东湖高新区企业运用政策资源的行为研究
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摘要
政府政策、项目、标准、制度规则以及利益团体的认同越来越成为企业生存和发展的重要资源,而且可能成为企业竞争优势的关键之一。
在政策资源最为丰富、政策优惠力度最大的高新区,企业与政府的接触将更为紧密,在这种微观环境下企业政治策略和行为不仅具有理论研究的意义,更多的是实际应用的价值。
本文着重研究东湖高新区企业在运用政策资源过程中的政治策略与行为。文章首先对东湖高新区的政治环境进行了详尽分析,在此基础上以调查访谈的方法研究了东湖高新区企业在获取政策资源过程中的政治策略与行为,一方面分析了东湖高新区企业采取政治策略与行为的动机,另一方面通过实证的方法研究了东湖高新区企业政治策略与行为的方式特征,并在此基础上研究了企业进行政治策略与行为的资源基础和影响因素,最后以案例的方式回顾了东湖高新区企业政治策略与行为的特征。
本文主要研究结论是:东湖高新区企业政治策略与行为的直接原因在于从政府手中获取利益,获得政府资源,间接原因在于减少政策环境的不确定性。分析表明,东湖高新区企业最为常用的方式是经营活动政治关联策略,其中又以参观活动和高层拜访最为常见。从影响因素的对比中可以发现,东湖高新区企业政治策略与行为受高层意识影响最大,其次是市场结构和经营性质。案例分析证明了企业政治策略与行为的动机研究结果,烽火科技在政治策略与行为方面,不仅培育了独特的竞争力,而且朝向政治战略的角度演进。从该案例可以发现,企业政治资源和能力是企业实施政治策略与行为的基础,而高层领导意识才是企业非市场竞争力形成的关键。
In recent years, government policy, programs, standard, system and regulations, as well as the recognition of related interest groups have increasingly become important resources for corporations to survive and develop. Meanwhile, they probably have become vital to corporate competitive advantages.
In high-tech development zones where policy resources are abundant and preferential policy are best, the contacts between corporations and government will become even closer than ever before. In this micro-environment, corporate political strategy and action are of great significance in theoretic research as well as practical application.
This paper conducts a study of the political strategy and political action of the corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone during the process they harness the policy resources. A detailed analysis of the political environment of Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone is made in the beginning of this paper. Basing on this analysis, a study method of questionnaire and interview is adopted to survey the political strategy and action of the corporations in high-tech development zone during the process they acquire the policy resources. On the one hand, the motivations of the corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone to adopt political strategy and action are analyzed. On the other hand, an empirical study is conducted to analyze the ways and characteristics of the political strategy and action of the corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone. In addition, resource basis as well as influential factors of the political strategy and action of the corporations are analyzed. In the end, the characteristics of the political strategy and action of the corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone are reviewed by a case study.
A conclusion can be drawn from this study that the direct reason for corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone lies in the benefits from government, the government resources; and the indirect reason lies in the reduction in uncertainty of policy environment. The analysis shows that the method adopted most frequently by corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone is the policy to attach political relevance to operation activities, in particular, the visiting activity and senior official visit. By contrasting and comparing the influential factors, it can be found that the political strategy and action of the corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone are influenced most by senior leadership ideology. And the market structure and operation property rank the second place. The case study confirms the research result of the motivations of corporate political strategy and action of the corporations. Take Fiberhome group as an example, it not only forms unique competitiveness in political strategy and action, but also moves forward towards political strategy. It can be found from this case study that the policy resource and ability are the basis for corporations to implement political strategy and action, and the senior leadership ideology is the key for corporations to form non-market competitiveness.
在政策资源最为丰富、政策优惠力度最大的高新区,企业与政府的接触将更为紧密,在这种微观环境下企业政治策略和行为不仅具有理论研究的意义,更多的是实际应用的价值。
本文着重研究东湖高新区企业在运用政策资源过程中的政治策略与行为。文章首先对东湖高新区的政治环境进行了详尽分析,在此基础上以调查访谈的方法研究了东湖高新区企业在获取政策资源过程中的政治策略与行为,一方面分析了东湖高新区企业采取政治策略与行为的动机,另一方面通过实证的方法研究了东湖高新区企业政治策略与行为的方式特征,并在此基础上研究了企业进行政治策略与行为的资源基础和影响因素,最后以案例的方式回顾了东湖高新区企业政治策略与行为的特征。
本文主要研究结论是:东湖高新区企业政治策略与行为的直接原因在于从政府手中获取利益,获得政府资源,间接原因在于减少政策环境的不确定性。分析表明,东湖高新区企业最为常用的方式是经营活动政治关联策略,其中又以参观活动和高层拜访最为常见。从影响因素的对比中可以发现,东湖高新区企业政治策略与行为受高层意识影响最大,其次是市场结构和经营性质。案例分析证明了企业政治策略与行为的动机研究结果,烽火科技在政治策略与行为方面,不仅培育了独特的竞争力,而且朝向政治战略的角度演进。从该案例可以发现,企业政治资源和能力是企业实施政治策略与行为的基础,而高层领导意识才是企业非市场竞争力形成的关键。
In recent years, government policy, programs, standard, system and regulations, as well as the recognition of related interest groups have increasingly become important resources for corporations to survive and develop. Meanwhile, they probably have become vital to corporate competitive advantages.
In high-tech development zones where policy resources are abundant and preferential policy are best, the contacts between corporations and government will become even closer than ever before. In this micro-environment, corporate political strategy and action are of great significance in theoretic research as well as practical application.
This paper conducts a study of the political strategy and political action of the corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone during the process they harness the policy resources. A detailed analysis of the political environment of Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone is made in the beginning of this paper. Basing on this analysis, a study method of questionnaire and interview is adopted to survey the political strategy and action of the corporations in high-tech development zone during the process they acquire the policy resources. On the one hand, the motivations of the corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone to adopt political strategy and action are analyzed. On the other hand, an empirical study is conducted to analyze the ways and characteristics of the political strategy and action of the corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone. In addition, resource basis as well as influential factors of the political strategy and action of the corporations are analyzed. In the end, the characteristics of the political strategy and action of the corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone are reviewed by a case study.
A conclusion can be drawn from this study that the direct reason for corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone lies in the benefits from government, the government resources; and the indirect reason lies in the reduction in uncertainty of policy environment. The analysis shows that the method adopted most frequently by corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone is the policy to attach political relevance to operation activities, in particular, the visiting activity and senior official visit. By contrasting and comparing the influential factors, it can be found that the political strategy and action of the corporations in Wuhan East Lake High-tech Development Zone are influenced most by senior leadership ideology. And the market structure and operation property rank the second place. The case study confirms the research result of the motivations of corporate political strategy and action of the corporations. Take Fiberhome group as an example, it not only forms unique competitiveness in political strategy and action, but also moves forward towards political strategy. It can be found from this case study that the policy resource and ability are the basis for corporations to implement political strategy and action, and the senior leadership ideology is the key for corporations to form non-market competitiveness.
引文
[1] Barney, J.B. Organizational culture: Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage? Academy of Management Review, 1986, 11(3): 656-665
[2] Oberman, W. Strategy and tactic choice in an institutional resource context. In B. Mitnick (Ed.), Corporate political agency. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 1993
[3] Miles, R. H. Macro Organizational Behavior. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear. 1980
[4] Pittman, R. Market structure and campaign contribution, Public Choice, 1977(31): 37-58
[5] Douglas, D. Corporate political activity as a competitive strategy: Influencing public policy to increase firm performance. PH.D. Thesis, Texas A&M University, 1995
[6] Getz, A. Corporate PACs: Determinants of the Ability to Raise Funds. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Washington, D.C. 1989
[7] 田志龙,高勇强,卫武. 中国企业政治策略与行为研究. 管理世界,2003(12):23-31
[8] 徐权,汪涛. 经济转轨期国企兼并模式--政府引导型模式成因探析. 管理世界,2000(2):204-206
[9] Grimm, C. & Smith, K. Strategy as action: Industry rivalry and coordination. Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing. 1997
[10] Zardkoohi, A. On the political participation of the firm in the electoral process. Southern Economics Journal, 1985(1): 804-817
[11] Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. Competing on Politics. Harvard Business Review, 1990, 68(4): 7
[12] Sethi, P. Corporate political activism. California Management Review. 1982, 24(2): 32-42
[13] 张维迎. 企业寻求政府支持的收益、成本分析. 新西部,2001(8):55-56
[14] 张文科. 对我国产业重组问题的思考. 管理世界,2000(2):58-63
[15] Keim, G. Foundations of a political strategy for business. California Management Review, 1981(3): 41-48
[16] Keim, G. & Zeithaml, C. Improving the return on advocacy advertising. Financial Executive, 1981: 40-44.
[17] 霍洪喜,邬旦生. 公司公共关系. 天津:南开大学出版社,1994
[18] 瞿长福. 企业家离政治多远才安全. 中国企业家,2000(1):16-20
[19] 刘洪军. 论政治企业家. 经济评论,2002(6):21-24
[20] Getz, K. Selecting corporate political tactics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 1993
[21] Schuler, D. A. & Rehbein, K. The filtering role of the firm in corporate political involvement. Business & Society, 1997(36): 116-139
[22] Tollison, R. Rent seeking: A survey. Kyklos, 1982(35): 575-602
[23] Yoffie, D. How an industry builds political advantage. Harvard Business Review, 1988, May-June: 82-89
[24] Baron, D. Integrated Strategy: market and non-market components. California Management Review, 1995(2): 47-65
[25] Barney, J. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 1991(17): 99-120
[26] Porter, M.E. Competitive strategy. Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press. 1980
[27] Olson, Mancur. The Logic of Collective Action. 2nd. ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1971
[28] Chandler, A. Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1962
[29] Bourgeois, L.J. On the Measurement of Organization Slack. Academy of Management Review, 1981(6): 29-39
[30] 福斯 J 和克里斯第安. 克努森. 面向企业能力理论. 大连:东北财大出版社,1998:79-102
[31] Barney, J.B. Organizational culture: Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage? Academy of Management Review, 1986, 11(3): 656-665
[32] Baron, D. Integrated Strategy: market and non-market components. California Management Review, 1995(2): 47-65
[33] 李玉峰. 现代市场经济中的政府定位分析. 理论月刊,2001(3):28-29
[34] Aldrich, H. & Herker, D. Boundary spanning roles and organizational structure. Academy of Management Review, 1977(2): 217-230
[35] Miles, R. H. Managing the corporate social environment: A grounded theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1987
[36] 迈克尔·波特,竞争战略,北京:华夏出版社,1997
[37] Baysinger, B. & Hoskisson, R. Diversification strategy and R&D intensity in multiproduct firms. Academy of Management Journal, 1989(32): 310-332
[38] Lenway, S. & Rehbein, K. Leaders, Followers, and Free Riders: An Empirical Test of Variation in Corporate Political Involvement. Academy of Management Journal, 1991(34): 893-905
[39] 贺远琼,田志龙,高勇强. 公司政治行为:西方相关研究的综述与评价. 中国软科学,2003(2):68-73
[40] 苏明吾. 制度变迁中地方政府经济行为分析. 经济经纬,2000(2):28-32
[41] 孙贵. 国外企业的“政治经营”. 中国乡镇企业,2002(8):32-33
[42] 田志龙. 我国经济转型时期政府对企业行政干预的弱化与影响. 华中理工大学学报,1997(3):64-67
[43] Miles, R. H. Managing the corporate social environment: A grounded theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1987
[44] Heidi J Stout. Government's role in the economy. The Business Journal, 2002, 19(32): 6
[45] Macneil, I. The many futures of contract. Southern California Law Review, 1974(47): 688-816
[46] http://www.fiberhome.com.cn/news/detail.asp?id=830
[2] Oberman, W. Strategy and tactic choice in an institutional resource context. In B. Mitnick (Ed.), Corporate political agency. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 1993
[3] Miles, R. H. Macro Organizational Behavior. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear. 1980
[4] Pittman, R. Market structure and campaign contribution, Public Choice, 1977(31): 37-58
[5] Douglas, D. Corporate political activity as a competitive strategy: Influencing public policy to increase firm performance. PH.D. Thesis, Texas A&M University, 1995
[6] Getz, A. Corporate PACs: Determinants of the Ability to Raise Funds. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Washington, D.C. 1989
[7] 田志龙,高勇强,卫武. 中国企业政治策略与行为研究. 管理世界,2003(12):23-31
[8] 徐权,汪涛. 经济转轨期国企兼并模式--政府引导型模式成因探析. 管理世界,2000(2):204-206
[9] Grimm, C. & Smith, K. Strategy as action: Industry rivalry and coordination. Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing. 1997
[10] Zardkoohi, A. On the political participation of the firm in the electoral process. Southern Economics Journal, 1985(1): 804-817
[11] Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. Competing on Politics. Harvard Business Review, 1990, 68(4): 7
[12] Sethi, P. Corporate political activism. California Management Review. 1982, 24(2): 32-42
[13] 张维迎. 企业寻求政府支持的收益、成本分析. 新西部,2001(8):55-56
[14] 张文科. 对我国产业重组问题的思考. 管理世界,2000(2):58-63
[15] Keim, G. Foundations of a political strategy for business. California Management Review, 1981(3): 41-48
[16] Keim, G. & Zeithaml, C. Improving the return on advocacy advertising. Financial Executive, 1981: 40-44.
[17] 霍洪喜,邬旦生. 公司公共关系. 天津:南开大学出版社,1994
[18] 瞿长福. 企业家离政治多远才安全. 中国企业家,2000(1):16-20
[19] 刘洪军. 论政治企业家. 经济评论,2002(6):21-24
[20] Getz, K. Selecting corporate political tactics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 1993
[21] Schuler, D. A. & Rehbein, K. The filtering role of the firm in corporate political involvement. Business & Society, 1997(36): 116-139
[22] Tollison, R. Rent seeking: A survey. Kyklos, 1982(35): 575-602
[23] Yoffie, D. How an industry builds political advantage. Harvard Business Review, 1988, May-June: 82-89
[24] Baron, D. Integrated Strategy: market and non-market components. California Management Review, 1995(2): 47-65
[25] Barney, J. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 1991(17): 99-120
[26] Porter, M.E. Competitive strategy. Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press. 1980
[27] Olson, Mancur. The Logic of Collective Action. 2nd. ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1971
[28] Chandler, A. Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1962
[29] Bourgeois, L.J. On the Measurement of Organization Slack. Academy of Management Review, 1981(6): 29-39
[30] 福斯 J 和克里斯第安. 克努森. 面向企业能力理论. 大连:东北财大出版社,1998:79-102
[31] Barney, J.B. Organizational culture: Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage? Academy of Management Review, 1986, 11(3): 656-665
[32] Baron, D. Integrated Strategy: market and non-market components. California Management Review, 1995(2): 47-65
[33] 李玉峰. 现代市场经济中的政府定位分析. 理论月刊,2001(3):28-29
[34] Aldrich, H. & Herker, D. Boundary spanning roles and organizational structure. Academy of Management Review, 1977(2): 217-230
[35] Miles, R. H. Managing the corporate social environment: A grounded theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1987
[36] 迈克尔·波特,竞争战略,北京:华夏出版社,1997
[37] Baysinger, B. & Hoskisson, R. Diversification strategy and R&D intensity in multiproduct firms. Academy of Management Journal, 1989(32): 310-332
[38] Lenway, S. & Rehbein, K. Leaders, Followers, and Free Riders: An Empirical Test of Variation in Corporate Political Involvement. Academy of Management Journal, 1991(34): 893-905
[39] 贺远琼,田志龙,高勇强. 公司政治行为:西方相关研究的综述与评价. 中国软科学,2003(2):68-73
[40] 苏明吾. 制度变迁中地方政府经济行为分析. 经济经纬,2000(2):28-32
[41] 孙贵. 国外企业的“政治经营”. 中国乡镇企业,2002(8):32-33
[42] 田志龙. 我国经济转型时期政府对企业行政干预的弱化与影响. 华中理工大学学报,1997(3):64-67
[43] Miles, R. H. Managing the corporate social environment: A grounded theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1987
[44] Heidi J Stout. Government's role in the economy. The Business Journal, 2002, 19(32): 6
[45] Macneil, I. The many futures of contract. Southern California Law Review, 1974(47): 688-816
[46] http://www.fiberhome.com.cn/news/detail.asp?id=830