中国煤炭产业的生态效率研究
摘要
改革开放以来,我国在人口、资源和制度方面付出的巨大代价换来了中国经济的高速腾飞,但粗放的发展模式同时也带来了严重的资源环境问题：低效率的资源利用效率,严重的环境污染问题。超环境承载力的发展模式成为当前我国可持续发展的瓶颈问题。十八大报告中明确提出生态文明、幸福中国的建设,为此在全球积极探索并实践可持续发展道路的今天,如何协调好经济与环境的关系成为摆在我们面前的关键问题。
目前,中国尚处于工业化进程中,资源消耗型的粗放增长模式仍未得到根本性的改变。在城市化与工业化成为我国经济深化发展两大重要引擎的大背景下,能源需求还将进一步扩大。但是,煤炭消耗一直占据着我国资源来源的70%以上,因此作为中国经济关键产业的煤炭产业的可持续发展具有重大的战略意义。当前传统的“三高”粗放型煤炭开发利用弊端已带来巨大的生态环境问题。因此,为了解决好当前恶化的生态环境问题,避免现有环境的进一步恶化,同时满足日益增长的资源能源需求,煤炭产业必须向集约化模式转变,特别是走可持续发展之路,协调资源环境关系。本文正是立足上述背景,基于生态效率的基本理论和方法,以数据包络分析方法为工具,构建了煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系,评估中国煤炭产业生态效率,以期准确把握中国煤炭产业生态经济的运行状况,为中国煤炭产业政策的制定提供理论支撑。
本文首先梳理相关文献研究,回顾生态效率应用研究的现状,理清煤炭产业生态经济的研究现状,分析当前煤炭产业效率评价的视角,探讨其研究趋势,以指导中国煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系的建立：其次,阐明生态效率的内涵,分析其与可持续发展、循环经济、X倍跃进和非物质化等相关概念的区别与联系,另外特别阐述了生态效率与经济效率的异同,探讨生态效率的理论渊源(包括生态经济理论、循环经济理论、生态工业理论等),并综述生态效率的评价方法,比如比值评价法、指标评价法和其他评价法；再次,对煤炭产业进行了相关界定,指出煤炭产业的特点,分析煤炭产业生态经济系统的内涵、构成及其特征,研究煤炭产业生态经济系统的投入产出,尤其是非期望产出,包括环境质量影响、生态环境影响和社会经济影响,探讨煤炭产业生态经济发展路径——煤炭产业生态化,并界定煤炭产业生态效率的基本概念,分析其主要影响因素,包括产业规制、产业集中、安全环保、技术进步和循环经济等；然后,在总结传统经济效率评价指标体系及其局限性的基础上,研究构建煤炭产业生态效率的评价框架,指出评价目标,拟定构建原则,建立评价指标体系,引入评价方法,包括数据包络分析方法、非期望产出的处理方法以及熵权法。据此,构建基于DEA的煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系,指出评价对象和评价指标,选取数据,并对相关数据进行价格平减和熵权法压缩,并利用数据包络分析方法对中国煤炭产业生态效率进行实证评价分析；最后,提出提高中国煤炭产业生态效率的对策建议。
本文的具体章节内容如正
第一章,论述本文的研究背景和研究意义,梳理相关文献研究,回顾生态效率应用研究的现状,理清煤炭产业生态经济研究现状,分析当前煤炭产业效率评价的视角,探讨其研究趋势,以指导中国煤炭产业生态效率评价,并介绍本文的研究内容、技术路线、研究方法和主要创新点。
第二章,探讨生态效率的理论基础。首先提出生态效率并阐明生态效率的内涵,并分析其与可持续发展、循环经济、X倍跃进和非物质化等相关概念的区别与联系,另外特别阐述生态效率与经济效率的异同：然后,探讨生态效率的理论渊源(包括生态经济理论、循环经济理论、生态工业理论等)；最后,综述生态效率的评价方法,比如比值评价法、指标评价法和其他评价法。
第三章,探索构建煤炭产业生态效率理论。首先界定煤炭产业,指出煤炭产业的特点,分析煤炭产业生态经济系统的内涵、构成及其特征；其次,研究煤炭产业生态经济系统的投入产出,尤其是非期望产出,包括环境质量影响、生态环境影响和社会经济影响,以指导后文构建煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系；然后,提出煤炭产业生态经济发展的路径——煤炭产业生态化,具体探讨产业生态化的内涵和目标；最后,探讨煤炭产业生态效率的基本概念,分析其主要影响因素,包括产业规制、产业集中、安全环保、技术进步和循环经济等。
第四章,构建煤炭产业生态效率评价框架。首先介绍传统经济效率评价指标体系及其局限性；然后,研究构建煤炭产业生态效率的评价框架,指出评价目标,拟定构建原则,建立评价指标体系。最后,介绍评价方法,包括数据包络分析方法、非期望产出的处理方法以及熵权法。
第五章,进行实证评价。首先,选择评价对象,构建基于DEA的煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系；其次,选取数据,并对数据进行相应处理,比如进行价格平减,利用熵权法压缩指标,以保证DEA模型评价的可靠性；据此,进行评价与分析,找出煤炭产业生态经济发展的问题和突破口。
第六章,根据上文的分析,从产业规制、技术创新、管理创新和组织优化四个角度,提出相应的对策建议,以供相关部门决策参考,推进中国煤炭产业可持续发展。具体包括：①加强产业规制,健全生态补偿机制,加强煤矿安全生产；②加强技术创新,营造创新文化,加大科技投入,增强创新能力；③加强管理创新,力推生态环境保护,推行先进管理体系;④加强组织优化,完善进入退出机制,加大产业整合力度。
第七章,全文总结与研究展望。
本文的主要研究工作及其结论如下
(1)文献回顾。研究表明,国内的煤炭产业生态经济研究尚处于起步阶段,还没有形成煤炭产业生态经济发展的理论体系。关于煤炭产业的效率评价,国内仍停留在经济效率的评价阶段,基本没有考虑生态和环境指标。
(2)阐明生态效率的内涵。生态效率,可以理解为一个生态经济系统以一定的资源投入和生态环境代价,获得经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的综合能力。生态效率,要求通过提供能满足人类需要和提高生活质量的有竞争力的商品与服务的同时使整个生命周期的生态影响和资源强度逐渐降低到与生态承载力一致的水平。
(3)界定煤炭产业。煤炭产业,即煤炭开采和洗选业,是指从事无烟煤、烟煤、褐煤等原煤煤种的开采、洗选和分级等生产活动的企事业部门,具体包括地下或地上采掘、矿井的运行,以及一般在矿址上或矿址附近从事的旨在加工原材料的所有辅助性工作,例如碾磨、选矿和处理,但不包括煤制品的生产、煤炭勘探和建筑工程活动。研究发现煤炭产业,具有负外部性、规模经济性、高风险性、生产周期性、管理复杂性,技术升级缓慢被动,煤炭资源的层级利用,煤炭资源的循环利用等特点。
(4)探讨煤炭产业生态经济系统。它包括煤炭生产子系统、社会经济子系统和生态环境子系统,这三个系统是在煤炭开发利用过程中,通过人类劳动相互作用、相互耦合的有机整体。组成煤炭生态经济系统的三个子系统具有相互依存、相互制约的作用。同时,煤炭产业生态经济系统具有开放性、明显的空间组合性、明显的时间组合性以及动态演替性等特点。煤炭产业生态经济系统也是一个多投入、多产出系统。其中,基本投入,包括劳动投入、资本投入、科技投入,资源消耗、能源消耗等；基本产出,比如原煤产量、销售收入、工业产值、利税总额等：非期望产出,包括环境质量影响(大气污染、温室效应、水体污染、土壤污染和噪声污染等)、生态环境影响(占用土地、地面塌陷、水土流失、地下水破坏和生态系统破坏等)和社会经济影响(职业病患、安全事故危害、道路破坏、居民建筑破坏、居民生活环境破坏等)。
(5)研究煤炭产业生态化。提高生态效率是产业生态化的核心目标,而产业生态化是提高生态效率的主要途径。煤炭产业生态化的目标就是依据生态经济学原理,运用生态、经济规律和系统工程的方法来经营和管理煤炭产业,通过资源高效利用、清洁生产、绿色开采和循环经济等,实现其经济、社会和环境效益的最大化。煤炭产业生态化的内涵,有以下四点：实行清洁生产,推广绿色开采,走集约化道路,构建煤炭产业循环经济体系,走集约化发展道路。
(6)阐明煤炭产业生态效率的内涵。将其界定为煤炭产业生态经济系统以一定的资源(劳动、资本、原料等)投入和生态环境代价(环境污染、生态破坏等),获得经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的综合能力。煤炭产业生态效率,反映煤炭产业生态经济系统的协调运行效率,要求煤炭产业的资源消耗减量化、环境污染最小化、生态破坏最小化、经济产出最优化。
(7)探讨煤炭产业生态效率的主要影响因素,包括产业规制、产业集中、安全环保、技术进步和循环经济等。指出煤炭产业生态效率评价的主要目标,评价现状,监测变化趋势,提供预警,为优化管理决策和编制环境影响报告提供依据。
(8)构建煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系。评价目标：①对煤炭产业生态效率运行现状进行评价；②监测煤炭产业生态效率状态的变化趋势；③预警；④为优化管理决策提供依据；⑤为企业客观准确地编制环境影响报告提供依据。构建原则：①系统性原则；②科学性原则；③整体完备性原则；④相对独立性原则；⑤目标性原则；⑥导向性原则；⑦动态性原则；⑧可操作性原则。结合生态效率评价理论以及煤炭产业特点,从环境质量影响、生态环境影响和社会经济影响三个角度,构建子煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系。
(9)实证评价。从基本评价来看,随着煤炭产业的发展,煤炭产业的整体环境污染程度有一定地下降趋势,但煤炭产业的环境污染问题仍然不容乐观,还需要加大减排力度,尤其在工业废水和工业粉尘方面。从综合评价来看,中国煤炭产业生态效率逐年提高,呈现出递增的趋势,其中,规模效率上升尤为突出。从2001年以来,煤炭产业不断扩大生产规模,发挥规模效应,提高生产效率,乃至提升生态效率。从这个角度来看,煤炭产业生态效率的提升,主要归功于其规模的扩大。利用比值评价法,发现中国煤炭产业的经营效率和环境效率都有所提升,其中环境效率提升尤为突出。这表明,我们可以较低的环境代价实现煤炭增产,可以通过实施生态效率管理来控制煤炭生产过程中的环境影响与生态破坏,实现煤炭产业的良性可持续发展。在煤炭开采技术相当成熟,经营效率难以提高的背景下,要提高煤炭产业的生态效率,关键就在于加强生态环境管理,提高环境效率。因此,加强生态环境管理,是提高煤炭产业生态效率的重点,也是潜在的突破点。
(10)提出建议。为了提高中国煤炭产业生态效率,要注重：①加强产业规制,健全生态补偿机制,加强煤矿安全生产；②加强技术创新,营造创新文化,加大科技投入,增强创新能力；③加强管理创新,力推生态环境保护,推行先进管理体系；④加强组织优化,完善进入退出机制,加大产业整合力度。
本文的主要创新体现在：
(1)本文指出了煤炭产业生态效率的内涵,分析了煤炭产业生态效率的主要影响因素；
(2)本文尝试构建煤炭产业生态效率的评价指标体系,有助于人们进行实证研究,把握中国煤炭产业生态经济发展的现状,进而提出可靠的政策建议；
(3)本文尝试运用数据包络分析方法对中国的煤炭产业生态效率进行实证评价。一方面拓宽了数据包络分析的应用范围,另一方面运用新的方法动态评价煤炭产业生态效率,加深对煤炭产业生态经济系统的认识。
Since the reform and opening up, the economic is growing fast in China, attracting the attention from the world, but it also pay a high resources, environmental cost:land abusing is more common, resource and energy utilization efficiency is lower, the environment pollution is extremely serious, part has reached or exceeded the environment bearing capacity limit, seriously affecting the economic, social and environmental sustainable development. Therefore, with the global actively explore and practice the path of sustainable development today, China also responsibility and actively promote the ecological, economic and social sustainable development pattern.
The coal industry, as an important basic industry of the national economy, is one of the important guarantee for realizing high-speed national economic growth, and it is also capital, resources, energy and technology intensive industry. At present, China is still in the process of industrialization, the extensive growth mode with resource consumption has not fundamental changed. With the industrialization and urbanization advancement speeding up unceasingly, the rapid increase of the energy demand makes the contradiction between supply and demand of coal more prominent, coal excessive development lead to large environmental load, the ecological environment is facing the more serious situation, the environmental pollution and ecological deterioration has become the bottleneck that restricts the sustainable development of coal industry and even the whole national economy development in a certain extent. If the coal development and utilization continue to use the traditional extensive development and utilization way with high consumption, high energy consumption and high pollution, certainly causing more waste and destruction for China's existing resources and the ecological environment, seriously hindering the healthy development of China's national economy. To fundamentally solve the deep contradiction, we have to say goodbye to the traditional development model of coal as soon as possible, walk the road of ecological economy. According to the above background, this paper constructs the Eco-efficiency (ecological efficiency) evaluation index system of coal industry, based on the basic theory and method of the Eco-efficiency; and by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, it evaluates the Eco-efficiency of the coal industry in China, so as to accurately grasp the operation condition of coal industry in China, and provide several theory support for the policy formulation.
Firstly, this paper summarized related literature study:reviewed the application and study situation of the Eco-efficiency, identifyed the research status of the ecological economic of coal industry, summarized the evaluation angle of the coal industry efficiency, and explored the research trend, to guide the Eco-efficiency evaluation of the coal industry in China; Secondly, it defined the connotation of Eco-efficiency, analyzed the difference and contact among sustainable development, circular economy, X times by leaps, dematerialise and Eco-efficiency, and especially expounds the similarities and differences between Eco-efficiency and economic efficiency, discussed the theory origin of Eco-efficiency (including ecological economy theory, the circulation economic theory, ecological industry theory), and reviewed the evaluation method of Eco-efficiency, such as the ratio evaluation method, index evaluation method and other assessment method; Thirdly, this paper defined the coal industry, and pointed out the characteristics of the coal industry, analyzed the connotation, composition and characteristics of the ecological economic system of coal industry, study the input and output of that system, especially its unexpected output, including environmental quality influence, ecological environmental impact and social economic impact, discussed the development path of the ecological economic of coal industry-ecologicalize coal industry, defined the basic concepts of the Eco-efficiency of coal industry, analysed the main influence factors, including regulation, industrial concentration, safe and environment protection, technological progress and circular economy, etc.; Fourthly, under the conclusion of the traditional economic efficiency evaluation index system and its limitations, it tried to construct the Eco-efficiency evaluation framework of coal industry:pointed out the evaluation target, drawed up the construction principle, constructed the evaluation index system, introdused the evaluation method, including the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, the unexpected output processing method and entropy weight method; Accordingly, it constructed Eco-efficiency evaluation index system of the coal industry based on DEA, pointed out the evaluation objects and evaluation index, selected data, and processed the related data with price flat minus and entropy weight compression, and made an empirical evaluation analysis on the Eco-efficiency of coal industry in China; At last, it put forward several countermeasures to enhance the Eco-efficiency of coal industry in China.
The specific content of chapters is as follows:
The first chapter, discussed the research background and research significance, summarized literature study, reviewed the application and study situation of the Eco-efficiency, identifyed the research status of the ecological economic of coal industry, summarized the evaluation angle of the coal industry efficiency, and explored the research trend, to guide the Eco-efficiency evaluation of the coal industry in China, and introduced the research contents, technical route, research methods and main innovation points.
The second chapter discussed the theoretical foundation of the ecological efficiency. Firstly, it introduced the origin of the Eco-efficiency, expounded the connotation of Eco-efficiency, and analyzed the difference and contact among sustainable development, circular economy, X times by leaps, dematerialise and Eco-efficiency, and especially expounds the similarities and differences between Eco-efficiency and economic efficiency; Then, it discussed the theory origin of Eco-efficiency (including ecological economy theory, the circulation economic theory, ecological industry theory); Finally, it reviewed the evaluation method of Eco-efficiency, such as the ratio evaluation method, index evaluation method and other assessment method;
The third chapter explored to build the Eco-efficiency theory of coal industry. Firstly, it defined the coal industry, and pointed out the characteristics of the coal industry, analyzed the connotation, composition and characteristics of the ecological economic system of coal industry; Secondly, it studied the input and output of that system, especially its unexpected output, including environmental quality influence, ecological environmental impact and social economic impact, to guide the construction of the Eco-efficiency evaluation index system of coal industry; Thirdly, it put forward the development path of the ecological economic of coal industry-ecologicalize coal industry, discussed the basic concepts and goal of the Eco-efficiency of coal industry; Finally, it discussed the basic concepts of the Eco-efficiency of coal industry, analysed the main influence factors, including regulation, industrial concentration, safe and environment protection, technological progress and circular economy, etc.;
The fourth chapter, constructed the Eco-efficiency evaluation framework of coal industry. Firstly, it introduced the traditional economic efficiency evaluation index system and its limitations; Then, it tried to constructe the Eco-efficiency evaluation framework of coal industry and pointed out the evaluation target, drawed up the construction principle, constructed the evaluation index system; Finally, it introduced the evaluation method, including the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, the unexpected output processing method and entropy weight method.
The fifth chapter, carried on the empirical evaluation. First, it selected the evaluation object, constructed Eco-efficiency evaluation index system of the coal industry based on DEA; Secondly, it selected data, and processed the related data with price flat minus and entropy weight compression, so as to assure the reliability of the DEA evaluation model; Accordingly, it made an evaluation and analysis, and foud out the problem and breakthrough of the ecological economy development of coal industry.
The sixth chapter, according to the above analysis, put forward several countermeasures to enhance the Eco-efficiency of coal industry in China, from the industry regulation, technology innovation, management innovation and organization optimization. Specific include:(1) to strengthen regulation, improve the mechanism of ecological compensation, strengthen the safety production of coal mine.(2) to strengthen technical innovation, create innovative culture, increase investment in science and technology, strengthen innovation ability;(3) to strengthen the management innovation, promot the ecological environment protection, implement the advanced management system,(4) to strengthen the organization optimization, perfect enter and exit mechanism, strengthen the industrial integration efforts.
The seventh chapter drawed a conclusion and prospect of research.
The main research work and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Literature review. Research shows that, the domestic research of coal industry ecological economic, is still in its beginning stage, has not formed the ecological economic development theory system of coal industry; As for coal industry efficiency evaluation, the domestic still stay in beginning stage, studying the economic efficiency, does not consider the ecological and environmental index.
(2)To clarify the connotation of ecological efficiency. Eco-efficiency, can be understood as comprehensive ability with that a ecological economic system obtain economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits, at the cost of certain resource and ecological environment. Eco-efficiency, requirements providing the competitive products and services for satisfying human needs and improving the quality of life, and make ecological influence and resources strength gradually reduce to the level in accordance with the ecological carrying capacity in the whole life cycle.
(3) The definition of coal industry. The coal industry, namely coal mining and dressing industry, which are engaged in mining, washing and screening and classifying anthracite and bituminous coal and lignite coal, etc. That is:underground or the ground mining, mine operation, and other supplementary work, such as milling, dressing and processing, but not including the production of coal products, coal exploration and construction activities. The study found that the coal industry, has the negative externalities, scale economy, high risk, production periodic, management complexity, technology upgrade slow passive, the hierarchy of coal resources utilization, circulation use of coal resources etc.
(4) To explore the ecological economic system of coal industry. It is an organic whole, including coal production subsystem, the social and economic subsystem and the ecological environment subsystem, that is formation through the human labor interaction and mutual coupling in the process of coal exploitation and utilization. The three subsystems is interdependence and mutual restriction; At the same time, the ecological economic system of the coal industry has the openness, obvious space combination, time combination and dynamic succession characteristics. It is also a large input and output system. Among them, the basic investment consists of labor, capital, science and technology investment, resource and energy consumption, etc.; Basic output, contains raw coal production, sales income, industrial output value, profit tax amount, etc.; The unexpected output, contains environmental quality influence (atmospheric pollution and greenhouse effect, water pollution, soil pollution and noise pollution, etc.), ecological environmental impact (occupation of land, ground collapse, water loss and soil erosion, ground water damage and ecological system failure, etc.) and social economic impact (professional patient, safety accident harm, road damage, residents building destruction, residents living environment destruction, etc.).
(5) To ecologicalize coal industry. To improve Eco-efficiency is the core goal of ecological industry, and ecological industry is the main way to improve Eco-efficiency. The goal of coal industry ecology is that we use ecological, economic law and system engineering method to operate and manage coal industry, through efficient utilization, clean production, green mining and recycling economy, realizing its economic, social and environmental benefit maximization, based on ecological economics principle. The ecologicalization connotation of coal industry is as follow: implementing clean production, the promotion of green mining, go intensive road, constructing the circulation economy system of coal industry, walk the intensive development road.
(6) To clarify the connotation of Eco-efficiency of coal industry. This paper defined it as comprehensive ability with that the ecological economic system of coal industry obtain economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits, at the cost of certain resource (labor, capital, materials, etc.) and ecological environment (environment pollution and ecological destruction, etc.). Coal industry Eco-efficiency, reflecting the coordination efficiency of coal industry ecology economy system, requires reducing resource consumption, minimizing environmental pollution and ecological damage, optimising economic output.
(7) To explore the main influence factors of coal industry Eco-efficiency, including regulation, industrial concentration, safe and environment protection, technological progress and circular economy, etc. And, it pointed out the main goal of coal industry Eco-efficiency evaluation, the status of the evaluation, monitored change trend, provided early warning, to provide references for optimizing the management decision and prepare the environmental impact report.
(8) Constructing the evaluation index system of coal industry Eco-efficiency. Evaluation goals:①to evaluate the status quo of coal industry Eco-efficiency operation;②to monitor the change trend of coal industry Eco-efficiency;③warning;④to provide references for optimizing the management decision;⑤to provide references for enterprise objectively and accurately drawing up the environmental impact report. Principles:⑥the system principle;⑦the scientific principle,③the whole completeness principle;④the relative independenc⑧operability principle. Combining Eco-efficiency evaluation theory and the characteristics of coal industry, it constructed the evaluation index system of coal industry Eco-efficiency, from the environmental quality influence, ecological environmental impact and social economic impact three point of view.
(9) Empirical evaluation. From the basic evaluation perspective, with the development of the coal industry, the overall environmental pollution level of coal industry have a certain decline, but the environmental pollution of coal industry is still not optimistic, but also need to increase the emission reduction efforts, especially in the industrial waste water and industrial dust aspects. From the comprehensive evaluation perspective, coal industry Eco-efficiency in China is increasing year by year, present a increasing trend. Among them, the scale efficiency rise is particularly outstanding.
Since2001, the coal industry have constantly enlarged production scale and fully played the scale effect of the enterprises, improved the production efficiency, and improve Eco-efficiency. From this perspective, the promotion of coal industry Eco-efficiency, mainly owe to the expansion of its size. Using ratio evaluation method, it found that the operating efficiency and environmental efficiency are improved, and environmental efficiency ascension is particularly outstanding. This shows that we can realize the coal production at the lower cost of environment, can control the environmental impact and ecological destruction in the process of coal production, by the implementation of Eco-efficiency management, so as to realize the benign and sustainable development of coal industry.
In the context of the mature mining technology and the difficulty of improving the management efficiency, strengthening the ecological environment management and improving the environmental efficiency, that is the key to improve Eco-efficiency of coal industry. Therefore, to strengthen the ecological environment management, is the key to improve Eco-efficiency of coal industry, is also a potential breakthrough point.
To put forward the proposal. In order to improve the Eco-efficiency of coal industry in China, we should emphasize:①to strengthen regulation, improve the mechanism of ecological compensation, strengthen the safety of coal production;②to strengthen technical innovation, create innovative culture, increase investment in science and technology, strengthen innovation ability;③to strengthen the management innovation, promot the ecological environment protection, implement the advanced management system;④to strengthen the organization optimization, perfect enter and exit mechanism, strengthen the industrial integration efforts.
The main innovation is as follow:
(1) this paper pointed out the connotation of the Eco-efficiency of coal industry, and tried to analyze the main influencing factors;
(2) this paper tried to build the evaluation index system of the Eco-efficiency of coal industry, and help people make an empirical research, and grasp the present situation of the ecology economy development of coal industry in China, and then put forward the reliable policy suggestions;
(3) this paper tried to use DEA method to make a research on the Eco-efficiency of coal industry in China. On the one hand, it widened the application scope of DEA; on the other hand, it used new method dynamicly evaluating the Eco-efficiency of coal industry, deepen our understanding on ecology economy system of the coal industry.
目前,中国尚处于工业化进程中,资源消耗型的粗放增长模式仍未得到根本性的改变。在城市化与工业化成为我国经济深化发展两大重要引擎的大背景下,能源需求还将进一步扩大。但是,煤炭消耗一直占据着我国资源来源的70%以上,因此作为中国经济关键产业的煤炭产业的可持续发展具有重大的战略意义。当前传统的“三高”粗放型煤炭开发利用弊端已带来巨大的生态环境问题。因此,为了解决好当前恶化的生态环境问题,避免现有环境的进一步恶化,同时满足日益增长的资源能源需求,煤炭产业必须向集约化模式转变,特别是走可持续发展之路,协调资源环境关系。本文正是立足上述背景,基于生态效率的基本理论和方法,以数据包络分析方法为工具,构建了煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系,评估中国煤炭产业生态效率,以期准确把握中国煤炭产业生态经济的运行状况,为中国煤炭产业政策的制定提供理论支撑。
本文首先梳理相关文献研究,回顾生态效率应用研究的现状,理清煤炭产业生态经济的研究现状,分析当前煤炭产业效率评价的视角,探讨其研究趋势,以指导中国煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系的建立：其次,阐明生态效率的内涵,分析其与可持续发展、循环经济、X倍跃进和非物质化等相关概念的区别与联系,另外特别阐述了生态效率与经济效率的异同,探讨生态效率的理论渊源(包括生态经济理论、循环经济理论、生态工业理论等),并综述生态效率的评价方法,比如比值评价法、指标评价法和其他评价法；再次,对煤炭产业进行了相关界定,指出煤炭产业的特点,分析煤炭产业生态经济系统的内涵、构成及其特征,研究煤炭产业生态经济系统的投入产出,尤其是非期望产出,包括环境质量影响、生态环境影响和社会经济影响,探讨煤炭产业生态经济发展路径——煤炭产业生态化,并界定煤炭产业生态效率的基本概念,分析其主要影响因素,包括产业规制、产业集中、安全环保、技术进步和循环经济等；然后,在总结传统经济效率评价指标体系及其局限性的基础上,研究构建煤炭产业生态效率的评价框架,指出评价目标,拟定构建原则,建立评价指标体系,引入评价方法,包括数据包络分析方法、非期望产出的处理方法以及熵权法。据此,构建基于DEA的煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系,指出评价对象和评价指标,选取数据,并对相关数据进行价格平减和熵权法压缩,并利用数据包络分析方法对中国煤炭产业生态效率进行实证评价分析；最后,提出提高中国煤炭产业生态效率的对策建议。
本文的具体章节内容如正
第一章,论述本文的研究背景和研究意义,梳理相关文献研究,回顾生态效率应用研究的现状,理清煤炭产业生态经济研究现状,分析当前煤炭产业效率评价的视角,探讨其研究趋势,以指导中国煤炭产业生态效率评价,并介绍本文的研究内容、技术路线、研究方法和主要创新点。
第二章,探讨生态效率的理论基础。首先提出生态效率并阐明生态效率的内涵,并分析其与可持续发展、循环经济、X倍跃进和非物质化等相关概念的区别与联系,另外特别阐述生态效率与经济效率的异同：然后,探讨生态效率的理论渊源(包括生态经济理论、循环经济理论、生态工业理论等)；最后,综述生态效率的评价方法,比如比值评价法、指标评价法和其他评价法。
第三章,探索构建煤炭产业生态效率理论。首先界定煤炭产业,指出煤炭产业的特点,分析煤炭产业生态经济系统的内涵、构成及其特征；其次,研究煤炭产业生态经济系统的投入产出,尤其是非期望产出,包括环境质量影响、生态环境影响和社会经济影响,以指导后文构建煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系；然后,提出煤炭产业生态经济发展的路径——煤炭产业生态化,具体探讨产业生态化的内涵和目标；最后,探讨煤炭产业生态效率的基本概念,分析其主要影响因素,包括产业规制、产业集中、安全环保、技术进步和循环经济等。
第四章,构建煤炭产业生态效率评价框架。首先介绍传统经济效率评价指标体系及其局限性；然后,研究构建煤炭产业生态效率的评价框架,指出评价目标,拟定构建原则,建立评价指标体系。最后,介绍评价方法,包括数据包络分析方法、非期望产出的处理方法以及熵权法。
第五章,进行实证评价。首先,选择评价对象,构建基于DEA的煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系；其次,选取数据,并对数据进行相应处理,比如进行价格平减,利用熵权法压缩指标,以保证DEA模型评价的可靠性；据此,进行评价与分析,找出煤炭产业生态经济发展的问题和突破口。
第六章,根据上文的分析,从产业规制、技术创新、管理创新和组织优化四个角度,提出相应的对策建议,以供相关部门决策参考,推进中国煤炭产业可持续发展。具体包括：①加强产业规制,健全生态补偿机制,加强煤矿安全生产；②加强技术创新,营造创新文化,加大科技投入,增强创新能力；③加强管理创新,力推生态环境保护,推行先进管理体系;④加强组织优化,完善进入退出机制,加大产业整合力度。
第七章,全文总结与研究展望。
本文的主要研究工作及其结论如下
(1)文献回顾。研究表明,国内的煤炭产业生态经济研究尚处于起步阶段,还没有形成煤炭产业生态经济发展的理论体系。关于煤炭产业的效率评价,国内仍停留在经济效率的评价阶段,基本没有考虑生态和环境指标。
(2)阐明生态效率的内涵。生态效率,可以理解为一个生态经济系统以一定的资源投入和生态环境代价,获得经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的综合能力。生态效率,要求通过提供能满足人类需要和提高生活质量的有竞争力的商品与服务的同时使整个生命周期的生态影响和资源强度逐渐降低到与生态承载力一致的水平。
(3)界定煤炭产业。煤炭产业,即煤炭开采和洗选业,是指从事无烟煤、烟煤、褐煤等原煤煤种的开采、洗选和分级等生产活动的企事业部门,具体包括地下或地上采掘、矿井的运行,以及一般在矿址上或矿址附近从事的旨在加工原材料的所有辅助性工作,例如碾磨、选矿和处理,但不包括煤制品的生产、煤炭勘探和建筑工程活动。研究发现煤炭产业,具有负外部性、规模经济性、高风险性、生产周期性、管理复杂性,技术升级缓慢被动,煤炭资源的层级利用,煤炭资源的循环利用等特点。
(4)探讨煤炭产业生态经济系统。它包括煤炭生产子系统、社会经济子系统和生态环境子系统,这三个系统是在煤炭开发利用过程中,通过人类劳动相互作用、相互耦合的有机整体。组成煤炭生态经济系统的三个子系统具有相互依存、相互制约的作用。同时,煤炭产业生态经济系统具有开放性、明显的空间组合性、明显的时间组合性以及动态演替性等特点。煤炭产业生态经济系统也是一个多投入、多产出系统。其中,基本投入,包括劳动投入、资本投入、科技投入,资源消耗、能源消耗等；基本产出,比如原煤产量、销售收入、工业产值、利税总额等：非期望产出,包括环境质量影响(大气污染、温室效应、水体污染、土壤污染和噪声污染等)、生态环境影响(占用土地、地面塌陷、水土流失、地下水破坏和生态系统破坏等)和社会经济影响(职业病患、安全事故危害、道路破坏、居民建筑破坏、居民生活环境破坏等)。
(5)研究煤炭产业生态化。提高生态效率是产业生态化的核心目标,而产业生态化是提高生态效率的主要途径。煤炭产业生态化的目标就是依据生态经济学原理,运用生态、经济规律和系统工程的方法来经营和管理煤炭产业,通过资源高效利用、清洁生产、绿色开采和循环经济等,实现其经济、社会和环境效益的最大化。煤炭产业生态化的内涵,有以下四点：实行清洁生产,推广绿色开采,走集约化道路,构建煤炭产业循环经济体系,走集约化发展道路。
(6)阐明煤炭产业生态效率的内涵。将其界定为煤炭产业生态经济系统以一定的资源(劳动、资本、原料等)投入和生态环境代价(环境污染、生态破坏等),获得经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的综合能力。煤炭产业生态效率,反映煤炭产业生态经济系统的协调运行效率,要求煤炭产业的资源消耗减量化、环境污染最小化、生态破坏最小化、经济产出最优化。
(7)探讨煤炭产业生态效率的主要影响因素,包括产业规制、产业集中、安全环保、技术进步和循环经济等。指出煤炭产业生态效率评价的主要目标,评价现状,监测变化趋势,提供预警,为优化管理决策和编制环境影响报告提供依据。
(8)构建煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系。评价目标：①对煤炭产业生态效率运行现状进行评价；②监测煤炭产业生态效率状态的变化趋势；③预警；④为优化管理决策提供依据；⑤为企业客观准确地编制环境影响报告提供依据。构建原则：①系统性原则；②科学性原则；③整体完备性原则；④相对独立性原则；⑤目标性原则；⑥导向性原则；⑦动态性原则；⑧可操作性原则。结合生态效率评价理论以及煤炭产业特点,从环境质量影响、生态环境影响和社会经济影响三个角度,构建子煤炭产业生态效率评价指标体系。
(9)实证评价。从基本评价来看,随着煤炭产业的发展,煤炭产业的整体环境污染程度有一定地下降趋势,但煤炭产业的环境污染问题仍然不容乐观,还需要加大减排力度,尤其在工业废水和工业粉尘方面。从综合评价来看,中国煤炭产业生态效率逐年提高,呈现出递增的趋势,其中,规模效率上升尤为突出。从2001年以来,煤炭产业不断扩大生产规模,发挥规模效应,提高生产效率,乃至提升生态效率。从这个角度来看,煤炭产业生态效率的提升,主要归功于其规模的扩大。利用比值评价法,发现中国煤炭产业的经营效率和环境效率都有所提升,其中环境效率提升尤为突出。这表明,我们可以较低的环境代价实现煤炭增产,可以通过实施生态效率管理来控制煤炭生产过程中的环境影响与生态破坏,实现煤炭产业的良性可持续发展。在煤炭开采技术相当成熟,经营效率难以提高的背景下,要提高煤炭产业的生态效率,关键就在于加强生态环境管理,提高环境效率。因此,加强生态环境管理,是提高煤炭产业生态效率的重点,也是潜在的突破点。
(10)提出建议。为了提高中国煤炭产业生态效率,要注重：①加强产业规制,健全生态补偿机制,加强煤矿安全生产；②加强技术创新,营造创新文化,加大科技投入,增强创新能力；③加强管理创新,力推生态环境保护,推行先进管理体系；④加强组织优化,完善进入退出机制,加大产业整合力度。
本文的主要创新体现在：
(1)本文指出了煤炭产业生态效率的内涵,分析了煤炭产业生态效率的主要影响因素；
(2)本文尝试构建煤炭产业生态效率的评价指标体系,有助于人们进行实证研究,把握中国煤炭产业生态经济发展的现状,进而提出可靠的政策建议；
(3)本文尝试运用数据包络分析方法对中国的煤炭产业生态效率进行实证评价。一方面拓宽了数据包络分析的应用范围,另一方面运用新的方法动态评价煤炭产业生态效率,加深对煤炭产业生态经济系统的认识。
Since the reform and opening up, the economic is growing fast in China, attracting the attention from the world, but it also pay a high resources, environmental cost:land abusing is more common, resource and energy utilization efficiency is lower, the environment pollution is extremely serious, part has reached or exceeded the environment bearing capacity limit, seriously affecting the economic, social and environmental sustainable development. Therefore, with the global actively explore and practice the path of sustainable development today, China also responsibility and actively promote the ecological, economic and social sustainable development pattern.
The coal industry, as an important basic industry of the national economy, is one of the important guarantee for realizing high-speed national economic growth, and it is also capital, resources, energy and technology intensive industry. At present, China is still in the process of industrialization, the extensive growth mode with resource consumption has not fundamental changed. With the industrialization and urbanization advancement speeding up unceasingly, the rapid increase of the energy demand makes the contradiction between supply and demand of coal more prominent, coal excessive development lead to large environmental load, the ecological environment is facing the more serious situation, the environmental pollution and ecological deterioration has become the bottleneck that restricts the sustainable development of coal industry and even the whole national economy development in a certain extent. If the coal development and utilization continue to use the traditional extensive development and utilization way with high consumption, high energy consumption and high pollution, certainly causing more waste and destruction for China's existing resources and the ecological environment, seriously hindering the healthy development of China's national economy. To fundamentally solve the deep contradiction, we have to say goodbye to the traditional development model of coal as soon as possible, walk the road of ecological economy. According to the above background, this paper constructs the Eco-efficiency (ecological efficiency) evaluation index system of coal industry, based on the basic theory and method of the Eco-efficiency; and by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, it evaluates the Eco-efficiency of the coal industry in China, so as to accurately grasp the operation condition of coal industry in China, and provide several theory support for the policy formulation.
Firstly, this paper summarized related literature study:reviewed the application and study situation of the Eco-efficiency, identifyed the research status of the ecological economic of coal industry, summarized the evaluation angle of the coal industry efficiency, and explored the research trend, to guide the Eco-efficiency evaluation of the coal industry in China; Secondly, it defined the connotation of Eco-efficiency, analyzed the difference and contact among sustainable development, circular economy, X times by leaps, dematerialise and Eco-efficiency, and especially expounds the similarities and differences between Eco-efficiency and economic efficiency, discussed the theory origin of Eco-efficiency (including ecological economy theory, the circulation economic theory, ecological industry theory), and reviewed the evaluation method of Eco-efficiency, such as the ratio evaluation method, index evaluation method and other assessment method; Thirdly, this paper defined the coal industry, and pointed out the characteristics of the coal industry, analyzed the connotation, composition and characteristics of the ecological economic system of coal industry, study the input and output of that system, especially its unexpected output, including environmental quality influence, ecological environmental impact and social economic impact, discussed the development path of the ecological economic of coal industry-ecologicalize coal industry, defined the basic concepts of the Eco-efficiency of coal industry, analysed the main influence factors, including regulation, industrial concentration, safe and environment protection, technological progress and circular economy, etc.; Fourthly, under the conclusion of the traditional economic efficiency evaluation index system and its limitations, it tried to construct the Eco-efficiency evaluation framework of coal industry:pointed out the evaluation target, drawed up the construction principle, constructed the evaluation index system, introdused the evaluation method, including the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, the unexpected output processing method and entropy weight method; Accordingly, it constructed Eco-efficiency evaluation index system of the coal industry based on DEA, pointed out the evaluation objects and evaluation index, selected data, and processed the related data with price flat minus and entropy weight compression, and made an empirical evaluation analysis on the Eco-efficiency of coal industry in China; At last, it put forward several countermeasures to enhance the Eco-efficiency of coal industry in China.
The specific content of chapters is as follows:
The first chapter, discussed the research background and research significance, summarized literature study, reviewed the application and study situation of the Eco-efficiency, identifyed the research status of the ecological economic of coal industry, summarized the evaluation angle of the coal industry efficiency, and explored the research trend, to guide the Eco-efficiency evaluation of the coal industry in China, and introduced the research contents, technical route, research methods and main innovation points.
The second chapter discussed the theoretical foundation of the ecological efficiency. Firstly, it introduced the origin of the Eco-efficiency, expounded the connotation of Eco-efficiency, and analyzed the difference and contact among sustainable development, circular economy, X times by leaps, dematerialise and Eco-efficiency, and especially expounds the similarities and differences between Eco-efficiency and economic efficiency; Then, it discussed the theory origin of Eco-efficiency (including ecological economy theory, the circulation economic theory, ecological industry theory); Finally, it reviewed the evaluation method of Eco-efficiency, such as the ratio evaluation method, index evaluation method and other assessment method;
The third chapter explored to build the Eco-efficiency theory of coal industry. Firstly, it defined the coal industry, and pointed out the characteristics of the coal industry, analyzed the connotation, composition and characteristics of the ecological economic system of coal industry; Secondly, it studied the input and output of that system, especially its unexpected output, including environmental quality influence, ecological environmental impact and social economic impact, to guide the construction of the Eco-efficiency evaluation index system of coal industry; Thirdly, it put forward the development path of the ecological economic of coal industry-ecologicalize coal industry, discussed the basic concepts and goal of the Eco-efficiency of coal industry; Finally, it discussed the basic concepts of the Eco-efficiency of coal industry, analysed the main influence factors, including regulation, industrial concentration, safe and environment protection, technological progress and circular economy, etc.;
The fourth chapter, constructed the Eco-efficiency evaluation framework of coal industry. Firstly, it introduced the traditional economic efficiency evaluation index system and its limitations; Then, it tried to constructe the Eco-efficiency evaluation framework of coal industry and pointed out the evaluation target, drawed up the construction principle, constructed the evaluation index system; Finally, it introduced the evaluation method, including the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, the unexpected output processing method and entropy weight method.
The fifth chapter, carried on the empirical evaluation. First, it selected the evaluation object, constructed Eco-efficiency evaluation index system of the coal industry based on DEA; Secondly, it selected data, and processed the related data with price flat minus and entropy weight compression, so as to assure the reliability of the DEA evaluation model; Accordingly, it made an evaluation and analysis, and foud out the problem and breakthrough of the ecological economy development of coal industry.
The sixth chapter, according to the above analysis, put forward several countermeasures to enhance the Eco-efficiency of coal industry in China, from the industry regulation, technology innovation, management innovation and organization optimization. Specific include:(1) to strengthen regulation, improve the mechanism of ecological compensation, strengthen the safety production of coal mine.(2) to strengthen technical innovation, create innovative culture, increase investment in science and technology, strengthen innovation ability;(3) to strengthen the management innovation, promot the ecological environment protection, implement the advanced management system,(4) to strengthen the organization optimization, perfect enter and exit mechanism, strengthen the industrial integration efforts.
The seventh chapter drawed a conclusion and prospect of research.
The main research work and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Literature review. Research shows that, the domestic research of coal industry ecological economic, is still in its beginning stage, has not formed the ecological economic development theory system of coal industry; As for coal industry efficiency evaluation, the domestic still stay in beginning stage, studying the economic efficiency, does not consider the ecological and environmental index.
(2)To clarify the connotation of ecological efficiency. Eco-efficiency, can be understood as comprehensive ability with that a ecological economic system obtain economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits, at the cost of certain resource and ecological environment. Eco-efficiency, requirements providing the competitive products and services for satisfying human needs and improving the quality of life, and make ecological influence and resources strength gradually reduce to the level in accordance with the ecological carrying capacity in the whole life cycle.
(3) The definition of coal industry. The coal industry, namely coal mining and dressing industry, which are engaged in mining, washing and screening and classifying anthracite and bituminous coal and lignite coal, etc. That is:underground or the ground mining, mine operation, and other supplementary work, such as milling, dressing and processing, but not including the production of coal products, coal exploration and construction activities. The study found that the coal industry, has the negative externalities, scale economy, high risk, production periodic, management complexity, technology upgrade slow passive, the hierarchy of coal resources utilization, circulation use of coal resources etc.
(4) To explore the ecological economic system of coal industry. It is an organic whole, including coal production subsystem, the social and economic subsystem and the ecological environment subsystem, that is formation through the human labor interaction and mutual coupling in the process of coal exploitation and utilization. The three subsystems is interdependence and mutual restriction; At the same time, the ecological economic system of the coal industry has the openness, obvious space combination, time combination and dynamic succession characteristics. It is also a large input and output system. Among them, the basic investment consists of labor, capital, science and technology investment, resource and energy consumption, etc.; Basic output, contains raw coal production, sales income, industrial output value, profit tax amount, etc.; The unexpected output, contains environmental quality influence (atmospheric pollution and greenhouse effect, water pollution, soil pollution and noise pollution, etc.), ecological environmental impact (occupation of land, ground collapse, water loss and soil erosion, ground water damage and ecological system failure, etc.) and social economic impact (professional patient, safety accident harm, road damage, residents building destruction, residents living environment destruction, etc.).
(5) To ecologicalize coal industry. To improve Eco-efficiency is the core goal of ecological industry, and ecological industry is the main way to improve Eco-efficiency. The goal of coal industry ecology is that we use ecological, economic law and system engineering method to operate and manage coal industry, through efficient utilization, clean production, green mining and recycling economy, realizing its economic, social and environmental benefit maximization, based on ecological economics principle. The ecologicalization connotation of coal industry is as follow: implementing clean production, the promotion of green mining, go intensive road, constructing the circulation economy system of coal industry, walk the intensive development road.
(6) To clarify the connotation of Eco-efficiency of coal industry. This paper defined it as comprehensive ability with that the ecological economic system of coal industry obtain economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits, at the cost of certain resource (labor, capital, materials, etc.) and ecological environment (environment pollution and ecological destruction, etc.). Coal industry Eco-efficiency, reflecting the coordination efficiency of coal industry ecology economy system, requires reducing resource consumption, minimizing environmental pollution and ecological damage, optimising economic output.
(7) To explore the main influence factors of coal industry Eco-efficiency, including regulation, industrial concentration, safe and environment protection, technological progress and circular economy, etc. And, it pointed out the main goal of coal industry Eco-efficiency evaluation, the status of the evaluation, monitored change trend, provided early warning, to provide references for optimizing the management decision and prepare the environmental impact report.
(8) Constructing the evaluation index system of coal industry Eco-efficiency. Evaluation goals:①to evaluate the status quo of coal industry Eco-efficiency operation;②to monitor the change trend of coal industry Eco-efficiency;③warning;④to provide references for optimizing the management decision;⑤to provide references for enterprise objectively and accurately drawing up the environmental impact report. Principles:⑥the system principle;⑦the scientific principle,③the whole completeness principle;④the relative independenc⑧operability principle. Combining Eco-efficiency evaluation theory and the characteristics of coal industry, it constructed the evaluation index system of coal industry Eco-efficiency, from the environmental quality influence, ecological environmental impact and social economic impact three point of view.
(9) Empirical evaluation. From the basic evaluation perspective, with the development of the coal industry, the overall environmental pollution level of coal industry have a certain decline, but the environmental pollution of coal industry is still not optimistic, but also need to increase the emission reduction efforts, especially in the industrial waste water and industrial dust aspects. From the comprehensive evaluation perspective, coal industry Eco-efficiency in China is increasing year by year, present a increasing trend. Among them, the scale efficiency rise is particularly outstanding.
Since2001, the coal industry have constantly enlarged production scale and fully played the scale effect of the enterprises, improved the production efficiency, and improve Eco-efficiency. From this perspective, the promotion of coal industry Eco-efficiency, mainly owe to the expansion of its size. Using ratio evaluation method, it found that the operating efficiency and environmental efficiency are improved, and environmental efficiency ascension is particularly outstanding. This shows that we can realize the coal production at the lower cost of environment, can control the environmental impact and ecological destruction in the process of coal production, by the implementation of Eco-efficiency management, so as to realize the benign and sustainable development of coal industry.
In the context of the mature mining technology and the difficulty of improving the management efficiency, strengthening the ecological environment management and improving the environmental efficiency, that is the key to improve Eco-efficiency of coal industry. Therefore, to strengthen the ecological environment management, is the key to improve Eco-efficiency of coal industry, is also a potential breakthrough point.
To put forward the proposal. In order to improve the Eco-efficiency of coal industry in China, we should emphasize:①to strengthen regulation, improve the mechanism of ecological compensation, strengthen the safety of coal production;②to strengthen technical innovation, create innovative culture, increase investment in science and technology, strengthen innovation ability;③to strengthen the management innovation, promot the ecological environment protection, implement the advanced management system;④to strengthen the organization optimization, perfect enter and exit mechanism, strengthen the industrial integration efforts.
The main innovation is as follow:
(1) this paper pointed out the connotation of the Eco-efficiency of coal industry, and tried to analyze the main influencing factors;
(2) this paper tried to build the evaluation index system of the Eco-efficiency of coal industry, and help people make an empirical research, and grasp the present situation of the ecology economy development of coal industry in China, and then put forward the reliable policy suggestions;
(3) this paper tried to use DEA method to make a research on the Eco-efficiency of coal industry in China. On the one hand, it widened the application scope of DEA; on the other hand, it used new method dynamicly evaluating the Eco-efficiency of coal industry, deepen our understanding on ecology economy system of the coal industry.
引文
[1]戴铁军,陆钟武.钢铁企业生态效率分析[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2005,(12)：1168-1172
[2]李兵,张建强,权进民.企业生态足迹和生态效率研究[J].环境工程,2007,25(6)：85-88
[3]刘永红,郭忠行,谢刚.钢铁企业生态效率的D E A模型构建及应用[J].太原理工大学学报,2012,(1)：20-24
[4]Fussier C. and James P. Driving eco innovation:a breakthrough discipline for innovation and sustainability [M]. London:Financial Times,1996.145-153
[5]World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Eco-efficient leadership for improved economic and environmental performance [M]. Geneva:WBCSD, 1998.138-147
[6]张亚连,张卫枚,孙凤英.企业生态经济效率与可持续发展[J].城市问题,2011,(6)：67-70
[7]M. Lehni. Eco-efficiency:Creating more value with less impact [M]. Geneva: WBCSD,2000.5-36
[8]Wall-Markowski C, Kicherer A, Wittlinger R. Eco-efficiency:inside BASF and beyond [J]. Management of Environmental Quality:An International Journal,2005, 16(2):153-160
[9]毛建素等.中国工业行业的生态效率[J].环境科学,2010,(11)：2788-2794
[10]李虹,董亮.发展绿色就业提升产业生态效率——基于风电产业发展的实证分析[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,(1)：109-115
[11]汪东,朱坦.基于数据包络分析理论的中国区域工业生态效率研究[J].生态经济,2011,(4)：24-28
[12]高迎春,韩瑞玲,佟连军.吉林省产业系统生态效率评价[J].中国人口资源与环境,2011,(11)：106-110
[13]Dahlstrom K, Ekins P. Eco-efficiency Trends in the UK Steel and Aluminum Industries:Differences between Resource Efficiency and Resource Productivity [J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology,2005,9(4):171-188
[14]Morales M. A, Herrero V. M, Martinez S. A, et al. Cleaner Production and Methodological Proposal of Eco-efficiency Measurement in a Mexican Petrochemical Complex [J]. Water Science&Technology,2006,153(11):11-16
[15]J. Van Caneghem etc. Improving eco-efficiency in the steel industry:The ArcelorMittal Gent case. Journal of Cleaner Production,2010,(18):807-814
[16]K. Charmondusit, K. Keartpakpraek. Eco-efficiency evaluation of the petroleum and petrochemical group in the map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production,2011, (19):241-252
[17]G. Oggioni, R. Riccardi, R. Toninelli. Eco-efficiency of the world cement industry:A data envelopment analysis[J]. Energy Policy,2011, (39):2842-2854
[18]吴小庆等.基于物质流分析的江苏省区域生态效率评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009,(10)：890-896
[19]刘丙泉等.中国区域生态效率测度与差异性分析[J].技术经济与管理研究,2011,(10)：3-8
[20]邓波等.基于三阶段DEA模型的区域生态效率研究[J].中国软科学,2011,(1)：92-99
[21]Melanen M, Koskela S, Maenpaa 1, et al. The Eco-eff iciency of Regions——Case Kymenlaakso:ECOREG Project 2002-2004 [J]. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal,2004,15(1):33-40
[22]Seppala J, Melanen M. How can the eco-efficiency of a region be measured and monitored [J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology,2005,9(4):117-130
[23]Hu. A. H, et al. Eco-efficiency Evaluation of the Eco-industrial Cluster [C] Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing.2005,775-778
[24]周仁,任一鑫.煤炭循环经济发展模式研究[J].煤炭经济研究,2004,(1)：23-24
[25]张国英,梁文阁,郑丕谔.煤炭产业发展循环经济模式的探讨[J].经济问题,2007,(1)：22-24
[26]张永刚,吕欣,陈贵锋.煤炭行业实施循环经济的潜力分析[J].洁净煤技术,2006,(2)：5-8
[27]江涛,张天柱.煤炭行业循环经济发展模式与指标体系研究[J].中国人口资源与环境,2007,(6)：87-90
[28]林积泉等.煤炭工业企业循环经济产业链设计与环境效益研究[J].环境保护,2005,(4)：55-58
[29]张麟,何媛.应用循环经济理论构建煤炭生态工业同[J].中国矿业,2006,(12)：14-17
[30]于斌.煤炭工业循环经济及园区发展模式分析[J].煤炭科学技术,2010,(12)：105-108
[31]王纲,李虹丽,王晋.基于循环经济的中国煤炭产业发展模式研究[J].中国矿业,2011,(6)：29-31
[32]蒋金泉,陈维健,任一鑫.生态煤炭产业的价格-税收约束机制研究[J].中国矿业,2005,(8)：33-36
[33]史琳.煤炭行业资源性税费改革建议[J].财会研究,2010,(15)：17-19
[34]周江生,陈庆发.煤炭行业低碳经济涉税研究[J].商业会计,2011,(9)：45-46
[35]耿海青,梁学功.关于建立煤炭行业生态补偿机制的探讨[J].中国煤炭,2006,(5)：15-18
[36]李创.我国煤炭行业环境管制的福利效应分析[J].管理现代化,2009,(4)：9-11
[37]柯文岚,沙景华,闫晶晶.环境规制对山西煤炭产业绩效影响的实证研究[J].中国矿业,2011,(12)：49-52
[38]李艳秋.煤炭行业高速增长背后的隐忧[J].煤炭经济研究,2004,(8)：16-17
[39]秦强,闫红新.煤炭行业潜在危机及解决之道[J].中国煤炭,2005,(2)：30-31
[40]舒鹏.煤炭行业可持续发展的探讨[J].宏观经济管理,2004,(3)：25-27
[41]李龙清,秦国玉,田俊.煤炭工业可持续发展的系统动力学模型[J].西安科技大学学报,2006,(6)：151-154
[42]白宇等.内蒙古煤炭产业与经济发展的协调度研究[J].煤炭工程,2010,(12)：87-90
[43]刘环玉,甘晓成,宋岭.新疆煤炭产业发展对大气环境的影响分析[J].生态经济,2009,(10)：95-97
[44]张意翔.中国煤炭产业生态安全评价及政策建议[J].理论月刊,2011,(2)：163-165
[45]魏晓平,王立宝.基于DEA模型的煤炭行业上市公司经营效率评价[J].统计与决策,2005,(12)：61-63
[46]杨广俊,王立杰.基于DEA的煤炭企业集团公司相对效率的实证分析[J].中国煤炭,2007,(10)：20-22
[47]饶田田,吕涛.基于DEA的大型煤炭企业经营效率评价与分析[J].中国矿业,2009,(8)：27-30
[48]彭毅,聂规划.基于DEA的煤炭行业企业生态效率评价方法[J].煤矿开采,2011,(4)：110-113
[49]Stefan Schaltegger, Andreas Sturm. Okologische Rationalitat [R]. Die Unternehmung Nr4.1990.273-290
[50]Stephan Schmidheiny with the Business Council for Sustainable Development. Changing Course:A global Business Perspective on Development and the Environment[M]. The MIT Press,1992.201-220
[51]World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Measuring eco-efficiency: A guide to reporting company performance [M]. Geneva:WBCSD,2000.134-145
[52]Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Eco-efficiency[M]. OECD,1998.7-11
[53]黄光宇,杨培峰.城乡空间生态规划理论框架试析[J].规划师,2002,18(4)：5-9
[54]余德辉,王金南.发展循环经济是21世纪环境保护的战略选择[J].环境保护,2001,(10)：36-38
[55]汤慧兰,孙德生.工业生态系统及其建设[J].中国环保产业,2003,(2)：14-16
[56]诸大建,朱远生态效率与循环经济[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),2005,(2)：60-66
[57]戴铁军,陆钟武.钢铁企业生态效率分析[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版,2005,(12)：1168-1173
[58]World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Our Common Future [M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press.1987
[59]EEA (European Environment Agency). Making sustainability accountable: Eco-eff iciency, resource productivity and innovation. Topic Report No. 11/1999 [R]. Copenhagen:EEA.1999
[60]Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture [R]. Rome:FAO,1995
[61]Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 1995 [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.1996
[62]Ehrlich, P. R. and J. P. Holdren. One-dimensional ecology [J]. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1972,28 (5):16-27
[63]Michael H. Huesemann. Guarantee Sustainability:Future Challenges for Industrial Ecology[J]. Environmental Progress.2004,23(4):264-270
[64]任勇.中外循环经济的比较[J].企业科协.2004,(8)：7-9
[65]Pearce, D. W. and Turner, P. K.. Economics ofNatural Resources and the Environment [M].1990
[66]布朗.生态经济[M].东方出版社.2002
[67]Yasuo K, Ko-suke H and Ryota K. A discussion on the resource circulation strategy of the refrigerator[J]. Resources Conservation and Recycling.2001,33(3): 153-165
[68]Stuart R, David E. The environmental effect of reusing and recycling a plastic-based packaging system[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production.2003,11(5): 561-571
[69]John T. E. The future of recycling[J]. Resource Policy.25(3):197-204
[70]Sujit D, Randall C. T and Colleen R. G. Automobile recycling in the United States: Energy impacts and waste generation[J]. Resources Conservation and Recycling. 1995,14(3-4):265-284
[71]Spatari S., Bertram M. and Fuse K. The contemporary European copper cycle:1 year stocks and flows[J]. Ecological Economics.2002,42(1-2):27-42
[72]Hirohisa K, Kazunori H, Hidetoshi Y. Correspondence analysis of paper recycling society:consumers and paper maker in Japan [J]. Resources Conservation and Recycling.1998,23(4):193-208
[73]王如松.循环经济建设的生态学方法[M].中国环境科学出版社.2003
[74]诸大建.可持续发展呼唤循环经济[J].科技导报.1998(9)：39-42
[75]诸大建.循环经济：上海跨世纪发展途径[J].上海经济研究.1998(10)：28-32
[76]诸大建.循环经济与上海可持续发展[J].上海环境科学.1998(10)：1-4
[77]解振华.走循环经济之路实现可持续生产和消费[J].环境保护.2003,(3)：3-4
[78]曲格平.循环经济与环境保护阴.光明日报.2000-11-20
[79]段宁.清洁生产、生态工业和循环经济[J].环境科学研究.2001,14(6)：I-8
[80]陈赛.循环经济及其法律调控模式[J].环境保护.2003,(1)：10-12
[81]冯久田,尹建中,初丽霞.循环经济理论及其在中国实践的研究[J].中国人口、资源与环境.2003,13(2)：28-33
[82]武春友.创造全社会参与的资源效率与生态和谐系统[[J].价值工程.2006,(1)：1-3
[83]诸大建,邱寿丰生态效率是循环经济的合适测度闭.中国人口、资源与环境.2006,16(5)：1-6
[84]周国梅,彭昊,曹凤中.循环经济和工业生态效率指标体系阴.城市环境与城市生态.2003,16(6)：201-203
[85]刘华波,杨海真,顾国维.基于生态效率建立我国循环经济评价指标体系的思考[[J].四川环境.2006,25(2)：78-82
[86]Von Weiszacker, Lovins A. B. et al. The factor four[M], London:Earthscan.1997
[87]Schmidt-Bleek, F. Sustainability requires a factor 10 in resource productivity. In Environmentally Conscious Poducts Network News 7 [M]. Tokyo:JEMAL.1997
[88]Factor 10 Club. The International Factor 10 Club's statement to government and business leaders:A tenfold leap in energy and resource efficiency [R]. Wuppertal:Wuppertal Institute.1997
[89]Jansen L. and P. Vergragt. Sustainable development:A challenge to technology. Leidschendam:Ministry for Housing[M]. Physical Planning and Environment.1992
[90]中国科学院.2006年中国可持续发展战略报告[R].科学出版社.2006
[91]Von Wernick, Waggoner P and Ausubel J. Searching for leverage to Conserve Forests: The Industrial Ecology of Wood Products in the United States[J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology.1998,1(3):125-145
[92]Reijnders L. Environmentally improved production process and products [M]. Dordrecht:Kluwer.1996
[93]Van der Ven, B. Stedelijk waterbehheer (Urban water management) [M]. Apeldoorn, the Netherlands:TNO Milieu, Energies en Procesinnovatie.1997
[94]张建玲.生产型企业生态经济效率评价研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2008.42-43
[95]蔡侃.生态经济理论与中国产业政策导向[D].上海：东华大学,2009.3
[96]何东.循环经济是高级形态的区域经济[J].求索,2006,(9)28-30
[97]吴季松著.循环经济学[M].北京：北京出版社,2003：2369
[98]Reijnders L.. A Nonnative Strategy for Sustainable Resource Choice and Reeling[J]. Resources Conservation and Recycling,2000,28(1):121-133
[99]Tilton, John E. The Future of Recycling [J]. Resources Policy.2001,25(3):197204
[100]Edgar G. Hertwich. Consumption and Industrial Ecology (editorial) [J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology,2005
[101]Allenby B. R., Froseh R. A.. The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems[M]. Washington:National Academy of Science.1991:232237
[102]United Nations Conference on trade and development. A manual for the preparers and users of eco-efficiency indicators [R]. United Nations Publications UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/.2003.45-49
[103]Helminen R. DeveloPing tangible measures for eco-efficiency:The case of the Finnish and Swedish Pulp and Paper industry [J]. Business Strategy and Environment.2000, (9):196-210
[104]United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Integrating Environmental and Financial Performance at the Enterprise level:A Methodology for Standardizing Eco-efficiency Indicators [C]. United Nations Publications, 2003.64-72
[105]Gjalt Huppes, Masanobu Ishikawa. A Framework for Quantified Eco-efficiency Analysis[J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology,2005,9(4):25-41
[106]Hoffren J. Measuring the eco-efficiency of welfare generation in a national economy [D]. Tampere University.2001.87-91
[107]李广军等.沈阳市高校生态足迹和生态效率研究[J].资源科学.2005,27(6)：140-146
[108]李兵,张建强,权进民.企业生态足迹和生态效率研究[J].环境工程,2007,25(6)：85-88
[109]Lingmei Wang, Jintun Zhang, Weidou Ni. Energy evaluation of Eco-IndustrialPark with Power Plant[J]. ecological modelling,2005,189(1-2):233-240
[110]张妍,杨志峰.北京城市物质代谢的能值分析与生态效率评估[J].环境科学学报,2007,(11)：1892-1899
[111]郭晓佳等.宁夏人地系统的物质代谢和生态效率研究——基于能值分析理论[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(3)：967-973
[112]Hua Z. S, Bian Y. W, Liang L. Eco-efficiency analysis of paper mills along the Huai River:An extended DEA approach [J]. Omega.2007,35(5):578-587
[113]G. Oggioni, R. Riccardi, R. Toninelli. Eco-efficiency of the world cement industry:A data envelopment analysis[J]. Energy Policy,2011, (39):2842-2854
[114]Vogtlander J. G, Bijma A. Communicating the eco-efficiency of products and services by means of eco-cost/value model [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2002, (10):57-67
[115]Jollands N. Lermit J. Aggregate eco-efficiency for New Zealand-a principal components analysis [J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2004, (73): 293-305
[116]李伟,刘星厚,侯文宣等.煤炭产业循环经济发展原理[M].天津：天津科学技术出版社,2009.05
[117]郑婷婷.基于熵理论的煤炭产业可持续发展研究[D].太原：太原理工大学,2010.5
[118]刘敏,牟俊山.煤炭生态经济系统研究——“煤炭开发利用协同发展研究”课题系列报告之一[J].煤炭经济研究,2003,(9)：10-13
[119]文芳.贵州省煤炭产业生态化研究[D].贵州：贵州财经学院,2010.4
[120]罗淦,钟帅,车勤健.中美两国煤炭产业发展模式的比较分析[J].中国煤炭,2010,(11)：124-126
[121]赵剑峰.低碳经济视角下煤炭工业清洁利用分析及政策建议[J].煤炭学报,2011,(3)：514-518
[122]高双喜,刘好.促进煤炭工业发展循环经济的政策体系设计[J].中国煤炭,2011,(2)：25-28
[123]马占新.数据包络分析模型与方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2010.57-60
[124]卞亦文.基于DEA理伦的环境效率评价方法研究[D].合肥：中国科学技术大学2006.19-25
[125]杨龙,胡晓珍.基于DEA的中国绿色经济效率地区差异与收敛分析[J].经济学家,2010,(2)：46-51
[126]耿海青,梁学功.关于建立煤炭行业生态补偿机制的探讨[J].中国煤炭,2006,(5)：15-18
[127]刑媛媛,张飞飞.煤炭企业安全投入优化分析[J].山西煤炭,2010,(8)：36-38
[128]杨忠民.陕西煤炭企业技术创新战略问题探讨[J].西安科技大学学报,2011,(5)： 589-592
[129]吕永卫,韩峥.基于混沌理论的煤炭产业技术创新系统研究[J].山西农业大学学报,2011,(2)：133-137
[130]黄向春,赵静静.我国矿产资源开发生态补偿机制研究[J].中国矿业,2010,(12)：107-110
[131]罗清郁.煤炭产业市场结构与产业组织政策分析[J].西安科技大学学报,2010,(4)：496-501
[132]唐静,冯套柱,杜丽娟.中国煤炭产业集中度影响因素分析.西安科技大学学报,2011,(3)：311-316
[2]李兵,张建强,权进民.企业生态足迹和生态效率研究[J].环境工程,2007,25(6)：85-88
[3]刘永红,郭忠行,谢刚.钢铁企业生态效率的D E A模型构建及应用[J].太原理工大学学报,2012,(1)：20-24
[4]Fussier C. and James P. Driving eco innovation:a breakthrough discipline for innovation and sustainability [M]. London:Financial Times,1996.145-153
[5]World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Eco-efficient leadership for improved economic and environmental performance [M]. Geneva:WBCSD, 1998.138-147
[6]张亚连,张卫枚,孙凤英.企业生态经济效率与可持续发展[J].城市问题,2011,(6)：67-70
[7]M. Lehni. Eco-efficiency:Creating more value with less impact [M]. Geneva: WBCSD,2000.5-36
[8]Wall-Markowski C, Kicherer A, Wittlinger R. Eco-efficiency:inside BASF and beyond [J]. Management of Environmental Quality:An International Journal,2005, 16(2):153-160
[9]毛建素等.中国工业行业的生态效率[J].环境科学,2010,(11)：2788-2794
[10]李虹,董亮.发展绿色就业提升产业生态效率——基于风电产业发展的实证分析[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,(1)：109-115
[11]汪东,朱坦.基于数据包络分析理论的中国区域工业生态效率研究[J].生态经济,2011,(4)：24-28
[12]高迎春,韩瑞玲,佟连军.吉林省产业系统生态效率评价[J].中国人口资源与环境,2011,(11)：106-110
[13]Dahlstrom K, Ekins P. Eco-efficiency Trends in the UK Steel and Aluminum Industries:Differences between Resource Efficiency and Resource Productivity [J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology,2005,9(4):171-188
[14]Morales M. A, Herrero V. M, Martinez S. A, et al. Cleaner Production and Methodological Proposal of Eco-efficiency Measurement in a Mexican Petrochemical Complex [J]. Water Science&Technology,2006,153(11):11-16
[15]J. Van Caneghem etc. Improving eco-efficiency in the steel industry:The ArcelorMittal Gent case. Journal of Cleaner Production,2010,(18):807-814
[16]K. Charmondusit, K. Keartpakpraek. Eco-efficiency evaluation of the petroleum and petrochemical group in the map Ta Phut Industrial Estate, Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production,2011, (19):241-252
[17]G. Oggioni, R. Riccardi, R. Toninelli. Eco-efficiency of the world cement industry:A data envelopment analysis[J]. Energy Policy,2011, (39):2842-2854
[18]吴小庆等.基于物质流分析的江苏省区域生态效率评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009,(10)：890-896
[19]刘丙泉等.中国区域生态效率测度与差异性分析[J].技术经济与管理研究,2011,(10)：3-8
[20]邓波等.基于三阶段DEA模型的区域生态效率研究[J].中国软科学,2011,(1)：92-99
[21]Melanen M, Koskela S, Maenpaa 1, et al. The Eco-eff iciency of Regions——Case Kymenlaakso:ECOREG Project 2002-2004 [J]. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal,2004,15(1):33-40
[22]Seppala J, Melanen M. How can the eco-efficiency of a region be measured and monitored [J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology,2005,9(4):117-130
[23]Hu. A. H, et al. Eco-efficiency Evaluation of the Eco-industrial Cluster [C] Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing.2005,775-778
[24]周仁,任一鑫.煤炭循环经济发展模式研究[J].煤炭经济研究,2004,(1)：23-24
[25]张国英,梁文阁,郑丕谔.煤炭产业发展循环经济模式的探讨[J].经济问题,2007,(1)：22-24
[26]张永刚,吕欣,陈贵锋.煤炭行业实施循环经济的潜力分析[J].洁净煤技术,2006,(2)：5-8
[27]江涛,张天柱.煤炭行业循环经济发展模式与指标体系研究[J].中国人口资源与环境,2007,(6)：87-90
[28]林积泉等.煤炭工业企业循环经济产业链设计与环境效益研究[J].环境保护,2005,(4)：55-58
[29]张麟,何媛.应用循环经济理论构建煤炭生态工业同[J].中国矿业,2006,(12)：14-17
[30]于斌.煤炭工业循环经济及园区发展模式分析[J].煤炭科学技术,2010,(12)：105-108
[31]王纲,李虹丽,王晋.基于循环经济的中国煤炭产业发展模式研究[J].中国矿业,2011,(6)：29-31
[32]蒋金泉,陈维健,任一鑫.生态煤炭产业的价格-税收约束机制研究[J].中国矿业,2005,(8)：33-36
[33]史琳.煤炭行业资源性税费改革建议[J].财会研究,2010,(15)：17-19
[34]周江生,陈庆发.煤炭行业低碳经济涉税研究[J].商业会计,2011,(9)：45-46
[35]耿海青,梁学功.关于建立煤炭行业生态补偿机制的探讨[J].中国煤炭,2006,(5)：15-18
[36]李创.我国煤炭行业环境管制的福利效应分析[J].管理现代化,2009,(4)：9-11
[37]柯文岚,沙景华,闫晶晶.环境规制对山西煤炭产业绩效影响的实证研究[J].中国矿业,2011,(12)：49-52
[38]李艳秋.煤炭行业高速增长背后的隐忧[J].煤炭经济研究,2004,(8)：16-17
[39]秦强,闫红新.煤炭行业潜在危机及解决之道[J].中国煤炭,2005,(2)：30-31
[40]舒鹏.煤炭行业可持续发展的探讨[J].宏观经济管理,2004,(3)：25-27
[41]李龙清,秦国玉,田俊.煤炭工业可持续发展的系统动力学模型[J].西安科技大学学报,2006,(6)：151-154
[42]白宇等.内蒙古煤炭产业与经济发展的协调度研究[J].煤炭工程,2010,(12)：87-90
[43]刘环玉,甘晓成,宋岭.新疆煤炭产业发展对大气环境的影响分析[J].生态经济,2009,(10)：95-97
[44]张意翔.中国煤炭产业生态安全评价及政策建议[J].理论月刊,2011,(2)：163-165
[45]魏晓平,王立宝.基于DEA模型的煤炭行业上市公司经营效率评价[J].统计与决策,2005,(12)：61-63
[46]杨广俊,王立杰.基于DEA的煤炭企业集团公司相对效率的实证分析[J].中国煤炭,2007,(10)：20-22
[47]饶田田,吕涛.基于DEA的大型煤炭企业经营效率评价与分析[J].中国矿业,2009,(8)：27-30
[48]彭毅,聂规划.基于DEA的煤炭行业企业生态效率评价方法[J].煤矿开采,2011,(4)：110-113
[49]Stefan Schaltegger, Andreas Sturm. Okologische Rationalitat [R]. Die Unternehmung Nr4.1990.273-290
[50]Stephan Schmidheiny with the Business Council for Sustainable Development. Changing Course:A global Business Perspective on Development and the Environment[M]. The MIT Press,1992.201-220
[51]World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Measuring eco-efficiency: A guide to reporting company performance [M]. Geneva:WBCSD,2000.134-145
[52]Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Eco-efficiency[M]. OECD,1998.7-11
[53]黄光宇,杨培峰.城乡空间生态规划理论框架试析[J].规划师,2002,18(4)：5-9
[54]余德辉,王金南.发展循环经济是21世纪环境保护的战略选择[J].环境保护,2001,(10)：36-38
[55]汤慧兰,孙德生.工业生态系统及其建设[J].中国环保产业,2003,(2)：14-16
[56]诸大建,朱远生态效率与循环经济[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),2005,(2)：60-66
[57]戴铁军,陆钟武.钢铁企业生态效率分析[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版,2005,(12)：1168-1173
[58]World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Our Common Future [M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press.1987
[59]EEA (European Environment Agency). Making sustainability accountable: Eco-eff iciency, resource productivity and innovation. Topic Report No. 11/1999 [R]. Copenhagen:EEA.1999
[60]Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture [R]. Rome:FAO,1995
[61]Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 1995 [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.1996
[62]Ehrlich, P. R. and J. P. Holdren. One-dimensional ecology [J]. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1972,28 (5):16-27
[63]Michael H. Huesemann. Guarantee Sustainability:Future Challenges for Industrial Ecology[J]. Environmental Progress.2004,23(4):264-270
[64]任勇.中外循环经济的比较[J].企业科协.2004,(8)：7-9
[65]Pearce, D. W. and Turner, P. K.. Economics ofNatural Resources and the Environment [M].1990
[66]布朗.生态经济[M].东方出版社.2002
[67]Yasuo K, Ko-suke H and Ryota K. A discussion on the resource circulation strategy of the refrigerator[J]. Resources Conservation and Recycling.2001,33(3): 153-165
[68]Stuart R, David E. The environmental effect of reusing and recycling a plastic-based packaging system[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production.2003,11(5): 561-571
[69]John T. E. The future of recycling[J]. Resource Policy.25(3):197-204
[70]Sujit D, Randall C. T and Colleen R. G. Automobile recycling in the United States: Energy impacts and waste generation[J]. Resources Conservation and Recycling. 1995,14(3-4):265-284
[71]Spatari S., Bertram M. and Fuse K. The contemporary European copper cycle:1 year stocks and flows[J]. Ecological Economics.2002,42(1-2):27-42
[72]Hirohisa K, Kazunori H, Hidetoshi Y. Correspondence analysis of paper recycling society:consumers and paper maker in Japan [J]. Resources Conservation and Recycling.1998,23(4):193-208
[73]王如松.循环经济建设的生态学方法[M].中国环境科学出版社.2003
[74]诸大建.可持续发展呼唤循环经济[J].科技导报.1998(9)：39-42
[75]诸大建.循环经济：上海跨世纪发展途径[J].上海经济研究.1998(10)：28-32
[76]诸大建.循环经济与上海可持续发展[J].上海环境科学.1998(10)：1-4
[77]解振华.走循环经济之路实现可持续生产和消费[J].环境保护.2003,(3)：3-4
[78]曲格平.循环经济与环境保护阴.光明日报.2000-11-20
[79]段宁.清洁生产、生态工业和循环经济[J].环境科学研究.2001,14(6)：I-8
[80]陈赛.循环经济及其法律调控模式[J].环境保护.2003,(1)：10-12
[81]冯久田,尹建中,初丽霞.循环经济理论及其在中国实践的研究[J].中国人口、资源与环境.2003,13(2)：28-33
[82]武春友.创造全社会参与的资源效率与生态和谐系统[[J].价值工程.2006,(1)：1-3
[83]诸大建,邱寿丰生态效率是循环经济的合适测度闭.中国人口、资源与环境.2006,16(5)：1-6
[84]周国梅,彭昊,曹凤中.循环经济和工业生态效率指标体系阴.城市环境与城市生态.2003,16(6)：201-203
[85]刘华波,杨海真,顾国维.基于生态效率建立我国循环经济评价指标体系的思考[[J].四川环境.2006,25(2)：78-82
[86]Von Weiszacker, Lovins A. B. et al. The factor four[M], London:Earthscan.1997
[87]Schmidt-Bleek, F. Sustainability requires a factor 10 in resource productivity. In Environmentally Conscious Poducts Network News 7 [M]. Tokyo:JEMAL.1997
[88]Factor 10 Club. The International Factor 10 Club's statement to government and business leaders:A tenfold leap in energy and resource efficiency [R]. Wuppertal:Wuppertal Institute.1997
[89]Jansen L. and P. Vergragt. Sustainable development:A challenge to technology. Leidschendam:Ministry for Housing[M]. Physical Planning and Environment.1992
[90]中国科学院.2006年中国可持续发展战略报告[R].科学出版社.2006
[91]Von Wernick, Waggoner P and Ausubel J. Searching for leverage to Conserve Forests: The Industrial Ecology of Wood Products in the United States[J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology.1998,1(3):125-145
[92]Reijnders L. Environmentally improved production process and products [M]. Dordrecht:Kluwer.1996
[93]Van der Ven, B. Stedelijk waterbehheer (Urban water management) [M]. Apeldoorn, the Netherlands:TNO Milieu, Energies en Procesinnovatie.1997
[94]张建玲.生产型企业生态经济效率评价研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2008.42-43
[95]蔡侃.生态经济理论与中国产业政策导向[D].上海：东华大学,2009.3
[96]何东.循环经济是高级形态的区域经济[J].求索,2006,(9)28-30
[97]吴季松著.循环经济学[M].北京：北京出版社,2003：2369
[98]Reijnders L.. A Nonnative Strategy for Sustainable Resource Choice and Reeling[J]. Resources Conservation and Recycling,2000,28(1):121-133
[99]Tilton, John E. The Future of Recycling [J]. Resources Policy.2001,25(3):197204
[100]Edgar G. Hertwich. Consumption and Industrial Ecology (editorial) [J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology,2005
[101]Allenby B. R., Froseh R. A.. The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems[M]. Washington:National Academy of Science.1991:232237
[102]United Nations Conference on trade and development. A manual for the preparers and users of eco-efficiency indicators [R]. United Nations Publications UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/.2003.45-49
[103]Helminen R. DeveloPing tangible measures for eco-efficiency:The case of the Finnish and Swedish Pulp and Paper industry [J]. Business Strategy and Environment.2000, (9):196-210
[104]United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Integrating Environmental and Financial Performance at the Enterprise level:A Methodology for Standardizing Eco-efficiency Indicators [C]. United Nations Publications, 2003.64-72
[105]Gjalt Huppes, Masanobu Ishikawa. A Framework for Quantified Eco-efficiency Analysis[J]. Journal of Industrial Ecology,2005,9(4):25-41
[106]Hoffren J. Measuring the eco-efficiency of welfare generation in a national economy [D]. Tampere University.2001.87-91
[107]李广军等.沈阳市高校生态足迹和生态效率研究[J].资源科学.2005,27(6)：140-146
[108]李兵,张建强,权进民.企业生态足迹和生态效率研究[J].环境工程,2007,25(6)：85-88
[109]Lingmei Wang, Jintun Zhang, Weidou Ni. Energy evaluation of Eco-IndustrialPark with Power Plant[J]. ecological modelling,2005,189(1-2):233-240
[110]张妍,杨志峰.北京城市物质代谢的能值分析与生态效率评估[J].环境科学学报,2007,(11)：1892-1899
[111]郭晓佳等.宁夏人地系统的物质代谢和生态效率研究——基于能值分析理论[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(3)：967-973
[112]Hua Z. S, Bian Y. W, Liang L. Eco-efficiency analysis of paper mills along the Huai River:An extended DEA approach [J]. Omega.2007,35(5):578-587
[113]G. Oggioni, R. Riccardi, R. Toninelli. Eco-efficiency of the world cement industry:A data envelopment analysis[J]. Energy Policy,2011, (39):2842-2854
[114]Vogtlander J. G, Bijma A. Communicating the eco-efficiency of products and services by means of eco-cost/value model [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2002, (10):57-67
[115]Jollands N. Lermit J. Aggregate eco-efficiency for New Zealand-a principal components analysis [J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2004, (73): 293-305
[116]李伟,刘星厚,侯文宣等.煤炭产业循环经济发展原理[M].天津：天津科学技术出版社,2009.05
[117]郑婷婷.基于熵理论的煤炭产业可持续发展研究[D].太原：太原理工大学,2010.5
[118]刘敏,牟俊山.煤炭生态经济系统研究——“煤炭开发利用协同发展研究”课题系列报告之一[J].煤炭经济研究,2003,(9)：10-13
[119]文芳.贵州省煤炭产业生态化研究[D].贵州：贵州财经学院,2010.4
[120]罗淦,钟帅,车勤健.中美两国煤炭产业发展模式的比较分析[J].中国煤炭,2010,(11)：124-126
[121]赵剑峰.低碳经济视角下煤炭工业清洁利用分析及政策建议[J].煤炭学报,2011,(3)：514-518
[122]高双喜,刘好.促进煤炭工业发展循环经济的政策体系设计[J].中国煤炭,2011,(2)：25-28
[123]马占新.数据包络分析模型与方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2010.57-60
[124]卞亦文.基于DEA理伦的环境效率评价方法研究[D].合肥：中国科学技术大学2006.19-25
[125]杨龙,胡晓珍.基于DEA的中国绿色经济效率地区差异与收敛分析[J].经济学家,2010,(2)：46-51
[126]耿海青,梁学功.关于建立煤炭行业生态补偿机制的探讨[J].中国煤炭,2006,(5)：15-18
[127]刑媛媛,张飞飞.煤炭企业安全投入优化分析[J].山西煤炭,2010,(8)：36-38
[128]杨忠民.陕西煤炭企业技术创新战略问题探讨[J].西安科技大学学报,2011,(5)： 589-592
[129]吕永卫,韩峥.基于混沌理论的煤炭产业技术创新系统研究[J].山西农业大学学报,2011,(2)：133-137
[130]黄向春,赵静静.我国矿产资源开发生态补偿机制研究[J].中国矿业,2010,(12)：107-110
[131]罗清郁.煤炭产业市场结构与产业组织政策分析[J].西安科技大学学报,2010,(4)：496-501
[132]唐静,冯套柱,杜丽娟.中国煤炭产业集中度影响因素分析.西安科技大学学报,2011,(3)：311-316