6:32-38
70 Vangronsveld, J.; Van Assche, F.; Clijsters, H., et al., 1995. Reclamation of a bare industrial area contaminated by non-ferrous metals:in situ metal immobilization and revegetation. Environmental Pollution, 87(1):51-59
71 Mench, M. J.; Didier, V. L.; Loffier, M., et al., 1994. A mimicked in-situ remediation study of metal-contaminated soils with emphasis on cadmium and lead. Environmental Quality, 23(1):58-63
72 屠乃美，郑华，邹永霞等，不同改良剂对铅镉污染稻田的改良效应研究．农业环境保护，2000，19(6)：324-326
73 Tsao, G. T.; Zheng, Y.; Lu, J. et al., 1997. Adsorption of heavy metal ions by immobilized phytic acid. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 63:731-741.
74 宋菲，郭玉文，刘孝义等．镉、锌、铅复合污染对菠菜的影响．农业环境保护，1996，15(1)：9-14
75 全国农业技术推广服务中心编著．中国有机肥料资源．北京：中国农业出版社，1996
76 傅显华，吴启堂．不同物料对叶菜吸收镉铅的影响．农业环境保护，1995，14(4)：145-149
77 Rogoz A., 1996.The content and uptake of some micronutrients and heavy metals in sunflowers and maize depending on the dose of lime. Zeszyty Problemowe Nauk Rolniczych, 434(1): 213-218.
78 Oliver D P, Tiller K G, Alston A M, et al, 1998. Effects of soil pH and applied cadmium concentration in wheat grain. Australian Journal of SoilResearch, 36(4):571-583
79 Thomas H C, 1984. Cadmium soil sorption at low concentrations: Ⅰ. Effect of time, Cadminm load, pH, and Calcium. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, (21): 105-114
80 汪洪，周卫，林葆．钙对镉胁迫下玉米生长及生理特性的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2001，7(1)：78-87
81 Mench M, et al. A study of additives to reduce availability of Pb in soil to plants. In: Remediation of soils contaminated with metals (Eds:I K Iskandar and D C Adriano), 1997, Science Reviews, Northwood
82 Boisson J., Ruttens A., Mench M. and J. Vangronsveld. 1999. Evaluation of hydroxyapatite as a metal immobilizing soil additive for the remediation of polluted soils. Part 1. Influence of hydroxyappitate on metal exchangeability in soil, plant growth and plant metal accumulation. Environmental Pollution, 104(2):225-233.
83 Chen X. B., Wright J. V., Conca J. L. and L. M. Peurrung, 1997. Evaluation of heavy metal emediation using mineral apatite. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 98(1-2):57-78.
84 Gavi F., Basta N. T. and W. R. Raun, 1997. Wheat grain cadmium as affected by long-term fertilization and soil acidity. Journal of Environmental Quality, 26(1):265-271.
85 Macpherson S. A. and M. H. Martin, 1994. Effects of phosphate additions to soil on lead and phosphate concentrations of Holcus lanatus grown on lead amended soil. Chemosphere, 29(12):2571-2581.
86 Richards I. R., Clayton C. J. and A. J. K Reeve, 1998. Effects of long-term fertilizer phosphorous application on soil and crop phosphorus and cadmium contents. Journal of Agricultural Science, 131 (2):187-195.
87 曹仁林，霍文瑞，何宗兰等．不同改良剂抑制水稻吸收镉的研究—在酸性土壤上．农业环境保护，1992，11(5)：195-198