国际直接投资的发展与中国不同地区的引资战略
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摘要
国际直接投资的发展及其影响是战后西方学者最为活跃的研究领域之一,而随着外商直接投资大量涌入中国,外商直接投资的发展及其对中国经济的影响也成为国内学者研究的重要领域。尽管研究者众多,但专门探讨国际直接投资发展的时空特点特别是从时空结合角度对国际直接投资发展进行研究的文献并不多见,同样,对外商对华直接投资空间分布差异的研究很多,但就中国不同地区如何根据开放型经济发展阶段采取差异性引资战略的研究文献也不多见。当前正值中国开放型经济迈入一个新的发展阶段,如何通过引进利用外资提升中国经济可持续发展水平令人关注,在进一步研究国际直接投资发展规律的基础上探讨现阶段中国不同地区的引资战略意义重大。本文结合国际直接投资理论、时空理论、区位理论和经济发展阶段等理论,综合运用多种研究方法,侧重从时间和空间两个纬度及其结合的视角上,深入系统地探讨国际直接投资发展的内在规律,并在此基础上对中国现阶段不同地区的引资战略进行研究。
本文研究发现,全球国际直接投资的发展在时间特性上表现出长期的增长趋势与短期的波动性,是长期增长与短期波动的统一,经济全球化的发展特别是世界各国的技术进步、制度变迁、政策调整与国际竞争加剧等是导致国际直接投资长期一般向上增长趋势的主要因素,而全球经济增长的周期性变化以及跨国公司的国际并购等是造成近些年国际直接投资呈现短期波动的重要因素。国际直接投资的空间分布格局受到国际环境、投资企业的垄断优势和东道国区位优势等多种因素的综合影响,也受到国际直接投资的不同类型和不同动机及其变动的影响。此外,近些年主要国家的对外直接投资表现出相对稳定的地区偏好,国际直接投资还表现出极强的空间集聚特点。国际直接投资的发展具有一定的时空统一性质,其某一具体空间分布结构与某一具体时间相对应,随着时间的推移,国际直接投资的空间分布结构发生着动态变化,而地理空间分布变化的背后体现出国际直接投资寻求经济空间或利益空间的实质。
在进一步的研究中,本文指出,近30年来外商对华直接投资的发展也呈现出明显的阶段性与增长趋势,外商投资的投资方式、投资来源、投资产业以及外资本身质量等方面都发生着程度不同的变化。同全球国际直接投资空间分布严重不平衡相同,绝对差异分析和相对差异分析都表明外商对华直接投资也存在着严重的空间分布差异。中国的区域导向性开放政策、不同地区的市场化与对外开放程度、市场规模和现有外资规模以及基础设施等方面的差异是造成中国不同地区引资不平衡的主要原因。就对整体经济而言,外商直接投资对中国的资本形成、技术进步、出口规模的扩大、产业结构和出口商品结构的改善都产生了重要的推动作用,但某种程度上也造成了市场垄断、区域经济发展差距拉大、抑制国内投资、国民利益流失等负面影响。
而具体到引资问题,本文认为,现阶段中国引资战略的选择在很大程度上也是一个时间和空间的结合问题,即中国不同地区应该根据本地区开放型经济发展阶段的不同采取差别化的引资战略。作为一个经济相对落后的发展中大国,要实现开放型经济的可持续发展,中国需要经历规模扩张、结构提升和要素优化等三个相互衔接的发展阶段,不同的阶段表现出鲜明的阶段性特征。而作为一个在人口上和地理上的发展中大国,现阶段中国不同地区的开放程度和发展水平存在着极大的差异,东部地区已经基本上实现了经济规模的扩张,正处在由规模扩张阶段向结构提升阶段的转变时期,而中西部地区则仍处于开放型经济发展的规模扩张阶段,经济进一步发展面临的约束主要不是由规模过度扩张导致的资源、市场和收益等诸多方面的约束,而主要是因投资缺乏而导致的资源未得到充分开发和本地要素未得到有效利用。为此,现阶段中国东部地区的引资战略应从服务于本地区结构优化升级的需要出发,改变粗放式的引资方式,将引资的重点从注重引资数量转移到努力提高外资的质量和效益,转移到通过引进利用外资大力提升本地区的产业结构上来。中西部地区则仍然应该把吸引外资、提高本地开放水平作为今后一段时期的战略主线,充分利用东部地区引资战略的调整和众多产业特别是劳动密集型产业转移的时机,加快引资步伐、加大引资力度、增强资本吸收能力,采取多种方式大力吸收国外资本以及东部地区释放出来的大量外资和内资,促进本地区的经济发展。
The development of foreign direct investment and its effects are one of the most active study fields for western scholars after the Second World War, and with the enlarging scale of FDI inflows, the development of FDI and its effects on Chinese economy have also been importer study fields for domestic scholars. Study documents concerning FDI are numerous, but documents studying the time characters and space characters of FDI development, especially from the angle of the unity of time and space are rare. Also, documents concerning the space distribution difference of Chinese FDI are numerous, but documents studying Chinese different regions’different strategies of absorbing FDI according to their development stages of open economy are rare. Now, at the new stage of Chinese open economy, how to improve the sustainable development level of Chinese economy by absorbing and using FDI is a subject worthy of attention,and it is very important to study Chinese different regions’strategy of absorbing FDI on the basis of the further study on the development law of FDI.
Combining FDI theory, time and space theory, location theory, economy development stage theory and using multiple study methods, this thesis concentrating FDI development law studies from the angle of the time and space, especially from the unity of time and space, and Chinese different regions’strategy of absorbing FDI at present.
This thesis believes that global FDI development shows long-time growth trend and short-time fluctuation character, and it is the unity of long-time growth and short-time fluctuation. Economic globalization, especially technological progress, system change, policy adjustment and international competition in the world are the major factors that cause the long-time growth trend of FDI. The cyclical changes of global economy and international merger and Acquisition of TNCs are important factors that cause the short-time fluctuation of FDI. The space distribution of FDI is influenced by the changes of international circumstances, the competitive advantages of investment enterprises and the location advantages of host countries, and also influenced by different types and different intentions of FDI. Furthermore, in recent years, the outflow investment of major countries shows relatively stable regions preference, and FDI also shows the character of space agglomeration. The development of FDI has the character of the unity of time and space. One of specific space distribution structure of FDI correspondences one specific time, and as time goes, the space distribution structure changes dynamically. The essence of the changes of FDI geographical space distribution is its pursuit of economic space or profit space.
By further study, this thesis points out that the development of FDI entering China in recent thirty years also shows obvious stage character and growth trend, and the investment way, the source, the investment industry and itself quality of FDI show degree changes. Just as serious imbalance of the space distribution of global FDI, both absolute difference analysis and relative difference analysis show that the difference degree of the space distribution of FDI entering China is very serious. Chinese area-oriented open policy, the difference of market development, opening degree, market scale, available scale of FDI and infrastructure of different regions are major causes that bring about the imbalance distribution of FDI in Chinese different regions. For whole economy, FDI promotes Chinese capital formation, technology progress, export enlargement, structure improvement of industry and export goods, but at some degree, it also causes market monopoly, gap expansion of regions development, restrain of domestic capital and loss of state profit.
With regard to Chinese strategy of absorbing FDI, this thesis considers that it is also a problem of the unity of time and space, namely, Chinese different regions should adopt different strategies of absorbing FDI according to their specific development stages of open economy. As a relative backward country, in order to achieve the sustainable development, China needs to go through three tandem stages, namely, scale expansion and structure lifting and factor optimization. Every stage shows distinct stage character. Likewise, as a geographical large country and a populous large country, the development level and opening degree of Chinese different regions presents very large difference. East regions have basically accomplished the stage of scale expansion, and began to change to the stage of structure lifting, but mid and west regions are still in the stage of scale expansion, and the constraints of its further development they faced with are not resource constraints and market constraints and profit constraints caused by excessive scale expansion, but local resources and factors have not been adequately exploited because of shortage of capital. Consequently, Chinese east regions’strategy of absorbing FDI should be adjusted according to the need of structure lifting. The large-scale pattern should be given up, and the emphasis of absorbing FDI should be adjusted to improve the quality and the benefit of FDI and to advance local industry structure. According to Chinese mid and west regions, absorbing FDI and improving local opening level are still their major strategy currently and in the future. Mid and west regions should make full use of the opportunities of east regions’strategy adjustment for absorbing FDI and the transfer of many industries, especially labor-intensive industries, and accelerate the step of absorbing capital, enlarge the degree of introducing capital, strengthen absorbing capacity, take many ways to absorb FDI and domestic capitals discharged from east regions to advance local economic development.
本文研究发现,全球国际直接投资的发展在时间特性上表现出长期的增长趋势与短期的波动性,是长期增长与短期波动的统一,经济全球化的发展特别是世界各国的技术进步、制度变迁、政策调整与国际竞争加剧等是导致国际直接投资长期一般向上增长趋势的主要因素,而全球经济增长的周期性变化以及跨国公司的国际并购等是造成近些年国际直接投资呈现短期波动的重要因素。国际直接投资的空间分布格局受到国际环境、投资企业的垄断优势和东道国区位优势等多种因素的综合影响,也受到国际直接投资的不同类型和不同动机及其变动的影响。此外,近些年主要国家的对外直接投资表现出相对稳定的地区偏好,国际直接投资还表现出极强的空间集聚特点。国际直接投资的发展具有一定的时空统一性质,其某一具体空间分布结构与某一具体时间相对应,随着时间的推移,国际直接投资的空间分布结构发生着动态变化,而地理空间分布变化的背后体现出国际直接投资寻求经济空间或利益空间的实质。
在进一步的研究中,本文指出,近30年来外商对华直接投资的发展也呈现出明显的阶段性与增长趋势,外商投资的投资方式、投资来源、投资产业以及外资本身质量等方面都发生着程度不同的变化。同全球国际直接投资空间分布严重不平衡相同,绝对差异分析和相对差异分析都表明外商对华直接投资也存在着严重的空间分布差异。中国的区域导向性开放政策、不同地区的市场化与对外开放程度、市场规模和现有外资规模以及基础设施等方面的差异是造成中国不同地区引资不平衡的主要原因。就对整体经济而言,外商直接投资对中国的资本形成、技术进步、出口规模的扩大、产业结构和出口商品结构的改善都产生了重要的推动作用,但某种程度上也造成了市场垄断、区域经济发展差距拉大、抑制国内投资、国民利益流失等负面影响。
而具体到引资问题,本文认为,现阶段中国引资战略的选择在很大程度上也是一个时间和空间的结合问题,即中国不同地区应该根据本地区开放型经济发展阶段的不同采取差别化的引资战略。作为一个经济相对落后的发展中大国,要实现开放型经济的可持续发展,中国需要经历规模扩张、结构提升和要素优化等三个相互衔接的发展阶段,不同的阶段表现出鲜明的阶段性特征。而作为一个在人口上和地理上的发展中大国,现阶段中国不同地区的开放程度和发展水平存在着极大的差异,东部地区已经基本上实现了经济规模的扩张,正处在由规模扩张阶段向结构提升阶段的转变时期,而中西部地区则仍处于开放型经济发展的规模扩张阶段,经济进一步发展面临的约束主要不是由规模过度扩张导致的资源、市场和收益等诸多方面的约束,而主要是因投资缺乏而导致的资源未得到充分开发和本地要素未得到有效利用。为此,现阶段中国东部地区的引资战略应从服务于本地区结构优化升级的需要出发,改变粗放式的引资方式,将引资的重点从注重引资数量转移到努力提高外资的质量和效益,转移到通过引进利用外资大力提升本地区的产业结构上来。中西部地区则仍然应该把吸引外资、提高本地开放水平作为今后一段时期的战略主线,充分利用东部地区引资战略的调整和众多产业特别是劳动密集型产业转移的时机,加快引资步伐、加大引资力度、增强资本吸收能力,采取多种方式大力吸收国外资本以及东部地区释放出来的大量外资和内资,促进本地区的经济发展。
The development of foreign direct investment and its effects are one of the most active study fields for western scholars after the Second World War, and with the enlarging scale of FDI inflows, the development of FDI and its effects on Chinese economy have also been importer study fields for domestic scholars. Study documents concerning FDI are numerous, but documents studying the time characters and space characters of FDI development, especially from the angle of the unity of time and space are rare. Also, documents concerning the space distribution difference of Chinese FDI are numerous, but documents studying Chinese different regions’different strategies of absorbing FDI according to their development stages of open economy are rare. Now, at the new stage of Chinese open economy, how to improve the sustainable development level of Chinese economy by absorbing and using FDI is a subject worthy of attention,and it is very important to study Chinese different regions’strategy of absorbing FDI on the basis of the further study on the development law of FDI.
Combining FDI theory, time and space theory, location theory, economy development stage theory and using multiple study methods, this thesis concentrating FDI development law studies from the angle of the time and space, especially from the unity of time and space, and Chinese different regions’strategy of absorbing FDI at present.
This thesis believes that global FDI development shows long-time growth trend and short-time fluctuation character, and it is the unity of long-time growth and short-time fluctuation. Economic globalization, especially technological progress, system change, policy adjustment and international competition in the world are the major factors that cause the long-time growth trend of FDI. The cyclical changes of global economy and international merger and Acquisition of TNCs are important factors that cause the short-time fluctuation of FDI. The space distribution of FDI is influenced by the changes of international circumstances, the competitive advantages of investment enterprises and the location advantages of host countries, and also influenced by different types and different intentions of FDI. Furthermore, in recent years, the outflow investment of major countries shows relatively stable regions preference, and FDI also shows the character of space agglomeration. The development of FDI has the character of the unity of time and space. One of specific space distribution structure of FDI correspondences one specific time, and as time goes, the space distribution structure changes dynamically. The essence of the changes of FDI geographical space distribution is its pursuit of economic space or profit space.
By further study, this thesis points out that the development of FDI entering China in recent thirty years also shows obvious stage character and growth trend, and the investment way, the source, the investment industry and itself quality of FDI show degree changes. Just as serious imbalance of the space distribution of global FDI, both absolute difference analysis and relative difference analysis show that the difference degree of the space distribution of FDI entering China is very serious. Chinese area-oriented open policy, the difference of market development, opening degree, market scale, available scale of FDI and infrastructure of different regions are major causes that bring about the imbalance distribution of FDI in Chinese different regions. For whole economy, FDI promotes Chinese capital formation, technology progress, export enlargement, structure improvement of industry and export goods, but at some degree, it also causes market monopoly, gap expansion of regions development, restrain of domestic capital and loss of state profit.
With regard to Chinese strategy of absorbing FDI, this thesis considers that it is also a problem of the unity of time and space, namely, Chinese different regions should adopt different strategies of absorbing FDI according to their specific development stages of open economy. As a relative backward country, in order to achieve the sustainable development, China needs to go through three tandem stages, namely, scale expansion and structure lifting and factor optimization. Every stage shows distinct stage character. Likewise, as a geographical large country and a populous large country, the development level and opening degree of Chinese different regions presents very large difference. East regions have basically accomplished the stage of scale expansion, and began to change to the stage of structure lifting, but mid and west regions are still in the stage of scale expansion, and the constraints of its further development they faced with are not resource constraints and market constraints and profit constraints caused by excessive scale expansion, but local resources and factors have not been adequately exploited because of shortage of capital. Consequently, Chinese east regions’strategy of absorbing FDI should be adjusted according to the need of structure lifting. The large-scale pattern should be given up, and the emphasis of absorbing FDI should be adjusted to improve the quality and the benefit of FDI and to advance local industry structure. According to Chinese mid and west regions, absorbing FDI and improving local opening level are still their major strategy currently and in the future. Mid and west regions should make full use of the opportunities of east regions’strategy adjustment for absorbing FDI and the transfer of many industries, especially labor-intensive industries, and accelerate the step of absorbing capital, enlarge the degree of introducing capital, strengthen absorbing capacity, take many ways to absorb FDI and domestic capitals discharged from east regions to advance local economic development.
引文
1 UNCTAD.World Investment Report.2006:299-303.
2 一项研究表明,2000 年包括国家、地区和跨国公司的经济体按 GDP 或年收入的混合排名中,前 100 名最大经济体中,绝大部分已经是跨国公司而非国家或地区。见张幼文.当代国家优势:要素培育与全球规划[M].上海:上海远东出版社,2003:78-80.
3 UNCTAD.World Investment Report.2006:33.
1 见 MacDougall, G.D.A., 1960, The Benefits and Costs of Private Investment from Abroad: A Theoretical Approach, Economic Record, 36: 13-35; Chenery, H.B. &A.M. Strout, 1966, Foreign Assistance and Economic Development, The American Economic Review 56(4), Part 1: 679-733; Helleiner,G.K., 1989, Transnational Corporations and Direct Foreign Investment, in H. Chenery and T.N. Srinivasan (eds.), Handbook of Development Economics, vol.II (Amsterdam: North Holland): 1441-1480; Firebaugh, Glen, 1992, Growth Effects of Foreign and Domestic Investment, American Journal of Sociology, 98: 105-130; De Gregorio, 1992, Economic Growth in Latin America, Journal of Development Economics, 39: 59-83; Kawai, H., 1994, International Comparative Analysis of Economic Growth: Trade Liberation and Productivity, Developing Economies, 32: 372-397; Jansen, K., 1995, The Macroeconomic Effects of Direct Foreign Investment: the Case of Thailand, World Development, 23: 193-210; Alfaro, Laura & Chanda, Areendam & Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem & Sayek, Selin, 2004, FDI and Economic Growth: the Role of Local Financial Markets, Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, 64: 89-112.
1 数据根据中国商务部统计资料计算,其中 2005 年和 2006 年吸收的外资为全口径统计数据(含银行、保险、证券),http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/tongjiziliao/v/200701/20070104307380.html.
2 中国商务部外国投资管理司统计数据,http://www.fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI/wztj.
1 Hymer 的博士论文写成于 1960 年,但出于某些原因,16 年后才得以出版。Hymer, S.H., 1976, The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
2 国际投资的定义,长期以来一直有狭义和广义之分,狭义的定义仅指国际直接投资,广义的定义则包括各种形式的国际投资。
1 转引自赵蓓文.WTO 规则与中国外资政策[M].上海:上海远东出版社,2004:3.
2 UNCTAD.World Investment Report.1998:350.
3 也就是说,国际直接投资并不一定是经济投资。经济学上的投资是指在既定时期内用于维持或增加经济中资本存量的产量流(杰弗里·萨克斯,费利普·拉雷恩.全球视角的宏观经济学[M].上海:上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,2004:104)。关于直接投资与经济投资关系的具体说明,可另参见 Douglas Greenwald, 1982, Encyclopedia of Economics, MacGraw-Hill Book Company, 422-424.
1崔新健.外商对华直接投资的决定因素[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2001:3-4.
2 商务部.中华人民共和国外资企业法实施细则[EB], http://caefi.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/diaoyan/fagsjk/zonghfg/200501/20050100329878.html
1 张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:2.
2 Dunning, J.H., 1971, The Multinational Enterprise, edited Prager Publishers, New York, 16.
1 转引自杨大楷等.国际投资学[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2003:89-90.
1 Caves, R.E., 1982, Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analyses, London: Cambridge University Press, Pix..
1 Hymer, S.H., 1976, The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Kindleberger, C.P., 1969, American Business Abroad, New Hanven, Yale University Press.
2 张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:128.
1 Johnson, H.G., 1970, The Efficiency and Welfare Implications of the International Corporation, in Kindleberger (ed), The International Corporation, Cambridge, MA. MIT Press.
2 Caves, R.E., 1971, International Corporatioas: The Industrial Economics of Foreign Investment, Journal of International Economics, 38: 1-27.
3 Aliber, R.Z., 1970, A Theory of Direct Investment, in Kindleberger(ed), The International Corporation, Cambridge, MA. MIT Press.
1 Buckley P.J., & Casson, M., 1976, The Future of the Multinational Enterprise, Macmillan; Rugman, A.M., 1981, Inside the Multinational: the Economics of Internal Markets, Croom Helm.
2 李东阳.国际直接投资与经济发展[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2002:56.
3 Coase, R.H., 1937, The Nature of Firm, Economica, November, 4: 386-405.
4 结构性市场不完全和交易性市场不完全分别强调了市场不完全的两个重要方面。前者强调市场结构特征方面的市场不完全,而后者则强调市场交易活动存在障碍所导致的市场不完全,基于这两种市场不完全的分析,产生了“垄断优势理论”和“内部化理论”这两个相互竞争的假说,它们都有相应的理论基础,并且均能较好地揭示国际直接投资的发生。尽管都强调市场的不完全,但在揭示跨国公司对外直接投资的收益来源机制方面,“垄断优势理论”和“内部化理论”背道而驰。
1 有学者(如金芳,1999)指出,区位因素分析在 20 世纪 50 年代就已产生,它先是运用在用数据按重要性等级来区分各国对外来直接投资吸引力的研究之中,后又被集中运用于统计数据分析加拿大和欧洲国家吸引美国投资的主要因素的研究之中,但是,在 20 世纪 70 年代 Dunning 创立国际生产折衷理论前,区位因素始终未作为国际直接投资的动因作系统的研究。见金芳.双赢游戏:外国直接投资激励政策[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社 1999 年版。本文作者赞同这一观点,但出于理论分析完整性的考虑,此处仍然将其独立出来加以分析。
2 Vernon, R., 1974, The Location of Economics Enterprise, Allen and Unwin; Parry, T.G., 1975, The International Location of Production: Studies in the Trade and Non-trade Servicing of International Markets by Multinational Manufacturing Enterprise, PHD. Thesis, University of London; Casson, M.C., 1986, General Theories of the Multinational Enterprise: Their Relevance to Business History, in Hertner, P. & Jones, G. (ed), Multinations: Theory and History, Aldershot, Hants, Gower.
3 Dunning, J.H., 1977, Trade, Location of Economic Activity and the MNE: A Search for an Eclectic Approach, in Ohlin, B. (ed), The International Allocation of Economic Activity, London: Holms & Meier Press; Dunning, J.H., 1998, Location and the Multinational Enterprises: A Neglected Factor? Journal of International Business Studies, 29: 45-67.
1 应该指出,这里的有利条件是从跨国公司进行 FDI 的角度来说的,并不一定是提高东道国福利水平的因素,例如东道国贸易壁垒等扭曲性的政策有时对跨国公司的直接投资来说是区位优势,但是却会从整体上降低东道国的福利水平。
2 UNCTAD: World Investment Report. 1998: 91.
1 OLI 理论虽然是当今最具影响的 FDI 理论,不过也有学者对其提出了质疑。如崔新健就认为,折衷理论中的三大优势之间存在着重叠和冲突,因而主张将该理论简化为 OL 理论,即简化为只有所有权优势和区位优势两个变量,这样就可以将跨国公司与东道国放在一个平等的平台上研究,从而能够弥补传统理论忽略东道国的重要性这一弊端。见崔新健.外商对华直接投资的决定因素[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2001:45-57.
2 李东阳.国际直接投资与经济发展[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2002:75.
1 Vernon, R., 1966, International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May: 190-207;Vernon, R., 1974, The Location of Economics Enterprise, Allen and Unwin.
2 Vernon(1966)通过对美国市场的研究发现,一般国内市场容量大、研发能力和资金多的国家在开发新产品、采用新技术方面居于优势地位,由于战后美国社会生产力发达、资金供给充足、消费市场容量大、变化快,所以众多新产品主要是在美国创新出来。
1 Kojima K., 1978, Direct Foreign Investment: A Japanese Model of Multinational Business Operations, Croom Helm.
1 Richardon, J.D., 1971, On “Going Abroad”: The Firm’s Initial Foreign Investment Decision, Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, Winter: 7-22.
1 Knickerbocker, F.T., 1973, Oligopolistic Reaction and the Multinational Enterprise, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
2 有学者(金芳,1999)指出,跨国公司的防御性投资可以区分为四种类型的“追随”:(1)同类产品企业间的追随,如日本电器行业在英国的直接投资扩张,以彩电业的成功带动了录像机、微波炉、冰箱等行业的追随而至;(2)同一区域生产基地的扩展,或分支机构的水平多样化追随;(3)向相连市场渗透的辐射性追随,比如美国跨国公司向拉美市场,欧洲跨国公司向撒哈拉以南的非洲地区,日本跨国公司向西欧各国,日、港、台资向东南亚地区的集权状投资;(4)关联企业间的追随,多发生于相关供应商、客户或竞争者之间。参见金芳.双赢游戏:外国直接投资激励政策[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,1999:107.
3 Johanson, J. and F. Wiederheim-Paul, 1975, The internationalization of the firm: Four Swedish cases, Journal of Management Studies, 12: 305-322;Johanson, J. and J. E. Vahlne, 1977, The Internationalization of the Firm: A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments, Journal of Business Studies, 8: 23-32.
1 Cantwell, J. & Tolentino, P., 1987, Technological Accumulation and Third World Multination, in Christos, N. & Roger, S. (ed), The Nature of the Transnational Firm, London, Routledge.
1 作为一种重要的生产要素,许多研究指出,国际直接投资并不仅限于“资本”一种属性,而是具有多维属性。实际上它是一个“企业包”,是资本、技术、管理、信息、知识、品牌、海外销售网络等多种要素的组合。关于国际直接投资的多维属性的分析可参见 Johnson, H. G., 1972, “Survey of Issues” in Peter Drysdal(eed.), Direct Foreign Investment in Asian Pacific, Toronto: University of Toronto Press;Balasubramanyam, V. N., M. Salisu, and D. Dapsoford, 1996, Foreign Direct Investment and Growth in EP and IS Countries, Economic Journal, 106: 92-105.
1 Solow, RM. 1957, Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function, Review of Economics and Statistics, 39: 312-320.
2 Mankiw N.G., Romer D. and Weil D.N., 1992, A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107: 407-437.
3 Barro, R. and X. Sala-i-Martin. 1995, Economic Growth, New York: McGraw-Hill.
4 De Gregorio, 1992, Economic Growth in Latin America, Journal of Development Economics, 39: 59-83.
5 Blomstrom, M. Lipsey, R.E. & Zejan, M. 1994, What Explains Growth in Developing Countries, NBER Discussion Paper No. 1924.
6 Kawai, H., 1994, International Comparative Analysis of Economic Growth: Trade Liberation and Productivity, Developing Economies, 32: 372-397.
7 Borensztein, Eduardo, Jose de-Gregorio and Jong-Wha Lee, 1998, How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth? Journal of International Economics, 45:115-135.
8 Alfaro, Laura & Chanda, Areendam & Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem & Sayek, Selin, 2004, FDI and Economic Growth:the Role of Local Financial Markets, Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, 64: 89-112.
1 De Mello, LR. 1997, Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries and Growth: A Selective Survey, Journal of Development Studies, 34: 1-34.
2 Hein, S. 1992, Trade Strategy and the Dependency Hypothesis: A Comparison of Policy, Foreign Investment, and Economic Growth in Latin America and East Asia, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40: 495-521; Balasubramanyam, V. N., M. Salisu, and D. Dapsoford, 1996, Foreign Direct Investment and Growth in EP and IS Countries, Economic Journal, 106: 92-105.
3 Carkovic, M. and Levine, R. 2002, Does Foreign Direct Investment Accelerate Economic Growth? Working Paper Series, NBER, June.
4 MacDougall, GDA. 1960, The Benefits and Costs of Private Investment from Abroad: A Theoretical Approach, Economic Record, 36: 13-35.
5 Caves, R.E., 1974, Multinational Firms, Competition and Productivity in Host-Country Markets, Economica, 41: 176-193.
6 Globerman, S. 1979, Foreign Direct Investment and Spillover Efficiency Benefit in Canadian Manufacturing Industries, Canadian Journal of Economics, 12: 42—56.
7 Blomstr?m, M. and H. Persson, 1983, Foreign Investment and Spillover Efficiency in an Underdeveloped Economy: Evidence from the Mexican Manufacturing Industry, World Development, 11: 493-501.
8 Blomstrom, M. and E. Wolff, 1989, Multinational Corporations and Productivity Convergence in Mexico, NBER Working Paper, No.3141.
1 Sj?holm, F. 1999, Technology Gap, Competition and Spillovers from Direct Foreign Investment: Evidence from Establishment Data, The Journal of Development Studies, 36: 53-73.
2 Dimelis, S. and Louri, H. 2002, Foreign Ownership and Production Efficiency: A Quantile Regression Analysis, Oxford Economic Papers, 54: 449-469.
3 Findlay, R., 1978, Relative Backwardness, Direct Foreign Investment and the Transfer of Technology, A Simple Dynamic Model, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 92: 1-16.
4 Sj?holm, F. 1999, Technology Gap, Competition and Spillovers from Direct Foreign Investment: Evidence from Establishment Data, The Journal of Development Studies, 36: 53-73.
5 Kokko, A. 1994, Technology, Market Characteristics, and Spillovers, Journal of Development. Economics, 43: 279-293.
6 Blomstrom, M. 1986, Foreign Investment and Productive Efficiency: The Case of Mexico, The Journal of Industrial Economics, 1986: 15: 97-110.
7 Kokko, A. Tansini, R. and Zejan, M. 1996, Local Technological Capability and Productivity pillovers form FDI in the Uruguayan Manufacturing Sector, Journal of Development Studies, 32: 602-611.
8 Barrios, S. and Strobl, E. 2002, Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity Spillovers: Evidence from the Spanish Experience, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 138: 459-481.
9 Singh, R. 1992, Government Introduced Price Distortion and Growth, Evidence from Twenty Nine Developing Countries, Public Choice, 73: 83-99.
10 Haddad, M. and A. E. Harrison, 1993, Are There Positive Spillovers from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Panel Data for Morocco, Journal of Development Economics, 42: 51-74.
1 Kokko, A. Tansini, R. and Zejan, M. 1996, Local Technological Capability and Productivity pillovers form FDI in the Uruguayan Manufacturing Sector, Journal of Development Studies, 32: 602-611.
2 Aitken, B.J. and A. Harrison, 1999, Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from. Venezuela, American Economic Review, 89: 605- 618.
3 Barrios, S. 2000, Are There Positive Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment? Evidence from the Spanish Experience (1990-1994), mimeo, University of Manchester.
4 Driffield, N.L., 2001, The Impact on Domestic Productivity of Inward Investment in the UK, The Manchester School, 69: 103-119.
5 Konings, J. 2001, The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Domestic Firms: Evidence from Firm Lever Panel Data in Emerging Economies, Economics of Transition, 9: 619-633.
6 Barrios, S. and Strobl, E. 2002, Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity Spillovers: Evidence from the Spanish Experience, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 138: 459-481.
7 Harrison, A. 1996, Determinants and Effects of Direct Foreign Investment in Cote d'Ivoire, Morocco, and Venezuela, in M. Roberts, and J. Tybout, editors, Industrial Evolution in Developing Countries, Oxford University Press;Aitken, Brian J., Gordon H. Hanson, and Ann E. Harrison, 1997, Spillovers, Foreign Investment, and Export Behavior, Journal of International Economics, 43: 103-132;De Mello, LR. 1997, Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries and Growth: A Selective Survey, Journal of Development Studies, 34: 1-34;Blomstrom, M. and F. Sjoholm 1999, Technology Transfer and Spillovers: Does Local Participation with Multinationals Matter, European Economic Review, 43: 915-923;Djankov, S. and Hoekman, B. 2000, Foreign Investment and Productivity Growth in Czech Enterprises, World Bank Economic Review, 14: 49-64;Kathuria, V., 2000, Productivity Spillovers from Technology Transfer to Indian Manufacturing Firms, Journal of International Development, 12: 343-369;Harris, R and Robinson, C. 2004, Productivity Impacts and Spillovers from Foreign Ownership in the United Kingdom. National Institute Economic Reviews, 187: 58-75.
1 参见李东阳.外国直接投资与经济发展[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2002:13;张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:12.
1 Dunning, J.H., 1993, Multinational Enterprise and the Global Economy, New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Ltd, 118。
2 宋则行,樊亢.世界经济史(上卷)[M],北京:经济科学出版社,1995:380.
1 Dunning, J.H., 1993, Multinational Enterprise and the Global Economy, New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Ltd, 118。
2 张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:94.
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2 Dunning, J.H., 1993, Multinational Enterprise and the Global Economy, New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Ltd, 118。
3 UNCTAD:World Investment Report.1994:419.
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2 UNCTAD. World Investment Report. 1994: 415-418.
1 根据 UNCTAD 发表的 World Investment Report 1994 第 419 页中的数据整理计算。
2 UNCTAD. World Investment Report. 1994: 409-420.
3 UNCTAD: World Investment Report 1996, 233; World Investment Report 2001, 296.
1 此处半对数模型的采用借鉴了达莫达尔·古亚拉提(Damodar N. Gujarati)的计量思想。参见达莫达尔·古亚拉提.经济计量学精要(中译本)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000:160-163.
1 参见达莫达尔·古亚拉提.经济计量学精要(中译本)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000:160-163.
1 Dunning, J.H., 1981, International Production and the Multinational Enterprise, Allen and Unwin.
2 国际货币基金组织.世界经济展望[M].北京:中国金融出版社,1997:45.
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1 对要素流动是经济全球化最为本质的特征更为详细的分析参见张幼文等.世界经济学——原理与方法[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006:6.
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1 UNCTAD: World Investment Report . 2002: 20.
1 UNCTAD: World Investment Report . 2002: 22.
2 UNCTAD: World Investment Report . 2002: 13.
1 UNCTAD: World Investment Report. 2002: 303.
1 应该说,国际直接投资空间布局并不仅局限于投资国家或地区选择的问题,但它首先表现为投资的具体区位的选择,本文也主要基于区位分布的含义上来探讨国际直接投资的空间特性,除非文中另作说明,为此本文未对空间分布和区位分布作具体区分,两者多数情况下是混合使用的。
2 贺灿飞.外商直接投资区位:理论分析与实证研究[M].北京:中国经济出版社, 2005:50.
3 这同时也意味着,许多如中国这样的国内各地区经济发展差距非常大的国家,其国内不同地区也不应采取完全同一的引资战略,而应该根据不同地区的经济发展具体情况特别是所处的不同发展阶段,采取多层次的引资战略。
1 周阳敏的研究表明,伴随着经济区域一体化的发展,区域间的经济周期协同性减弱、区域内的经济周期协同性增强,这从另一侧面反映了区域内部经济整体性程度的加强的事实。周阳敏.世界经济博弈周期[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2005:28-74.
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6 Root, F., & A. Ahmed, 1979, Empirical Determinants of manufacturing Direct Foreign Investment in Developing Countries, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 27: 751-767.
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8 Gruben William C. & McLeod Darry, 1998, Capital Flows, Savings, and Growth in the 1990s, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, 3: 287-301.
1 Root, F., & A. Ahmed, 1979, Empirical Determinants of manufacturing Direct Foreign Investment in Developing Countries, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 27: 751-767.
2 Agodo, O., 1978, The Determinants of U.S. Private manufacturing Investment in Africa, Journal of International Business Studies, 9: 95-107.
3 Culem, C., 1988, The Locational Determinants of Direct Foreign Investment among Industrialized Countries, European Economic Review, 32: 885-904.
4 Wheeler David and Ashoka Mody, 1992, International Investment Location Decisions: The Case of U.S. Firms, Journal of International Economics, 33: 57-76.
5 Clickman, N.J. & Wood, D.P., 1988, The Location of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Patterns and Determinants. International Regional Science Review, 11: 137-154.
6 Smith, D.F. & R. Florida, 1994, Agglomeration and Industrial Location: An Econometric Analysis of Japanese Affiliated Manufacturing Establishments in Automotive-Related Industries, Journal of Urban Economics, 36: 23-41.
7 Head, K., J. Reis & D. Swenson, 1995, Agglomeration Benefits and Location Choice: Evidence from Japanese Manufacturing in the United States, Journal of International Economics, 38: 223-247.
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9 Agodo, O., 1978, The Determinants of U.S. Private manufacturing Investment in Africa, Journal of International Business Studies, 9: 95-107.
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1 鲁明泓.制度因素与国际直接投资区位分布:一项实证研究[J] .经济研究,1999,(7):57-66.
2 Waldkirch, A., 2003, The “New Regionalism” and Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Mexico, Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor and Francis Journals, 12: 151-184.
3 Belderbos, R. H. Vandenbussche and R. Veugelers , 2004, Antidumping Duties, Undertakings and Foreign Direct Investment in EU, European Economic Review, 48: 429 -453.
4 UNCTAD: World Investment Report 1995, 298-299.
5 Charles Oman, 2000, Policy Competition for Foreign Direct Investment: A Study of Competition among Government to Attract FDI, OECD Development Centre, Paris.
6 Morisset, J. and Pirnia, N, 1999, How Tax Policy and Incentives Affect Foreign Direct Investment: A Review" (November 30), World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2509.
1 葛顺奇.激励措施及其对吸引外资的影响[J] .国际经济评论,2006,(3-4):47-49.
2 UNCTAD: World Investment Report, 1995: 298-299.
3 葛顺奇.激励措施及其对吸引外资的影响[J] .国际经济评论,2006,(3-4):47-49.
1 图形源于江心英、袁树人的论文并经过调整。见江心英,袁树人.国际直接投资地域结构综合动因分析[J].世界地理研究,2003,(3):20-25.
1 ESP 范式是 Koopman 和 Montias(1971)提出的一种比较经济学的分析模式,Dunning(1981)将这一模式用于国际直接投资研究中的东道国区位优势分析。见 Koopman, K. & Montias, J.M., 1971, On the description and comparison of economic systems. In A. Ekstein, (Ed.), Comparison of economic systems. California: University of California Press;Dunning, J.H., 1981, International Production and the Multinational Enterprise, London: George Allen & Unwin, 43.
1 张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:37-38.
1 张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:105.
2 刘翔峰.欧盟对外直接投资的趋势及对中国的影响[J].经济研究参考,2005,(64):43.
1 1997—1999 年的数据来源于张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:108; 2000—2003 年的数据来源于李理.日本对外直接投资的新变化与前景展望[J] .日本研究,2005,(2):34.
1 本文提出“国际直接投资空间集聚”在很大程度上受到“要素集聚”概念的启发。“要素集聚”概念及其论证首次发表于张幼文、黄仁伟等著、人民出版社出版的《2006 中国国际地位报告》,该书导论中第二、三节由张幼文撰写,“要素集聚”的进一步研究参见张幼文、梁军的论文(张幼文,梁军.要素集聚与中国在世界经济中的地位[J].学术月刊,2007,(3):74-82)。
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2 Cheng, L.K., and Kwan, Y.K., 2000, What Are the Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment? The Chinese Experience, Journal of International Economics, 51: 379-400.
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3 Henderson J., 1986, Efficiency of Resource Usage and City Size, Journal of Urban Economics, 19: 47-70.
1 根据 UNCTAD:World Investment Report 2002 和 2005 中的统计数据计算。
2 参见王洛林主编的《中国外商投资报告 2000》,中国财政经济出版社 2000 年版,此处转引自杨丹辉.全球竞争:FDI 与中国产业竞争力[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004:209.
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1 根据中国统计年鉴 2005 的统计数据整理。
2 数据根据中国商务部统计资料计算,见 www.mofcom.gov.cn。
3 世界经济年鉴编委会.世界经济年鉴(2005/2006)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2006:328。
1 张宇.集权、分权与市场化改革[A].见:董辅礽等.集权与分权——中央与地方关系的构建[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1996.
1 相关研究分析表明,外商对华直接投资发展的时空过程与中国开放政策的时空过程是一致的,随着开放政策在空间上的扩展,外商直接投资区位也相应扩展。魏后凯,贺灿飞,王新.中国外商投资区位决策与公共政策[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002:73-74.
2 Chen, C., L. Chang and Y. Zhang, 1995, The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in China‘s Post-1978 Economic Development, World Development, 23: 691-703;Chen, C., L. Chang and Y. Zhang, 1995, The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in China‘s Post-1978 Economic Development, World Development, 23: 691-703.
3 见鲁明泓.外国直接投资区域分布与中国投资环境评估[J].经济研究,1997,(12):38-45;Cheng L. & Kwan Y., 2000, What Are the Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment? The Chinese Experience, Journal of International Economics 51: 379-400.
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2 惯性坐标系是物理学上常用的一个概念,泛指经典力学的基本规律即牛顿运动定律成立的参考系。
1 参见郑庆璋,崔世治.相对论与时空[M].太原:山西科学技术出版社,2001:78-80.
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2 UNCTAD:World Investment Report, 1993: 247.
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1 UNCTAD: World Investment Report, 2002: 5.
2 发达国际和发展中国家所占比重之和并不全部等于 1,从 1991 年开始,国家类型除发达国家和发展中国家之外,还包括东南欧和独联体国家等转型国家。
1 联合国贸易与发展会议.2002 年世界投资报告:跨国公司与出口竞争力(中译本)[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2003:3-5.
1 对滞后一期的世界 GDP 增长率与中国 FDI 增长率的简单回归结果表明,两者存在一定的负相关关系。参见梁军.从 FDI 看世界经济波动对我国经济增长的影响[J].国际贸易问题,2005,(8):64-69.
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3 现代经济周期理论一般不再严格区分经济波动和经济周期,而把经济周期等同于经济波动,为与上面分析相一致,本文也并不将经济波动和经济周期做严格区分。
1 数据根据国家统计局的数据计算,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/2004/t20060721_402339577.htm。
2 Dellas H., 1986, A real model of the world business cycle, Journal of International Money and Finance, 5: 381-394.
3 Aart Kraay & Jaume Ventura, 2000, Product Price and the OECD Cycle, NBER Working Paper No. 7788.
4 Aart Kraay & Jaume Ventura, 2001, Comparative Advantage and the Cross-section of Business Cycle, NBER Working Paper No. 8104.
5 Brian A’Hearn & Ulrich Woitek, 2001, More International Evidence on the Historical Properties of Business Cycle, Journal of Monetary economics, 47: 321-346.
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1 陶田,李好好.国际投资学[M].太原:山西出版社,2001:21.
1 Dunning, J.H., 1981, International Production and the Multinational Enterprise, Allen and Unwin.
1 Dunning, J.H., 1988, Explaining International Production, Boston: Unwin Hyman.
1 谢康.跨国公司与当代中国[M].上海:立信会计出版社,1997:54.
2 Dunning, John H., 1981, Explaining Outward Direct Investment of Developing Countries: In Support of the Eclectic Theory of International Production, in Krishna Kumar and Maxwell G. McLeod, Multinationals from Developing Countries, Toronto, Canada: Lexington Books, 6.
3 谢康.跨国公司与当代中国[M].上海:立信会计出版社,1997:56.
4 数据来源于 UNCTAD:World Investment Report 1994,411-414。
5 数据来源于 UNCTAD:World Investment Report 1998,364-370。
1 需要指出的,根据中国现实经济发展状况所做出的判断反映的是中国直接投资所处发展阶段的“实际状况”,而不是中国直接投资发展阶段“应该达到”的状况或“理想”的状况,进一步分析可参见高敏雪、李颖俊的论文(高敏雪,李颖俊.对外直接投资发展阶段的实证分析[J].管理世界,2004,(1):55-61)。
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1 中国商务年鉴编辑委员会.中国商务年鉴 2005[M].北京:中国商务出版社,2005:149.
1 中国商务年鉴编辑委员会.中国商务年鉴 2005[M].北京:中国商务出版社,2005:25.
2 滕家国.外商对华直接投资研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001:22.
3 数据根据中国商务部统计资料计算,http://www. mofcom.gov.cn。
4 中国商务年鉴编辑委员会.中国商务年鉴 2005[M].北京:中国商务出版社,2005:146.
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6 来自发展中国家和地区的外商直接投资绝大部分来自港澳台地区、韩国和东盟等东亚国家和地区。
1 魏后凯,贺灿飞,王新.中国外商投资区位决策与公共政策[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002:6.
2 数据来源于中国对外经济贸易年鉴编辑委员会编写的《中国对外经济贸易年鉴》1984—1999 年各期的统计数据并经过整理。
1 中国商务年鉴编辑委员会.中国商务年鉴 2005[M].北京:中国商务出版社,2005:893.
2 是相对于国际大型跨国公司来说的,并不表明其对中国内地企业处于低水平。
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1 资料来源于国家统计局贸易物资司:《1979—1991 中国对外经济统计大全》,中国统计信息咨询服务中心,1992 年,此处转引自魏后凯,贺灿飞,王新.中国外商投资区位决策与公共政策[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002:14.
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1 Cheng L. & Kwan Y., 2000, What Are the Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment? The Chinese Experience, Journal of International Economics 51: 379-400.
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1 王飞.外商直接投资促进了国内工业企业技术进步吗[J].世界经济研究,2003,(4):38-43.
2 冼国明,严兵.FDI 对中国创新能力的溢出效应[J].世界经济,2005,(10):20-27;潘文卿.外商直接投资对中国工业部门的外溢效应:基于面板数据的分析[J].世界经济,2003,(6):3-7,80.
3 包群,赖明勇.中国外商直接投资与技术进步的实证研究[J].经济评论,2002,(6):63-71.
4 胡立法.“索洛剩余”与外资对中国经济增长的技术贡献率实证分析[J].世界经济研究,2005,(9):54-56,62.
5 张海洋.R&D 两面性、外资活动与中国工业生产率增长[J].经济研究,2005,(5):107-117;张海洋.外资对湖北制造业技术进步的影响[J].湖北大学学报,2004,(5):45-50.
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1 中国商务年鉴编辑委员会.中国商务年鉴 2005[M].北京:中国商务出版社,2005:893.
2 数据根据《中国统计年鉴》2005—2006 年的相关数据整理。
3 江小涓.吸引外资对中国技术进步和研发能力提升的影响[J].国际经济评论,2004,(3—4):21.
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1 中国商务年鉴编辑委员会.中国商务年鉴 2005[M].北京:中国商务出版社,2005:683-685.
1 根据《中国统计年鉴》2005 年的统计资料并经过相关计算。
2 中国商务部统计资料,http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/Nocategory/200702/20070204346843.html。
1 魏后凯.外国直接投资对中国区域经济增长的影响[J].经济研究,2002,(4):19-26.
2 中国商务部外国投资管理司统计资料,http://www.fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI/wztj。
3 冯宗智.反垄断的弦外之音[J].科技智囊,2004,(8):33—35.
1 马天毅,马野青,张二震.外商直接投资与中国技术创新能力[J].世界经济研究,2006,(7):6-10.
2 商务部统计资料,http://www.fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI/wztj/lntjsj/wstzsj/2005nzgwztj/t20060906_61330.htm.
3 数据根据中国国家统计局公布的 2004、2005 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报中的数据计算整理。
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1 黄春松,孙思忠.在开放中寻求发展——开放型经济分析[J].北方经济,2002,(S1):8-9.
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3 薛小和.发展开放型经济是我国对外开放总目标——访国务院发展研究中心对外经济研究部部长张小济[N].经济日报,2001-10-11(10).
4 周肇光.准确把握邓小平开放型经济发展思想的科学内涵[J].上海金融学院学报,2004,(4):5-11.
5 郑吉昌.经济全球化背景下中国开放型经济的发展[J].技术经济与管理研究,2003,(5):9-11.
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1 张幼文等.新开放观——对外开放理论与战略再探索[M].北京:人民出版社,2007:6
1 中国共产党第十四届中央委员会.中共中央建立社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定. http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/252/5089/5106/5179/20010430/456592.html.
2 江泽民.高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜,把建设有中国特色社会主义事业全面推向二十一世纪. http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/252/5089/5093/5279/20010430/456849.html.
1 江泽民.全面建设小康社会,开创中国特色社会主义新局面. http://www.cs.com.cn/csnews/20021118/300508.asp.
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1 List 以部门经济为划分标准,将各国经济发展分为五个阶段,具体为:原始未开化阶段、畜牧阶段、农业阶段、农工业阶段和农工商业阶段。List, F., 1841, The National System of Political Economy, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1885.
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4 Krugman, Paul, (ed), 1986, Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economy, Cambridge, MIT Press.
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1 Prebisch, R., 1950, The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems, New York: United Nations; Prebisch, R., 1959, Commercial Policy in the Underdeveloped Countries, American Economic Review, 2: 251-273.
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见吴敬琏.中国增长模式选择[M].上海:上海远东出版社,2006:24.
1 本文对中国开放型经济发展阶段的分析深受张幼文研究员的指点和其文章的启发,中国开放经济发展的这三个阶段就是张幼文研究员提出的。见张幼文.实现对外开放的可持续发展[N].文汇报,2007-03-05(10);张幼文.中国开放型经济发展的新阶段[J].毛泽东邓小平理论研究,2007,(2):1-8;张幼文.中国开放战略需要推向新阶段[N].解放日报,2007-02-11(8).
2 参见刘易斯对此问题的论述。刘易斯.劳动力无限供给条件下的经济发展[A].见刘易斯.二元经济论[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1989,1-46.
1 世界经济年鉴编委会.世界经济年鉴(2005/2006)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2006:313-315.
2 谭晶荣,张德强.对我国利用 FDI 项目中环境保护问题的思考[J].国际贸易问题,2005,(5):78-82.
3 杨海生等.贸易、外商直接投资、经济增长与环境污染[J].中国人口资源与环境,2005,(3):99-103.
1 数据根据中国国家统计局编撰的《中国统计年鉴》(2005)中的统计数据整理,中国统计出版社 2005 年版。
2 世界经济年鉴编委会.世界经济年鉴(2005/2006)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2006:601-614.
3 数据来源于摩根士丹利首席经济学家史蒂芬·罗奇发表于美国纽约国际证券公司《国际金融论坛》的专栏文章,转引自环球财经网,http://www.hqcj.com.cn/news/200606/20060620143452499115.html。
4 吴敬琏.中国增长模式选择[M].上海:上海远东出版社,2006:124.
1 国家统计局 2005 年国民统计公报,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20060227_402307796.htm。
1 张幼文,梁军.要素集聚与中国在世界经济中的地位[J].学术月刊,2007,(3):74-82.
1 2005 年的比重根据中国国家统计局发布的 2005 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报中的数据计算,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20060227_402307796.htm.
1 2005 年的数据来源于中国国家统计局发布的 2005 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报。http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20060227_402307796.htm.
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2 一项研究表明,2000 年包括国家、地区和跨国公司的经济体按 GDP 或年收入的混合排名中,前 100 名最大经济体中,绝大部分已经是跨国公司而非国家或地区。见张幼文.当代国家优势:要素培育与全球规划[M].上海:上海远东出版社,2003:78-80.
3 UNCTAD.World Investment Report.2006:33.
1 见 MacDougall, G.D.A., 1960, The Benefits and Costs of Private Investment from Abroad: A Theoretical Approach, Economic Record, 36: 13-35; Chenery, H.B. &A.M. Strout, 1966, Foreign Assistance and Economic Development, The American Economic Review 56(4), Part 1: 679-733; Helleiner,G.K., 1989, Transnational Corporations and Direct Foreign Investment, in H. Chenery and T.N. Srinivasan (eds.), Handbook of Development Economics, vol.II (Amsterdam: North Holland): 1441-1480; Firebaugh, Glen, 1992, Growth Effects of Foreign and Domestic Investment, American Journal of Sociology, 98: 105-130; De Gregorio, 1992, Economic Growth in Latin America, Journal of Development Economics, 39: 59-83; Kawai, H., 1994, International Comparative Analysis of Economic Growth: Trade Liberation and Productivity, Developing Economies, 32: 372-397; Jansen, K., 1995, The Macroeconomic Effects of Direct Foreign Investment: the Case of Thailand, World Development, 23: 193-210; Alfaro, Laura & Chanda, Areendam & Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem & Sayek, Selin, 2004, FDI and Economic Growth: the Role of Local Financial Markets, Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, 64: 89-112.
1 数据根据中国商务部统计资料计算,其中 2005 年和 2006 年吸收的外资为全口径统计数据(含银行、保险、证券),http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/tongjiziliao/v/200701/20070104307380.html.
2 中国商务部外国投资管理司统计数据,http://www.fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI/wztj.
1 Hymer 的博士论文写成于 1960 年,但出于某些原因,16 年后才得以出版。Hymer, S.H., 1976, The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
2 国际投资的定义,长期以来一直有狭义和广义之分,狭义的定义仅指国际直接投资,广义的定义则包括各种形式的国际投资。
1 转引自赵蓓文.WTO 规则与中国外资政策[M].上海:上海远东出版社,2004:3.
2 UNCTAD.World Investment Report.1998:350.
3 也就是说,国际直接投资并不一定是经济投资。经济学上的投资是指在既定时期内用于维持或增加经济中资本存量的产量流(杰弗里·萨克斯,费利普·拉雷恩.全球视角的宏观经济学[M].上海:上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,2004:104)。关于直接投资与经济投资关系的具体说明,可另参见 Douglas Greenwald, 1982, Encyclopedia of Economics, MacGraw-Hill Book Company, 422-424.
1崔新健.外商对华直接投资的决定因素[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2001:3-4.
2 商务部.中华人民共和国外资企业法实施细则[EB], http://caefi.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/diaoyan/fagsjk/zonghfg/200501/20050100329878.html
1 张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:2.
2 Dunning, J.H., 1971, The Multinational Enterprise, edited Prager Publishers, New York, 16.
1 转引自杨大楷等.国际投资学[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2003:89-90.
1 Caves, R.E., 1982, Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analyses, London: Cambridge University Press, Pix..
1 Hymer, S.H., 1976, The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Kindleberger, C.P., 1969, American Business Abroad, New Hanven, Yale University Press.
2 张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:128.
1 Johnson, H.G., 1970, The Efficiency and Welfare Implications of the International Corporation, in Kindleberger (ed), The International Corporation, Cambridge, MA. MIT Press.
2 Caves, R.E., 1971, International Corporatioas: The Industrial Economics of Foreign Investment, Journal of International Economics, 38: 1-27.
3 Aliber, R.Z., 1970, A Theory of Direct Investment, in Kindleberger(ed), The International Corporation, Cambridge, MA. MIT Press.
1 Buckley P.J., & Casson, M., 1976, The Future of the Multinational Enterprise, Macmillan; Rugman, A.M., 1981, Inside the Multinational: the Economics of Internal Markets, Croom Helm.
2 李东阳.国际直接投资与经济发展[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2002:56.
3 Coase, R.H., 1937, The Nature of Firm, Economica, November, 4: 386-405.
4 结构性市场不完全和交易性市场不完全分别强调了市场不完全的两个重要方面。前者强调市场结构特征方面的市场不完全,而后者则强调市场交易活动存在障碍所导致的市场不完全,基于这两种市场不完全的分析,产生了“垄断优势理论”和“内部化理论”这两个相互竞争的假说,它们都有相应的理论基础,并且均能较好地揭示国际直接投资的发生。尽管都强调市场的不完全,但在揭示跨国公司对外直接投资的收益来源机制方面,“垄断优势理论”和“内部化理论”背道而驰。
1 有学者(如金芳,1999)指出,区位因素分析在 20 世纪 50 年代就已产生,它先是运用在用数据按重要性等级来区分各国对外来直接投资吸引力的研究之中,后又被集中运用于统计数据分析加拿大和欧洲国家吸引美国投资的主要因素的研究之中,但是,在 20 世纪 70 年代 Dunning 创立国际生产折衷理论前,区位因素始终未作为国际直接投资的动因作系统的研究。见金芳.双赢游戏:外国直接投资激励政策[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社 1999 年版。本文作者赞同这一观点,但出于理论分析完整性的考虑,此处仍然将其独立出来加以分析。
2 Vernon, R., 1974, The Location of Economics Enterprise, Allen and Unwin; Parry, T.G., 1975, The International Location of Production: Studies in the Trade and Non-trade Servicing of International Markets by Multinational Manufacturing Enterprise, PHD. Thesis, University of London; Casson, M.C., 1986, General Theories of the Multinational Enterprise: Their Relevance to Business History, in Hertner, P. & Jones, G. (ed), Multinations: Theory and History, Aldershot, Hants, Gower.
3 Dunning, J.H., 1977, Trade, Location of Economic Activity and the MNE: A Search for an Eclectic Approach, in Ohlin, B. (ed), The International Allocation of Economic Activity, London: Holms & Meier Press; Dunning, J.H., 1998, Location and the Multinational Enterprises: A Neglected Factor? Journal of International Business Studies, 29: 45-67.
1 应该指出,这里的有利条件是从跨国公司进行 FDI 的角度来说的,并不一定是提高东道国福利水平的因素,例如东道国贸易壁垒等扭曲性的政策有时对跨国公司的直接投资来说是区位优势,但是却会从整体上降低东道国的福利水平。
2 UNCTAD: World Investment Report. 1998: 91.
1 OLI 理论虽然是当今最具影响的 FDI 理论,不过也有学者对其提出了质疑。如崔新健就认为,折衷理论中的三大优势之间存在着重叠和冲突,因而主张将该理论简化为 OL 理论,即简化为只有所有权优势和区位优势两个变量,这样就可以将跨国公司与东道国放在一个平等的平台上研究,从而能够弥补传统理论忽略东道国的重要性这一弊端。见崔新健.外商对华直接投资的决定因素[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2001:45-57.
2 李东阳.国际直接投资与经济发展[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2002:75.
1 Vernon, R., 1966, International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May: 190-207;Vernon, R., 1974, The Location of Economics Enterprise, Allen and Unwin.
2 Vernon(1966)通过对美国市场的研究发现,一般国内市场容量大、研发能力和资金多的国家在开发新产品、采用新技术方面居于优势地位,由于战后美国社会生产力发达、资金供给充足、消费市场容量大、变化快,所以众多新产品主要是在美国创新出来。
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1 Knickerbocker, F.T., 1973, Oligopolistic Reaction and the Multinational Enterprise, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
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8 Barrios, S. and Strobl, E. 2002, Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity Spillovers: Evidence from the Spanish Experience, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 138: 459-481.
9 Singh, R. 1992, Government Introduced Price Distortion and Growth, Evidence from Twenty Nine Developing Countries, Public Choice, 73: 83-99.
10 Haddad, M. and A. E. Harrison, 1993, Are There Positive Spillovers from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Panel Data for Morocco, Journal of Development Economics, 42: 51-74.
1 Kokko, A. Tansini, R. and Zejan, M. 1996, Local Technological Capability and Productivity pillovers form FDI in the Uruguayan Manufacturing Sector, Journal of Development Studies, 32: 602-611.
2 Aitken, B.J. and A. Harrison, 1999, Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from. Venezuela, American Economic Review, 89: 605- 618.
3 Barrios, S. 2000, Are There Positive Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment? Evidence from the Spanish Experience (1990-1994), mimeo, University of Manchester.
4 Driffield, N.L., 2001, The Impact on Domestic Productivity of Inward Investment in the UK, The Manchester School, 69: 103-119.
5 Konings, J. 2001, The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Domestic Firms: Evidence from Firm Lever Panel Data in Emerging Economies, Economics of Transition, 9: 619-633.
6 Barrios, S. and Strobl, E. 2002, Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity Spillovers: Evidence from the Spanish Experience, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 138: 459-481.
7 Harrison, A. 1996, Determinants and Effects of Direct Foreign Investment in Cote d'Ivoire, Morocco, and Venezuela, in M. Roberts, and J. Tybout, editors, Industrial Evolution in Developing Countries, Oxford University Press;Aitken, Brian J., Gordon H. Hanson, and Ann E. Harrison, 1997, Spillovers, Foreign Investment, and Export Behavior, Journal of International Economics, 43: 103-132;De Mello, LR. 1997, Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries and Growth: A Selective Survey, Journal of Development Studies, 34: 1-34;Blomstrom, M. and F. Sjoholm 1999, Technology Transfer and Spillovers: Does Local Participation with Multinationals Matter, European Economic Review, 43: 915-923;Djankov, S. and Hoekman, B. 2000, Foreign Investment and Productivity Growth in Czech Enterprises, World Bank Economic Review, 14: 49-64;Kathuria, V., 2000, Productivity Spillovers from Technology Transfer to Indian Manufacturing Firms, Journal of International Development, 12: 343-369;Harris, R and Robinson, C. 2004, Productivity Impacts and Spillovers from Foreign Ownership in the United Kingdom. National Institute Economic Reviews, 187: 58-75.
1 参见李东阳.外国直接投资与经济发展[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2002:13;张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:12.
1 Dunning, J.H., 1993, Multinational Enterprise and the Global Economy, New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Ltd, 118。
2 宋则行,樊亢.世界经济史(上卷)[M],北京:经济科学出版社,1995:380.
1 Dunning, J.H., 1993, Multinational Enterprise and the Global Economy, New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Ltd, 118。
2 张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:94.
1 世界银行.1985 年世界发展报告(中译本)[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,1985:14.
2 Dunning, J.H., 1993, Multinational Enterprise and the Global Economy, New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Ltd, 118。
3 UNCTAD:World Investment Report.1994:419.
1 仇启华.世界经济学[M].北京:中共中央党校出版社,1989:333.
2 UNCTAD. World Investment Report. 1994: 415-418.
1 根据 UNCTAD 发表的 World Investment Report 1994 第 419 页中的数据整理计算。
2 UNCTAD. World Investment Report. 1994: 409-420.
3 UNCTAD: World Investment Report 1996, 233; World Investment Report 2001, 296.
1 此处半对数模型的采用借鉴了达莫达尔·古亚拉提(Damodar N. Gujarati)的计量思想。参见达莫达尔·古亚拉提.经济计量学精要(中译本)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000:160-163.
1 参见达莫达尔·古亚拉提.经济计量学精要(中译本)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000:160-163.
1 Dunning, J.H., 1981, International Production and the Multinational Enterprise, Allen and Unwin.
2 国际货币基金组织.世界经济展望[M].北京:中国金融出版社,1997:45.
3 Prakash, A. and Hart, J.A. eds. 1999, Globalization and Governance, Published by Routledge London, 3.
4 Wagner H., 2000, Globalization and Unemployment, Published by Springer Heidelberg, 19.
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6 季铸.世界经济导论[M].北京:人民出版社,2003:31.
7 张幼文等.世界经济学——原理与方法[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006:1.
1 对要素流动是经济全球化最为本质的特征更为详细的分析参见张幼文等.世界经济学——原理与方法[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006:6.
1 马克·斯考森.现代经济学的历程[M].长春:长春出版社,2006:438-439.
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1 UNCTAD: World Investment Report . 2002: 20.
1 UNCTAD: World Investment Report . 2002: 22.
2 UNCTAD: World Investment Report . 2002: 13.
1 UNCTAD: World Investment Report. 2002: 303.
1 应该说,国际直接投资空间布局并不仅局限于投资国家或地区选择的问题,但它首先表现为投资的具体区位的选择,本文也主要基于区位分布的含义上来探讨国际直接投资的空间特性,除非文中另作说明,为此本文未对空间分布和区位分布作具体区分,两者多数情况下是混合使用的。
2 贺灿飞.外商直接投资区位:理论分析与实证研究[M].北京:中国经济出版社, 2005:50.
3 这同时也意味着,许多如中国这样的国内各地区经济发展差距非常大的国家,其国内不同地区也不应采取完全同一的引资战略,而应该根据不同地区的经济发展具体情况特别是所处的不同发展阶段,采取多层次的引资战略。
1 周阳敏的研究表明,伴随着经济区域一体化的发展,区域间的经济周期协同性减弱、区域内的经济周期协同性增强,这从另一侧面反映了区域内部经济整体性程度的加强的事实。周阳敏.世界经济博弈周期[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2005:28-74.
2 Dunning, J.H., 1973, The Determinants of International Production, Oxford Economic Papers, 5: 289-236.
3 Dunning, J.H., 1988, The Eclectic Paradigm of International Production: A Restatement and Some Possible Extensions, Journal of International Business Studies, 19: 1-31.
1 崔新健.外商对华直接投资的决定因素[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2001:99-100;贺灿飞.外商直接投资区位:理论分析与实证研究[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2005,50.
2 Kravis, I., & Lipsey, R., 1982, The Location of Overseas Production and Production for Exports for U.S. Multinational Firms, Journal of International Economics, 12: 201-223.
3 Clickman, N.J. & Wood, D.P., 1988, The Location of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Patterns and Determinants. International Regional Science Review, 11: 137-154.
4 Yamawaki, H., 1993, Location Decisions of Japanese Multinational Firms in European Manufacturing Industries. In K. Hughes (Ed.), European competitiveness. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1 Swedenborg, B., 1979, The Multinational Operations of Swedish Firms, Stockholm Industrial Institute for Economic and Social Research.
2 Dunning, J.H., 1980, Toward an Eclectic Theory of International Production: Some Empirical Tests, Journal of International Business Studies, 11: 9-31.
3 Caves, R.E., 1971, International Corporatioas: The Industrial Economics of Foreign Investment, Journal of International Economics, 38: 1-27.
4 Williamson, O., 1985, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, New York: Free Press; Mariotti, S. & Piscitello, L., 1995, Information Costs and Location of Foreign Direct Investment within the Host Country: Empirical Evidence form Italy, Journal of International Business Studies, 4: 815-836.
5 Green, R., & Cunningham, W., 1975, The Determinants of U.S. Foreign Investment, Management International areview, 15: 113-120; Kobrin, S.J., 1976, The Environmental Determinants of Foreign Direct Manufacturing Investment: An Export Empirical Analysis, Journal of International Business Studies, 7: 29-42; Dunning, J.H., 1980, Toward an Eclectic Theory of International Production: Some Empirical Tests, Journal of International Business Studies, 11: 9-31; Papanastassiou, M., & Pearce, R., 1990, Host Country Characteristics and the Sourcing Behavior of UK Manufacturing Industry, Discussion Papers in International Investment and Business Studies, Series B, Vol. II, No.140; Schneider, F. & Frey B., 1985, Economic and Political Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment, world Development, 13: 161-175; Hennart, J. & Y. Park, 1994, Location, Governance and Strategic Determinants of Japanese Manufacturing Investment in the United States, Strategic Management Journal, 15: 419-436.
6 Root, F., & A. Ahmed, 1979, Empirical Determinants of manufacturing Direct Foreign Investment in Developing Countries, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 27: 751-767.
7 Schneider, F. & Frey B., 1985, Economic and Political Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment, world Development, 13: 161-175.
8 Gruben William C. & McLeod Darry, 1998, Capital Flows, Savings, and Growth in the 1990s, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, 3: 287-301.
1 Root, F., & A. Ahmed, 1979, Empirical Determinants of manufacturing Direct Foreign Investment in Developing Countries, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 27: 751-767.
2 Agodo, O., 1978, The Determinants of U.S. Private manufacturing Investment in Africa, Journal of International Business Studies, 9: 95-107.
3 Culem, C., 1988, The Locational Determinants of Direct Foreign Investment among Industrialized Countries, European Economic Review, 32: 885-904.
4 Wheeler David and Ashoka Mody, 1992, International Investment Location Decisions: The Case of U.S. Firms, Journal of International Economics, 33: 57-76.
5 Clickman, N.J. & Wood, D.P., 1988, The Location of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Patterns and Determinants. International Regional Science Review, 11: 137-154.
6 Smith, D.F. & R. Florida, 1994, Agglomeration and Industrial Location: An Econometric Analysis of Japanese Affiliated Manufacturing Establishments in Automotive-Related Industries, Journal of Urban Economics, 36: 23-41.
7 Head, K., J. Reis & D. Swenson, 1995, Agglomeration Benefits and Location Choice: Evidence from Japanese Manufacturing in the United States, Journal of International Economics, 38: 223-247.
8 Luger, M.I. & S. Shetty, 1985, Determinants of Foreign Plant Start-ups in the United States: Lessons for Policymakers in the Southeast, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Spring: 223-245.
9 Agodo, O., 1978, The Determinants of U.S. Private manufacturing Investment in Africa, Journal of International Business Studies, 9: 95-107.
10 Lall, S. and N. S. Siddharthan, 1982, The Monopolistic Advantages of Multinationals: Lessons from Foreign Investment in the U.S Economic Journal, 92: 668-683.
1 鲁明泓.制度因素与国际直接投资区位分布:一项实证研究[J] .经济研究,1999,(7):57-66.
2 Waldkirch, A., 2003, The “New Regionalism” and Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Mexico, Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor and Francis Journals, 12: 151-184.
3 Belderbos, R. H. Vandenbussche and R. Veugelers , 2004, Antidumping Duties, Undertakings and Foreign Direct Investment in EU, European Economic Review, 48: 429 -453.
4 UNCTAD: World Investment Report 1995, 298-299.
5 Charles Oman, 2000, Policy Competition for Foreign Direct Investment: A Study of Competition among Government to Attract FDI, OECD Development Centre, Paris.
6 Morisset, J. and Pirnia, N, 1999, How Tax Policy and Incentives Affect Foreign Direct Investment: A Review" (November 30), World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2509.
1 葛顺奇.激励措施及其对吸引外资的影响[J] .国际经济评论,2006,(3-4):47-49.
2 UNCTAD: World Investment Report, 1995: 298-299.
3 葛顺奇.激励措施及其对吸引外资的影响[J] .国际经济评论,2006,(3-4):47-49.
1 图形源于江心英、袁树人的论文并经过调整。见江心英,袁树人.国际直接投资地域结构综合动因分析[J].世界地理研究,2003,(3):20-25.
1 ESP 范式是 Koopman 和 Montias(1971)提出的一种比较经济学的分析模式,Dunning(1981)将这一模式用于国际直接投资研究中的东道国区位优势分析。见 Koopman, K. & Montias, J.M., 1971, On the description and comparison of economic systems. In A. Ekstein, (Ed.), Comparison of economic systems. California: University of California Press;Dunning, J.H., 1981, International Production and the Multinational Enterprise, London: George Allen & Unwin, 43.
1 张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:37-38.
1 张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:105.
2 刘翔峰.欧盟对外直接投资的趋势及对中国的影响[J].经济研究参考,2005,(64):43.
1 1997—1999 年的数据来源于张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:108; 2000—2003 年的数据来源于李理.日本对外直接投资的新变化与前景展望[J] .日本研究,2005,(2):34.
1 本文提出“国际直接投资空间集聚”在很大程度上受到“要素集聚”概念的启发。“要素集聚”概念及其论证首次发表于张幼文、黄仁伟等著、人民出版社出版的《2006 中国国际地位报告》,该书导论中第二、三节由张幼文撰写,“要素集聚”的进一步研究参见张幼文、梁军的论文(张幼文,梁军.要素集聚与中国在世界经济中的地位[J].学术月刊,2007,(3):74-82)。
1 贺灿飞.外商直接投资区位:理论分析与实证研究[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2005:43.
2 Cheng, L.K., and Kwan, Y.K., 2000, What Are the Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment? The Chinese Experience, Journal of International Economics, 51: 379-400.
3 Deichmann, J.I., Eshghi, A., Haughton, D.M., Sayek, S., and Teebagy, N.C., 2003, Foreign Direct Investment in the Eurasian Transition States, Eastern European Economics, 41: 5-34.
4 Agodo, O., 1978, The Determinants of U.S. Private manufacturing Investment in Africa, Journal of International Business Studies, 9: 95-107.
5 沈坤荣,田源.人力资本与外商直接投资的区位选择[J] .管理世界,2002,(11):27-32.
6 梁琦.跨国公司海外投资与产业集聚[J] .世界经济,2003,(9):31-39.
1 鲁明泓.制度因素与国际直接投资区位分布:一项实证研究[J].经济研究,1999,(7):57-66.
2 贺灿飞,梁进社.中国外商直接投资的区域分布及其变化[J].地理学报,1999,(3):97-105.
3 Henderson J., 1986, Efficiency of Resource Usage and City Size, Journal of Urban Economics, 19: 47-70.
1 根据 UNCTAD:World Investment Report 2002 和 2005 中的统计数据计算。
2 参见王洛林主编的《中国外商投资报告 2000》,中国财政经济出版社 2000 年版,此处转引自杨丹辉.全球竞争:FDI 与中国产业竞争力[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004:209.
3 杨丹辉.全球竞争:FDI 与中国产业竞争力[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004:209.
4 王光荣.“中国制造”的崛起,不争的事实[N].光明日报,2002-09-11(8).
1 根据中国统计年鉴 2005 的统计数据整理。
2 数据根据中国商务部统计资料计算,见 www.mofcom.gov.cn。
3 世界经济年鉴编委会.世界经济年鉴(2005/2006)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2006:328。
1 张宇.集权、分权与市场化改革[A].见:董辅礽等.集权与分权——中央与地方关系的构建[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1996.
1 相关研究分析表明,外商对华直接投资发展的时空过程与中国开放政策的时空过程是一致的,随着开放政策在空间上的扩展,外商直接投资区位也相应扩展。魏后凯,贺灿飞,王新.中国外商投资区位决策与公共政策[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002:73-74.
2 Chen, C., L. Chang and Y. Zhang, 1995, The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in China‘s Post-1978 Economic Development, World Development, 23: 691-703;Chen, C., L. Chang and Y. Zhang, 1995, The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in China‘s Post-1978 Economic Development, World Development, 23: 691-703.
3 见鲁明泓.外国直接投资区域分布与中国投资环境评估[J].经济研究,1997,(12):38-45;Cheng L. & Kwan Y., 2000, What Are the Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment? The Chinese Experience, Journal of International Economics 51: 379-400.
1 王永林等.中国投资环境的国际比较[J].经济社会体制比较,2003,(3):24-34.
2 陈净植,刘璐璐.中国的投资环境相当不错[J].政策前瞻,2003,(12):20-21.
1 [英]牛顿.自然哲学的数学原理[M].商务印书馆,1957:8-9.
1 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第三卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,1995:392.
2 惯性坐标系是物理学上常用的一个概念,泛指经典力学的基本规律即牛顿运动定律成立的参考系。
1 参见郑庆璋,崔世治.相对论与时空[M].太原:山西科学技术出版社,2001:78-80.
1 叶刚.遍及全球的跨国公司[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1989:29.
2 UNCTAD:World Investment Report, 1993: 247.
3 张纪康.跨国公司与直接投资[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:100-101.
1 UNCTAD: World Investment Report, 2002: 5.
2 发达国际和发展中国家所占比重之和并不全部等于 1,从 1991 年开始,国家类型除发达国家和发展中国家之外,还包括东南欧和独联体国家等转型国家。
1 联合国贸易与发展会议.2002 年世界投资报告:跨国公司与出口竞争力(中译本)[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2003:3-5.
1 对滞后一期的世界 GDP 增长率与中国 FDI 增长率的简单回归结果表明,两者存在一定的负相关关系。参见梁军.从 FDI 看世界经济波动对我国经济增长的影响[J].国际贸易问题,2005,(8):64-69.
1 张幼文等.世界经济概论[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2001:143.
2 周阳敏.世界经济博弈周期[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2005:7.
3 现代经济周期理论一般不再严格区分经济波动和经济周期,而把经济周期等同于经济波动,为与上面分析相一致,本文也并不将经济波动和经济周期做严格区分。
1 数据根据国家统计局的数据计算,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/2004/t20060721_402339577.htm。
2 Dellas H., 1986, A real model of the world business cycle, Journal of International Money and Finance, 5: 381-394.
3 Aart Kraay & Jaume Ventura, 2000, Product Price and the OECD Cycle, NBER Working Paper No. 7788.
4 Aart Kraay & Jaume Ventura, 2001, Comparative Advantage and the Cross-section of Business Cycle, NBER Working Paper No. 8104.
5 Brian A’Hearn & Ulrich Woitek, 2001, More International Evidence on the Historical Properties of Business Cycle, Journal of Monetary economics, 47: 321-346.
6 周阳敏.世界经济博弈周期[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2005:81.
1 陶田,李好好.国际投资学[M].太原:山西出版社,2001:21.
1 Dunning, J.H., 1981, International Production and the Multinational Enterprise, Allen and Unwin.
1 Dunning, J.H., 1988, Explaining International Production, Boston: Unwin Hyman.
1 谢康.跨国公司与当代中国[M].上海:立信会计出版社,1997:54.
2 Dunning, John H., 1981, Explaining Outward Direct Investment of Developing Countries: In Support of the Eclectic Theory of International Production, in Krishna Kumar and Maxwell G. McLeod, Multinationals from Developing Countries, Toronto, Canada: Lexington Books, 6.
3 谢康.跨国公司与当代中国[M].上海:立信会计出版社,1997:56.
4 数据来源于 UNCTAD:World Investment Report 1994,411-414。
5 数据来源于 UNCTAD:World Investment Report 1998,364-370。
1 需要指出的,根据中国现实经济发展状况所做出的判断反映的是中国直接投资所处发展阶段的“实际状况”,而不是中国直接投资发展阶段“应该达到”的状况或“理想”的状况,进一步分析可参见高敏雪、李颖俊的论文(高敏雪,李颖俊.对外直接投资发展阶段的实证分析[J].管理世界,2004,(1):55-61)。
1 谢康.中国跨国公司的创立及其发展趋势[J].世界经济研究,1994,(6):22-26.
1 崔新健.外商对华直接投资的决定因素[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2001:124-126.
2 张纪.美国对华直接投资影响因素实证分析[J].世界经济研究,2006,(1):55-61.
1 中国商务年鉴编辑委员会.中国商务年鉴 2005[M].北京:中国商务出版社,2005:149.
1 中国商务年鉴编辑委员会.中国商务年鉴 2005[M].北京:中国商务出版社,2005:25.
2 滕家国.外商对华直接投资研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001:22.
3 数据根据中国商务部统计资料计算,http://www. mofcom.gov.cn。
4 中国商务年鉴编辑委员会.中国商务年鉴 2005[M].北京:中国商务出版社,2005:146.
5 滕家国.外商对华直接投资研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001:19 -20.
6 来自发展中国家和地区的外商直接投资绝大部分来自港澳台地区、韩国和东盟等东亚国家和地区。
1 魏后凯,贺灿飞,王新.中国外商投资区位决策与公共政策[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002:6.
2 数据来源于中国对外经济贸易年鉴编辑委员会编写的《中国对外经济贸易年鉴》1984—1999 年各期的统计数据并经过整理。
1 中国商务年鉴编辑委员会.中国商务年鉴 2005[M].北京:中国商务出版社,2005:893.
2 是相对于国际大型跨国公司来说的,并不表明其对中国内地企业处于低水平。
3 滕家国.外商对华直接投资研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001:69.
4 江小涓.吸引外资对中国技术进步和研发能力提升的影响[J].国际经济评论,2004,(1—2):13-18.
1 魏后凯,贺灿飞,王新.中国外商投资区位决策与公共政策[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002:8.
2 中国商务年鉴编辑委员会.中国商务年鉴 2005[M].北京:中国商务出版社,2005:150.
3 见 Chen, C. H., 1996, Regional Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Mainland China, The American Economic Review 56: 679-733;李小建.香港对大陆投资的区位变化与公司空间行为[J].地理学报,1996,(3):213-222;Sun, H., 1996, Direct Foreign Investment and Linkage Effects: the Experience of China, Asian Economics, 25: 5-28;贺灿飞,梁进社.中国外商直接投资的区域分布及其变化[J].地理学报,1999,(3):97-105;魏后凯.外国直接投资对中国区域经济增长的影响[J].经济研究,2002,(4):19-26;武剑.外国直接投资的区域分布及其经济效应[J].经济研究,2002,(4):27-35.
1 资料来源于国家统计局贸易物资司:《1979—1991 中国对外经济统计大全》,中国统计信息咨询服务中心,1992 年,此处转引自魏后凯,贺灿飞,王新.中国外商投资区位决策与公共政策[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002:14.
1 Head K. & Ries J., 1996: Inter-city Competition for Foreign Direct Investment: Static and Dynamic Effects of China’s Incentives Areas, Journal of Urban Economics 40: 38-60.
1 Cheng L. & Kwan Y., 2000, What Are the Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment? The Chinese Experience, Journal of International Economics 51: 379-400.
1 Hou J. & Zhang K., 2001, A Locational Analysis of Taiwanese Branch Plants in Mainland China, International Journal of Business, 6: 53-56.
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3 贺灿飞,梁进社.中国外商直接投资的区域分布及其变化[J].地理学报,1999,(3):97-105;
1 干中学的概念最初是由肯尼斯·阿罗(Kenneth Arrow,1962)阐明的。阿罗确定学习曲线来源于经验,经验来源于“累积生产”,从而解释了促使成本下降的所谓“学习曲线”现象。见 Kenneth Arrow, 1962, The Economic Implications of Leaning by Doing, Review of Economic Studies vol. xxix: 155-173.
2 魏后凯,贺灿飞,王新.中国外商投资区位决策与公共政策[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002:92-106.
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5 程惠芳.国际直接投资与开放型内生经济增长[J].经济研究,2002,(10):71-78.
6 宋泓,柴瑜.三资企业与我国产业结构调整——对外贸易视角的实证分析[J].管理世界,1999,(6):76,215-216.
7 张远峰,郭凤.论外商直接投资对产业结构升级作用的机理[J].浙江万里学院学报,2004,(6):
8 江小涓.跨国投资、市场结构与外商投资企业的竞争行为[J].经济研究, 2002,(9):31-38.
1 金紫汇,杨臻黛.利用外资与我国出口商品结构的调整[J].国际经济合作,1998,(4):20-22.
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7 冼国明,严兵,张岸元.中国出口与外商直接投资——1983—2003 年数据的计量分析[J].南开经济研究,2003,(1):47-50.
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9 王晨钟. FDI 对我国出口贸易及出口商品结构影响的实证分析[J].黑龙江对外经贸,2004,(5):20-22.
1 刘舜佳.外商直接投资与我国出口商品结构优化[J].财经科学,2004,(2):80-83.
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3 向铁梅.国际贸易与直接投资的关系及其中国情况的实证分析[J].世界经济研究,2003,(3):16-21.
4 张幼文.对外开放效益评估的主题与思路——以科学发展观对“新开放观”的探索[J].世界经济研究,2005,(8):6-13.
5 沈桂龙,于蕾.外商直接投资对我国经济发展的负面影响及对策思考[J].世界经济研究,2005,(11):6-12.
6 冯秀娟.我国利用 FDI 引进技术过程中利润损失的定量分析[J].世界经济研究,2005,(3):66-70.
7 程惠芳,张声洲.国际产业流入对中国储蓄与投资转化的影响[J].世界经济,2003,(6):24-28.
1 杨柳勇,沈国良.外商直接投资对国内投资的挤出挤入效应分析[J].统计研究,2002,(3):6-8;王志鹏,李子奈.外商直接投资对国内投资挤出挤入效应的重新检验[J].统计研究,2004,(7):37-43.
2 罗长远.FDI 对中国私人资本成长的影响:基于 1987—2001 省际面板数据分析[J].世界经济,2006,(1):31-39.
3 蒋殿春.跨国公司对我国企业研发能力的影响:一个模型分析[J].南开经济研究,2004,(4):63-67.
4 张敬一,陈德昌.论跨国公司投资中的负面效应[J].上海师范大学学报,2003,(5):48-53.
5 郭继严,王永锡,刘家强.2001—2020 我国就业战略研究[J].经济学家,2001,(4):3-11.
6 魏后凯.外国直接投资对中国区域经济增长的影响[J].经济研究,2002,(4):19-26.
7 王成岐,张建华,安辉.外商直接投资、地区差异与中国经济增长[J].世界经济,2002,(4):15-23.
8 秦晓钟,胡志宝.外商对华直接投资技术外溢效应的实证分析[J].现代经济探讨,1998,(4):47-49;姚洋.非国有经济成分对我国工业企业技术效率的影响[J].经济研究,1998,(12):29-35;何洁.外商直接投资对中国工业部门外溢效应的进一步精确量化[J].世界经济,2000,(12):29-36;沈坤荣,耿强.外国直接投资、技术外溢与内生经济增长[J].中国社会科学,2001,(5):82-93;周研.对外商直接投资外溢效应的实证研究[J].经济问题探索,2002,(6):57-59;吴德进.福建省外商工业企业投资溢出效应分析[J].福建论坛(经济社会版),2003,(1):21-23.
1 王飞.外商直接投资促进了国内工业企业技术进步吗[J].世界经济研究,2003,(4):38-43.
2 冼国明,严兵.FDI 对中国创新能力的溢出效应[J].世界经济,2005,(10):20-27;潘文卿.外商直接投资对中国工业部门的外溢效应:基于面板数据的分析[J].世界经济,2003,(6):3-7,80.
3 包群,赖明勇.中国外商直接投资与技术进步的实证研究[J].经济评论,2002,(6):63-71.
4 胡立法.“索洛剩余”与外资对中国经济增长的技术贡献率实证分析[J].世界经济研究,2005,(9):54-56,62.
5 张海洋.R&D 两面性、外资活动与中国工业生产率增长[J].经济研究,2005,(5):107-117;张海洋.外资对湖北制造业技术进步的影响[J].湖北大学学报,2004,(5):45-50.
6 刘刚,张浩辰.在华外资企业的技术控制探讨[J].世界经济研究,2004,(10):68-74.
7 张幼文.对外开放效益评估的主题与思路——以科学发展观对“新开放观”的探索[J].世界经济研究,2005,(8):6-13.
8 湛柏明.跨国公司在华研发投资的效应分析[J].世界经济研究,2003,(10):50-55.
1 陈继勇等.国际直接投资的新发展与外商对华直接投资研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2004:466-468.
2 赵晋平等.从制度入手:新时期我国利用外资的战略调整[J].国际贸易,2001,(2):11-14.
1 江小涓.吸引外资对中国技术进步和研发能力提升的影响[J].国际经济评论,2004,(1—2):13-18.
1 中国商务年鉴编辑委员会.中国商务年鉴 2005[M].北京:中国商务出版社,2005:893.
2 数据根据《中国统计年鉴》2005—2006 年的相关数据整理。
3 江小涓.吸引外资对中国技术进步和研发能力提升的影响[J].国际经济评论,2004,(3—4):21.
1 江锦凡.外国直接投资在中国经济增长中的作用机制[J].世界经济,2004,(1):3-10.
1 中国商务年鉴编辑委员会.中国商务年鉴 2005[M].北京:中国商务出版社,2005:683-685.
1 根据《中国统计年鉴》2005 年的统计资料并经过相关计算。
2 中国商务部统计资料,http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/Nocategory/200702/20070204346843.html。
1 魏后凯.外国直接投资对中国区域经济增长的影响[J].经济研究,2002,(4):19-26.
2 中国商务部外国投资管理司统计资料,http://www.fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI/wztj。
3 冯宗智.反垄断的弦外之音[J].科技智囊,2004,(8):33—35.
1 马天毅,马野青,张二震.外商直接投资与中国技术创新能力[J].世界经济研究,2006,(7):6-10.
2 商务部统计资料,http://www.fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI/wztj/lntjsj/wstzsj/2005nzgwztj/t20060906_61330.htm.
3 数据根据中国国家统计局公布的 2004、2005 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报中的数据计算整理。
1 李东阳.外国直接投资与经济发展[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2002:230.
1 黄春松,孙思忠.在开放中寻求发展——开放型经济分析[J].北方经济,2002,(S1):8-9.
2 李新国,俞小江.开放经济下中国产业结构调整研究[J].武汉科技大学学报(社会科学版),2005,(1):26-29.
3 薛小和.发展开放型经济是我国对外开放总目标——访国务院发展研究中心对外经济研究部部长张小济[N].经济日报,2001-10-11(10).
4 周肇光.准确把握邓小平开放型经济发展思想的科学内涵[J].上海金融学院学报,2004,(4):5-11.
5 郑吉昌.经济全球化背景下中国开放型经济的发展[J].技术经济与管理研究,2003,(5):9-11.
6 张卫国.落实科学发展观促进新时期开放型经济发展[J].中国党政干部论坛,2006,(9):16-18.
1 魏达志.论开放型经济与新一轮体制创新[J].特区经济,2005,(5):12-15.
1 张幼文等.新开放观——对外开放理论与战略再探索[M].北京:人民出版社,2007:6
1 中国共产党第十四届中央委员会.中共中央建立社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定. http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/252/5089/5106/5179/20010430/456592.html.
2 江泽民.高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜,把建设有中国特色社会主义事业全面推向二十一世纪. http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/252/5089/5093/5279/20010430/456849.html.
1 江泽民.全面建设小康社会,开创中国特色社会主义新局面. http://www.cs.com.cn/csnews/20021118/300508.asp.
2 Ricardo, David, 1817, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Cambridge University Press, 1951.
3 Hechscher, E., 1919, The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income, Ekonomisk Tidskrift; Ohlin, B., 1933, Interregional and International Trade, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4 Linder, S.D., 1961, An Essay on Trade and Transformation, New York: Wiley.
1 List 以部门经济为划分标准,将各国经济发展分为五个阶段,具体为:原始未开化阶段、畜牧阶段、农业阶段、农工业阶段和农工商业阶段。List, F., 1841, The National System of Political Economy, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1885.
2 Balassa, B., 1981, The New Industrializing Countries in the World Economy, New York, Pergamon Press.
3 Lancaster, K., 1980, Intra-Industry Trade under Perfect Monopolistic Competition, Journal of International Economics, 10: 151-175; Krugman, Paul, 1979, Increasing Returns, Monopolistic Competition ,and International Trade, Journal of International Economics, 9: 469-479; Krugman, Paul, 1980, Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade, American Economic Reviews, 10: 950-959.
4 Krugman, Paul, (ed), 1986, Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economy, Cambridge, MIT Press.
1 Hymer, S.H., 1976, The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
2 Vernon, R., 1966, International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May: 190-207.
3 Kojima K., 1978, Direct Foreign Investment: A Japanese Model of Multinational Business Operations, Croom Helm.
4 Dunning, J.H., 1977, Trade, Location of Economic Activity and the MNE: A Search for an Eclectic Approach, in Ohlin, B. (ed), The International Allocation of Economic Activity, London: Holms & Meier Press.
5 Porter, M., 1980, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, New York: The Free Press.
1 Prebisch, R., 1950, The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems, New York: United Nations; Prebisch, R., 1959, Commercial Policy in the Underdeveloped Countries, American Economic Review, 2: 251-273.
2 Bhagwati, J.,1958, Immiserizing Growth: A Geometrical Note, Review of Economic Studies, 3: 201-205.
1 Chenery, H. & Strout, A., 1966, Foreign Assistance and Economic Development, American Economic Review, 96: 679-733.
2 Porter, M., 1990, Competitive Advantage of Nations, New York: The Free Press.
3 Rostow, W.W., 1960, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifest, Cambridge University Press.
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1 本文对中国开放型经济发展阶段的分析深受张幼文研究员的指点和其文章的启发,中国开放经济发展的这三个阶段就是张幼文研究员提出的。见张幼文.实现对外开放的可持续发展[N].文汇报,2007-03-05(10);张幼文.中国开放型经济发展的新阶段[J].毛泽东邓小平理论研究,2007,(2):1-8;张幼文.中国开放战略需要推向新阶段[N].解放日报,2007-02-11(8).
2 参见刘易斯对此问题的论述。刘易斯.劳动力无限供给条件下的经济发展[A].见刘易斯.二元经济论[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1989,1-46.
1 世界经济年鉴编委会.世界经济年鉴(2005/2006)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2006:313-315.
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3 杨海生等.贸易、外商直接投资、经济增长与环境污染[J].中国人口资源与环境,2005,(3):99-103.
1 数据根据中国国家统计局编撰的《中国统计年鉴》(2005)中的统计数据整理,中国统计出版社 2005 年版。
2 世界经济年鉴编委会.世界经济年鉴(2005/2006)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2006:601-614.
3 数据来源于摩根士丹利首席经济学家史蒂芬·罗奇发表于美国纽约国际证券公司《国际金融论坛》的专栏文章,转引自环球财经网,http://www.hqcj.com.cn/news/200606/20060620143452499115.html。
4 吴敬琏.中国增长模式选择[M].上海:上海远东出版社,2006:124.
1 国家统计局 2005 年国民统计公报,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20060227_402307796.htm。
1 张幼文,梁军.要素集聚与中国在世界经济中的地位[J].学术月刊,2007,(3):74-82.
1 2005 年的比重根据中国国家统计局发布的 2005 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报中的数据计算,http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20060227_402307796.htm.
1 2005 年的数据来源于中国国家统计局发布的 2005 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报。http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20060227_402307796.htm.
1 徐冬青.优化江苏利用外资质量的思考[J].现代经济探讨,2005,(11):33.
1 彭红斌.西部地区引进外资探析[J].财金贸易,2000,(10):12-13.
1 刘文秀,刘丽琴.产业集聚与中国 FDI 分布的地区差异研究[J].生产力研究,2006,(8):179.
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