基于政府治理的国家审计研究
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摘要
自20世纪70年代以来,西方国家针对政府公共行政极权化和官僚主义而导致的政府公共行政效率低、高昂的社会成本等问题,掀起了一场声势浩大、旷日持久的,旨在推行绩效管理、强调顾客至上与服务意识、在政府管理中引进竞争与市场机制的政府改革运动,积极推进政府治理,追求善治的政府结构,它起源于英国、美国、新西兰以及澳大利亚,后来迅速扩展到其他西方国家,这就是“新公共管理”运动。对于公共资源的责任在政府治理过程中至关重要,它同时也是健全民主制度的重要因素。立法机构、政府官员和社会公众需要了解政府的资源是否得到适当的管理和使用,是否遵循各项法律、法规,政府项目是否讲究经济性、效率性和效果性,政府项目是否实现了其目标和预期的成果。政府管理者就其各种活动及其相关结果对立法机构和社会公众负责。在履行政府对人民负有的各项职责的过程中,国家审计是一个关键性要素,审计监督让利益相关方相信报告的项目结果或经营情况,以及相关的内部控制制度。国家审计代表国家行使审计监督职能,是国家经济运行的“免疫系统”,是政府治理的工具,在政府治理过程中发挥不可替代的作用,它能够促进政府改进管理和决策、加强监督和增强责任心。
     政府治理已经是一个全球性的课题,新公共管理运动对我国的政府体制改革也产生了很大的影响。实现政府治理目标关键在于深化国家审计职能,正是围绕着这样一个主题,本文在分析我国国家审计现状的基础上,以我国政府治理目标为主线,借鉴国外国家审计的理论成果和实践经验,结合我国的具体国情,把国家审计放到政府治理的框架中来研究,将深化国家审计职能与实现政府治理目标有机地结合在一起,从政府治理导向下的国家审计职能定位、经济责任审计、政府效益审计、审计结果公告制度等方面着手,最终促进政府治理目标的实现。
     本文共分七章,各章的主要内容如下:
     第1章导论。引出研究问题,指出本文的研究背景、目的和意义,对政府治理与国家审计的文献进行综述,说明本文的研究方法、研究思路与框架,指出论文的创新与不足。
     第2章政府治理与国家审计的理论分析。从治理、善治、新公共管理、政府治理与治理机制、政府委托代理对政府治理理论进行分析,指出在全球化深刻的影响下,当下中国应该在善治理论的观照下,立足于政府职能转变和政府能力提升,在政府治理的推动下,通过建设责任政府、高效政府、廉洁政府、透明政府、法治政府等来构建社会主义和谐社会,从而走向善治。从公共受托经济责任、国家审计本质与职能对国家审计理论进行分析,指出国家审计是国家经济运行的“免疫系统”,是政府治理的工具,在政府治理过程中发挥不可替代的作用。
     第3章国家审计模式--我国的现实选择。对世界主要国家审计模式进行介绍、比较分析,指出政府治理导向下中国国家审计模式改革的路径选择。一般来讲,国家审计模式的合理构建不能割断与本国政治经济发展以及文化环境的联系,应当根据本国情况,在国家审计现代化的进程中加以总结、吸收,借鉴不同模式的成功经验,摸索出一条适合本国审计发展的道路。为了进一步推进我国国家审计监督体制的发展与完善,一个现实而有效的做法,就是借鉴世界各国国家审计在制度设计上的优点,充分协调国家审计制度改革的本土化与引进之间的关系,审计模式应力求与审计制度环境相适应,并不断积累我国国家审计模式改革的条件,进而改革与完善我国的国家审计模式。
     第4章我国国家审计的职能定位。对我国国家审计的发展历程和局限性进行分析,阐述和谐社会构建中的政府治理目标与国家审计在促进政府治理中的作用,指出政府治理导向下的国家审计职能定位。国家审计作为评价政府和国有企事业单位公共受托经济责任履行情况的一种审计监督形式,通过揭示和揭露经济运行中的重大问题,有效地发挥其职能作用。社会是一个动态发展的系统,政府适应不同的发展时期有不同的经济与政治目标,这意味着不同时期国家审计的重点也是一个与政府目标协调且动态发展的过程。完善政府治理是国家审计工作的目标和任务。可以说,政府治理越完善,国家审计监督工作就越容易进行,国家审计的作用就能得到充分发挥;相反,缺乏政府治理机制,或缺乏政府治理理念,国家审计监督工作就很难进行,国家审计的作用就得不到充分发挥。政府治理导向下的国家审计职能定位,取决于在市场经济条件下政府的双重职能。国家审计应该通过自己的审计行为,促进政府职能的有效实现。国家审计不同于社会审计,其更多肩负的是对国家宏观经济发展和政府经济行为有效性的一种评价和监督,应将经济性、效率性、效果性作为国家审计的终极目的。我国国家审计在政府治理中具备强化公共受托经济责任的监督机制、提高政府治理效率、推动党风廉政建设、实现政府治理公开透明、维护市场经济秩序等五种职能,政府治理导向下的国家审计通过审计监督客观公正地评价政府的经济行为及其制度安排的合理性,为政府经济政策的进一步调整和完善提供强有力的依据和支持,必将成为对政府活动的经济、社会效益和责任进行监督和评价的有力工具和手段。
     第5章经济责任审计。对我国经济责任审计的发展过程和制约因素进行分析,阐述责任政府治理与责任政府治理要求经济责任审计加强对权力的制约和监督,对我国政府治理导向下的经济责任审计进行分析。作为中国特色的国家审计制度下的领导干部经济责任审计,应当实现本级人大常委会对本级政府主要领导履行经济责任的监督,而这必将有力地推动我国现行政治体制下社会主义政治文明的发展,而且也是符合我国国情的。加强政府官员责任,强调责任政府治理,推行问责制度,已经成为创新政府体制的全球化潮流,责任政府治理要求经济责任审计加强对权力的制约和监督。政府治理导向下的经济责任审计是适应我国的政治、经济的发展和政治、经济体制改革的要求而产生和发展起来的,它对于加强干部监督管理,促进党风廉政建设,维护财经秩序,推进依法治国进程具有重要意义。
     第6章政府效益审计。对我国政府效益审计的实施进程和存在问题进行分析,阐述政府治理效率与高效政府治理要求加快向政府效益审计为中心的转变,对我国政府治理导向下的政府效益审计进行分析。政府效益审计是公共管理发展的必然要求,是民主和法治发展的必然结果,也是现代国家审计本质的内在要求,符合审计现代化的发展方向。实现高效政府治理,要求积极推进效益审计,加快向政府效益审计为中心的转变,这是实现我国国家审计工作现代化的必然要求和迫切需要。政府效益审计的有效开展的确能够在较大程度上制约与监督政府权力运行机制,提升政府部门的工作效率。政府效益审计是以促进政府组织正确决策、提高服务效能为目标的,这与我国建立廉洁、高效政府的要求相吻合。政府治理导向下的政府效益审计是对政府及其部门利用资源的经济性、效率性和效果性进行的评价,它有助于明确政府使用公共资源和提供服务的责任,是国家审计发展的必然趋势。
     第7章审计结果公告制度。对我国审计结果公告制度的发展进程和存在差距进行分析,阐述透明政府治理与透明政府治理要求审计结果公告,对我国政府治理导向下的审计结果公告制度进行分析。实行国家审计监督及审计结果公告制度是体现我国立党为公、执政为民的需要,是提高政府治理效率的需要,也是实现政务公开、权力制衡,督促和保障政府有效达成公共目标的基本要求。透明政府治理有利于增加市场信息的有效性和精确性,降低交易成本,有助于减少腐败、增加公民参与决策的机会,给公民以知情权,从而提高决策的民主合法性,透明政府治理要求审计结果公告。我国国家审计实施政府治理导向下的审计结果公告制度有其必然性,实行政府治理导向下的审计结果公告制度,有利于促进建立“行为规范、运转协调、公开透明、廉洁高效”的政府,有利于提高政府部门公共财政资金使用透明度,有利于政府实施政务公开,有利于对权利进行制约监督,有利于遏制与惩治腐败,有利于推动中国社会走向透明、走向公开,从而加速中国政治文明的发展进程。
     本文的创新点在于:
     第一,较为系统地阐述了政府治理导向下的国家审计,指出完善政府治理是国家审计的目标和任务,国家审计作为评价政府公共受托经济责任履行情况的一种监督形式,其作用的发挥,受制于政府治理的完善程度;国家审计代表国家行使审计监督职能,是国家经济运行的“免疫系统”,是政府治理的工具,在政府治理过程中发挥不可替代的作用。
     第二,在分析我国国家审计职能现状的基础上,以我国政府治理目标(责任、高效、廉洁、透明、法治)为主线,借鉴国外国家审计的理论成果和实践经验,结合我国的具体国情,把国家审计放到政府治理的框架中来研究,将深化国家审计职能与实现政府治理目标有机地结合在一起,指出要实现政府治理目标关键在于深化国家审计职能。
     第三,在理论上,结合政治学、经济学、管理学、行政学来研究政府治理与国家审计之间的关系,对政府治理目标和国家审计职能定位提出见解;在实践上,探索具有一定现实可行性和可操作性的深化国家审计职能的对策和促进政府治理目标实现的措施。
Since 1970s, to solve problems like low efficient government public administration and high social cost caused by government public administration totalitarian and bureaucratism, western countries began reforming their governments by introducing competition and market mechanism (like performance management and service awareness), to promote government governance and to pursue a good governance government structure. This New Public Administration Movement first started in Britain, USA, New Zealand and Australia, and then quickly spread to the rest of the western world. Public resources are a vital part of government governance as well as an important factor of a sound democracy system. The legislative, the government and the public need to know whether the government resources are properly managed and used,whether they are following rules and regulations,whether the government projects are economic, efficient and effective,and whether the government projects have achieved the original goals and results or not. The government is responsible for all its activities and results for the legislative and the public. In the process of fulfilling the government’s responsibility to the public, state auditing is a key factor because its supervision makes the involved parties of benefits trust the report of project result and operating status. The state auditing exerts auditing and supervising function on behalf of the state;it is the immune system of state economic operation, a tool of government governance. Its role in government governance is irreplaceable as it facilities government to reform management and decision-making process, strengthens supervision and boosts senses of responsibility.
     Government governance is a global issue. The New Public Administration Movement has a great influence on China’s government system reform. The key to realize government governance goals is to deepen state auditing function. Centering around this topic, and by analyzing present state auditing condition of China and referring to auditing theoretical results and practices of foreign countries, the dissertation focuses on the Chinese government governance goals to study state auditing in the government governance structure in Chinese circumstances. The study integrates deepening state auditing function and realizing government governance goals to realize government governance goals from functional position of state auditing, economic responsibility auditing, government performance auditing, and report system of auditing results under government governance guidance.
     This dissertation is made up of seven chapters:
     Chapter 1 is introduction. In this chapter, the question in study, the background, the aims and the significances are given. By summing up documents of government governance and state auditing, the dissertation’s study methods, research ideas and structure are provided. The dissertation’s possible innovations and shortages are also pointed out in this chapter.
     Chapter 2 focuses on theoretical analysis on government governance and state auditing. By analyzing theories of governing, good governance, new public administration, government governance and governing mechanism, government governance by government entrusted agencies, the dissertation points out that in the globalization background, China should realize good governance by building a government with responsibility, high efficiency, probity, transparence and monocracy in a harmonious socialism society on the base of government function transformation and government ability enhancement and under the guidance of good governance theory. This chapter analyzes state auditing theory in terms of public entrusted economic responsibility, the nature and function of state auditing; then it points out state auditing is the immune system of state economic operation, a tool of government governance. It is irreplaceable in the government governance process.
     Chapter 3 indicates realitic choice of state auditing mode in China. This chapter gives a detailed introduction and respective analysis of state auditing modes of major countries in the world, and points out the way of China’s state auditing mode reform under government governance guidance. Generally speaking, a reasonable construction of state auditing mode can not be separated from a country’s political and economic development and its cultural environment. So during the pursuit of finding the right state auditing, a country should continuously summarizes, assimilates and refers to the successful experiences of other countries. In order to further promoting the development and perfection of China’s state auditing supervision system, a practical and effective way is to take on all the merits of other nations’state auditing systems, and coordinate the relationship between localization and introduction of state auditing system reform. Auditing mode should adapt to Chinese auditing system environment, and accumulate the state auditing mode reform conditions so as to reform and perfect our state auditing mode.
     Chapter 4 discusses functional position of state auditing in China. In this chapter, the development and limitation of China’s state audition are analyzed. By stating the government governance goals and the function of state auditing in promoting government governance in a harmonious society, the author points out functional position of state auditing under government governance guidance. State auditing is a form of auditing to appraise the fulfillment of public entrusted economic responsibilities of government and state own enterprises and institutions. By revealing and exposing major problems in economic operation, state auditing gives full play of its auditing and supervising role. The society is a dynamically developing system; so there are different economic and political goals for a government at different stages. This means state auditing has different goals at different stages to coordinate with government goals accordingly. Perfection of government governance is the goal and task of state auditing work. The more perfect the government governance is, the easier the state auditing work is, the more function the state auditing plays. If there lacks government governance system or government governance ideas, it is difficult to carry out state auditing work and state auditing has no role to play. Functional position of state auditing under government governance guidance is subjected to the government’s double functions in the market economy. State auditing should promote effective realization of government function through its auditing behaviors. State auditing is different from social auditing in that it is an appraisal and supervision of national macro-economic development and government economic behavior validity. It takes economy, efficiency and effect as its ultimate goals. The Chinese state auditing has five functions in government governance: reinforce supervision mechanism of public entrusted economic responsibility, improve government governance efficiency, promote the building of the Party′s style and of a clean government, realize open and transparent government governance, and safeguard market economic system. The state auditing under government governance guidance provides solid proofs and supports for government policy adjustment and perfection because it gives objective and fair evaluations on government economic behaviors and its system arrangement by auditing and supervision. It is definitely a useful tool and means to make supervision and appraisal on the government’s economic behaviors, social benefits and responsibilities.
     Chapter 5 refers to economic responsibility auditing. This chapter analyzes the development and restricting factors of the Chinese economic responsibility auditing and states responsibility government governance and responsibility government governance requires economic responsibility auditing to reinforce restriction and supervision on power. It analyzes economic responsibility auditing under government guidance. Leader-cadre economic responsibility auditing is a form of state auditing system with Chinese characteristic, it should realize supervision on the fulfillment of economic responsibility of a government at a certain level from the NPC Standing Committee at the corresponding level. This system promotes the development of socialist political civilization at the current Chinese political system and it tallies with the national conditions. The global trend is to reinforce government official’s responsibility, emphasize responsibility government governance, and improve the system of accountability. Responsibility government governance requires economic responsibility auditing to strengthen restriction and supervision on powers. Economic responsibility auditing under government governance guidance is the result of China’s political and economic system reform and development. It has far reaching importance in that it strengthens supervision and management of cadre, promotes the building of the Party’s style and of a clean government, safeguards financial and economic system, facilitates the process of ruling the country by law.
     Chapter 6 refers to government performance auditing. This chapter analyzes implement course and problems of the government performance auditing, and government performance auditing under government governance guidance. It also gives account of government governance efficiency and efficient government governance requires speeding up transformation centered on government performance auditing. Government performance auditing is the inexorable requirement of developments of public administration, democracy and rule-by-law. It is the inner requirement of the nature of modern state auditing. It is in line with the development of auditing modernization. To realize efficient government governance, to promote benefit auditing centered on government performance auditing, to facilitate the transformation centered on government performance auditing, these are the inevitable requirements and active demands of realizing China’s state auditing modernization. Effective government performance auditing can check and supervise government power operation system and improve work efficiency of government departments to a greater degree. Government performance auditing aims to promote correct government decision-making and improve service efficiency, which tallies with a clean and efficient government. Government performance auditing under government governance guidance appraises government and its departments on their resources utilization in terms of economy, efficiency and effect. It can help define the government’s responsibility in using public resources and providing services, which is the inevitable development of state auditing.
     Chapter 7 refers to report system of auditing results. This chapter analyzes the development and the gap of China’s report system of auditing results, and report system of auditing results under government governance guidance. It also gives account of transparent government governance and its requirement of announcing auditing results. State auditing supervision and report system of auditing results is the requirement of building a government that is for the people, by the people and of the people. It is also the requirement of improving government governance efficiency. Further more, it is the basic requirement of making government affairs public, checking and balancing powers, supervising, urging and guaranteeing the government to achieve public goals effectively. A transparent government is good for increasing validity and accuracy of market information, decreasing trade cost, eliminating corruption, increasing chances of public involvement in decision-making, giving the public the right to learn the truth, so that to improve democratic legality of decision-making. A transparent government requires an report of auditing results. It is necessary for state auditing to have an report system of auditing results under government governance guidance because it is good to build an open, transparent, clean and efficient government with standardized behavior and coordinated operation. It is good to check and balance powers, to curb and punish corruption, to promote transparency and openness in the Chinese society, to facilitate the Chinese political civilization development.
     The innovations in this dissertation are:
     Firstly, it gives a systematic statement about state auditing under government governance guidance. It points out the goal and task of state auditing is to perfect government governance. As a supervision form of appraising the fulfillment of government public entrusted economic responsibility, the function of state auditing is subject to the perfection of government governance. State auditing exerts auditing supervision function on behalf of the state; it is the immune system of state economic operation, a tool of government governance. It is irreplaceable in the government governance process.
     Secondly, by analyzing present state auditing conditions in China and referring to auditing theoretical results and practices of foreign countries, the dissertation focuses on the Chinese government governance goals (responsibility, high efficiency, probity, transparence and monocracy) to study state auditing in the government governance structure in Chinese circumstances. The study integrates deepening state auditing function and realizing government governance goals and points out that deepening state auditing function is the key to realize government governance goals.
     Thirdly, in theory, this dissertation studies the relationship between government governance and state auditing in terms of politics, economics, management science and science of administration. It gives its views on government governance goals and functional position of state auditing. In practice, it tries to explore feasible, doable methods to deepen state auditing function; and measures that can promote the realization of government governance goals.
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