论公用企业垄断问题的法律规制
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摘要
具有自然垄断特性的公用企业,是指公用事业的经营者,包括供水、供电、供热、供气、邮政、电讯、交通运输等行业的经营者。其经营状况的好坏、服务质量的优劣及价格水平的高低不仅直接关系到公众的生活,而且是现代工业发展不可或缺的重要条件,事关国民经济的安全与稳定,因而各国在处理公用企业问题上都非常慎重。尤其在早期,大多数市场经济国家都对公用企业实施严格的政府管制,适用特殊的法律规制,如对其给予某种程度上的反垄断法适用豁免。但是,伴随着自然垄断理论的进一步深化以及西方发达国家八、九十年代对公用企业卓有成效的改革,公用企业的合法垄断地位业已面临理论和实践的双重挑战。探讨能否以及如何在公用企业等网络产业中打破垄断、引入竞争,是我国经济体制改革攻坚阶段面临的一个重大而富有挑战性的课题。基于此,本文第一部分首先阐述了公用企业垄断形成的原因,包括一般原因和我国的特殊成因。在此基础上,文章第二部分着重分析了公用企业反垄断的必要性。自然垄断理论的进一步深化、资本市场的发展和各国公用企业改革的实证研究,使公用企业垄断的合理性受到质疑;公用企业垄断造成严重弊害,社会各界要求打破垄断的呼声越来越高;加入WTO后,加快公用企业改革,迅速提升其国际竞争力,是应对经济全球化所作出的必然选择。最后,借鉴国际上公用企业改革的基本做法和成功经验,立足中国实际,文章第三部分就主要探讨了我国公用企业反垄断的法律对策。包括确立法律规制的原则,明确法律规制的主要内容,完善相关法律法规体系。笔者提出在放松规制、有效竞争、保护消费者利益、循序渐进原则的指导下,实行政企分离、导入竞争机制、实行合理的价格管制,通过制定实施反垄断法、加强行业立法、出台专门的公用企业法和协调公司法、价格法等相关法,共同推进公用企业反垄断的进行。
The public utilities, which is characterized as natural monopoly, is the operator of public affairs, including water supply , power supply,. heat supp, gas supply,postal service, telecommunication, transportation and such like that. The operation state, service quality and the price level not only directly affect the public life, but also become the inevitable and significant prerequisite for our contemporary industry development. Concerning the safety and stabilize of national economy, each State handle the problem of public enterprise with great care. Especially in the early times, most market-orient States took strictly government control and enforced particular laws to the public utilities, like applying anti-monopoly law for exemption in some extend. While, with the theory of natural monopoly deepened and the public utilities, reform successfully in the 1980s and 1990s in western developed countries, the legal monopoly status of public utilities is facing challenge both from theoretic and practice. The discussion about whether and how to break monopoly and introduce competition to public utilities and such network industries is a very important and challenging issue, which our country should confront with in the economic system reform at the typical point. For the forgoing analysis, the first part of this thesis expounds the causation about the formation of public utilities monopoly, including the normal reasons and particular reasons in our country. The second part stress on analyzing the necessity of anti-monopoly to public utilities. Firstly, the reasonable of public utilities monopoly is suspected, because of the theory of natural monopoly deepened, the development of capital market and the research in real practice of public utilities reform in every country. Secondly, grave disadvantages caused by public utilities monopoly lead to the claims that breaking the public enterprise monopoly heavier by the all circles of society. Thirdly, after entry into WTO, the inevitable choice to deal with the economic globalization is to speed up the public utilities reform and to promote the international competitiveness. Finally, based on the Chinese situation, we should draw lessons from the usual ways and succeeded experiences of the other countries' public utilities reform. The third part mainly discussed the judicial way to anti-monopoly of public utilities , involving to establish the principles and main content of legislation, and to perfect the relating legal system. This thesis also suggest that it is benefit for the government and enterprise separated, and the competition
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    system introduced and the proper price regulation enforced under the guidance of loosening rules, effective competition, protection of consumer's interests and the principle of step-by-step. We believe the improvement of anti-monopoly to public utilities can be advanced through making and carrying out the anti-monopoly law, strengthen the industry law; in addition, specialized public utilities law and the corporation law, price law etc the related department law need to be coordinated.
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