成都地文景观乡村旅游开发适宜性评价及可持续利用研究
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摘要
我国是一个农业大国,城乡居民收入差距大,要缩小城乡差距,实现现代化,必然要着力提高农民收入,改善乡村面貌。而发展乡村旅游是实现这一目标的有效途径之一,所以我国乡村旅游虽然在早期为民间自发组织,但当乡村旅游发展具有一定规模经济效应时,政府极力支持乡村旅游发展,把发展乡村旅游作为解决我国“三农”问题,调整农村产业结构,实现农村剩余劳动力就地转移,增加农民收入,加快城市化进程的重要手段,加强政府政策导向来激励乡村旅游发展,这从国家旅游主题年“98华夏城乡游”、“中国百姓生活游”(2004年)；“乡村旅游年”(2006年)、“和谐城乡游”(2007年)可见一斑。时至今日,我国乡村旅游产业已经取得飞速发展,乡村旅游已经成为一种重要的旅游方式和产品。
成都市是我国“农家乐”旅游发源地,也是我国乡村旅游发展较好的地区之一。由于成都是我国城乡统筹试点城市之一,在城乡一体化发展规划和农村土地等资源自由流转方面进行了有益探索,为乡村旅游发展创造了良好的政策条件,再加之,成都在2009年提出建设世界现代田园城市目标,这为乡村旅游发展又提供了极好的发展机会,因此成都乡村旅游发展前途广阔。与北京民俗文化旅游模式、贵州民族文化旅游模式、黄山景区边缘模式、江南古镇开发模式和华西村新村旅游模式不同,成都农家乐模式以“吃农家饭,品农家菜,住农家院,干农家活,娱农家乐,购农家品”为特色,充分展示了川西坝子特有田园风光、民习风情和古老的巴蜀文化,具有浓郁的农耕“川味”,体现了中国传统的“天人合一”、顺应自然、实用理性的文化观念。在长期的发展过程中,成都乡村旅游逐渐形成了农家园林型、观光果园型、景区旅社型、乡村酒店型、乡村景区型和古镇旅游六种特色类型,培育出了三圣花乡、农科村、成都国际桃花节等国内著名乡村旅游品牌。
成都乡村旅游之所以能够快速发展,这不仅与成都依托川渝城市群、辐射关中城市群和成都周边省会城市、吸引京津冀、长三角、珠三角等城市群,具有广阔客源市场空间有关,更重要的是成都具有丰富的乡村旅游资源,主要体现在成都位于川西平原,乡村地文景观丰富,地貌景观从平原到高山、极高山齐备,地质结构复杂,相对海拔高差极大,河网水系发达,野生动植物资源丰富,以大熊猫、银杏为代表的国家重点保护野生动植物品种丰富,根据笔者对国内北京、上海等十二个城市地文景观比较分析和评价,成都乡村旅游地文景观开发潜力仅次于杭州列居全国第二；成都还具有乡村旅游开发极为优越的气候资源条件,笔者通过国内12个城市年均气温、相对湿度、风速、年均高温、年均降雪、降雨量、年日照时数、无霜期、年均雾日等主要气候指标分析对比和定量评价,成都乡村旅游气候资源仅次于昆明,位居全国第二；除此之外,成都还具有独特而丰富的餐饮旅游资源,如川菜、成都小吃、四川火锅、川茶文化、川酒文化和川西民俗文化资源,这些优越的资源条件为成都乡村旅游开发提供了强有力的资源保障。成都乡村旅游发达不仅有其现实的物质基础和市场条件,而且成都农业发达,商贸繁荣,人民殷实富足,安居乐业,自古休闲成风,这滋养了成都人喜好游乐的独特心理,使其成为国内外著名的“休闲之都”。
当然,成都乡村旅游还是一个稚嫩的产业,发展中还存在很多不足之处,比如,人均花费偏低、产品结构单一、旅游流时间分异不均衡、旅游接待设施不完善、市场营销渠道狭窄、品牌不突出、规模经济与农家乐分散经营存在矛盾、城乡一体化与景观保护之间存在矛盾等。但是,成都乡村旅游是新兴的朝阳产业,只要在发展中充分挖掘其独特的地文景观和地域文化特色,按照本文提出的“123456”战略优化其空间结构,依据本文对成都乡村旅游地貌资源开发适宜性评价,调整和优化时间-空间、空间-类型、时间-类型等产品结构组合,重点打造成都双流东山民俗文化旅游、郫县农科村—温江万春镇体验式农家乐旅游、三圣花乡休闲购物旅游、龙泉花果山观光休闲旅游、龙门山乡村休闲度假旅游和成都古镇旅游六大品牌,并根据乡村旅游特点,创新营销方式,成都乡村旅游就一定能够不断优化和具有地域特色。
成都乡村旅游要长远可持续发展,就应当打破资源产权一家一户个体所有制结构对乡村旅游规模化经营的瓶颈,充分利用城乡统筹中在农村建立产权交易中心的有效形式,鼓励农村以土地为核心的资源产权可自由流转；成都城乡居民储蓄存款余额巨大,乡村旅游这种进入壁垒和退出成本都低的产业,如果政府加以正确引导,正好可以为民间资本谋求很好的投资机会；要努力推进乡村旅游区域集中,完善产业链,培育产业集群,发挥乡村旅游的规模经济效应；要充分发挥政府主导作用,增加乡村旅游公共投资,实现乡村旅游经济收益和就业的乘数效应；要通过树立资源保护意识、健全乡村旅游资源保护机构、完善乡村旅游景观保护设施设备、结合新农村建设加强传统民俗文化保护等措施,加强乡村旅游资源保护,确保永续利用；除开这些措施以外,还要总结发扬成都和四川在应对汶川地震等旅游危机中形成的经验,建立旅游危机管理长效机制,增强旅游危机管理的能力和水平。
Introduction of the author:Ma zhiluan. Male. Born in December1971. studied in Chengdu university of technology, since from the September of2003and been taught by professor Chen Hongde. Got a doctor's degree in June,2012.
Our country is a large agricultural nation, The income gap between urban and rural residents has expanded significantly. In order to lessen the gap between city and countryside and Realize modernization, we have to increase the farmer's income level and push the improvement of rural surroundings. And the development of Rural tourism is one of ways to achieve the goals. Although China's Rural tourism was organized by folk themselves in the early stage, while the economic profit of Rural tourism becoming a large scale, the governments will support the development of Rural tourism Vigorously and take it as a important method to solve china's issues concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers, adjust the structure of agriculture in the rural areas, realize the surplus rural labor force transfer in situ, add the peasant's income and quicken the urbanization. Strengthening the government policy guidance to encourage rural tourism development, we can learn some obviously from Tourism theme years such as "98Chinese urban and rural Tours","Chinese People living Tours "(2004)."Rural tourism year"(2006)."Harmonious urban and rural tourism"(2007). Till nowadays, China's rural tourism industry has been achieved rapid development, Rural tourism has become an important tourism manner and products.
Chengdu is the birthplace of China's rural grand time tourism, and it's also one of the best areas of the rural grand time tourism development.Due to Chengdu is one of China's pilot city in urban-rural integration, the government has made a beneficial exploration to create a good policy conditions for rural tourism development in two parts:the development project of urban-rural integration and the free circulation of rural land resource. Furthermore, putting forward the goals of building world modern garden city in2009,which has provided excellent development opportunities for rural tourism. Therefore Chengdu has a extensive prospect of rural tourism development. Different from Beijing folk cultural tourism mode, Gui Zhou ethnic cultural tourism mode, Huang Shang scenic area edge mode, Jiang Nan ancient town development mode and the Huaxi village new tourism mode, Chengdu rural grand time tourism alternative the mode-"eat farmhouse meal, enjoy farmhouse food, stay in farmer's house, to do farm work, get entertainment, buy agricultural products "-as a characteristic. This mode totally reflects Sichuan peculiar Pastoral scenery, Folk customs and ancient BaShu culture, Has the rich farming "Sichuan-style" and reflects the Chinese traditional "unity between heaven and man", conform to the nature, the practical rational culture concept. In the long-term development process, Chengdu rural tourism, gradually formed six distinctive tourism type:
the farm garden type, the sightseeing type of orchard scenic spot, the scenic hotel type,the rural hotel type, the rural scenic spot type and the ancient town tourism.. Chengdu also produced some domestic famous rural tourism brand such as the Sansheng HuaXiang, agricultural technology village, Chengdu international Peach blossom festival, etc.
Chengdu rural tourism was able to develop rapidly, not only because of Chengdu has a broad tourists market space from relying on Chuan Yu comprehensive urban agglomeration, radiating to Guan Zhong comprehensive urban agglomeration and several capital city around Chengdu, attracting the urban agglomeration of JingJinJi areas, Yangtze river delta and pearl river delta, But also Chengdu has rich rural tourism resources which is mainly reflected in this aspect:Chengdu located in western Sichuan plain, rich in Rural Geological landscape, Physiognomy Landscape completed from the plain to mountains, extremely high mountain, the geological structure is complex, Relatively altitude difference greatly, River system developed, Wildlife resources is rich, the giant panda, ginkgo, as a representative of the national key protection wildlife variety. According to the author's Analysis and evaluation about Geological landscape of twelve domestic cities such as Beijing, ShangHai,the potential of Chengdu rural tourism development is ranked second around the whole country,only after Hang Zhou. Chengdu also has extremely favorable climate resource conditions for the rural tourism development. Based on the author's Comparative analysis and quantitative evaluation of12domestic cities about annual average temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, annual average high temperature, average snowfall, rainfall, sunshine duration, the frost-free period, annual average fog duration, Chengdu rural tourism climatic resources after Kun Ming, ranking second nationwide. In addition, Chengdu also has unique and abundant tourism resources, such as Sichuan food, Chengdu snacks, Sichuan hot pot, Sichuan tea culture, Sichuan wine culture and western Sichuan folk cultural resources, these superior resources conditions provide a strong resource guarantee for Chengdu rural tourism development. Chengdu developed rural tourism has not only the realistic material base, market conditions, but also contributed to Chengdu developed agriculture, business prosperity, prosperous life of the people, since ancient times, the recreational atmosphere is famous among people, which nourish the Unique psychological state of Chengdu people,they are fond of amusement, all of these make it become the domestic and foreign famous place—"the city of leisure".
Of course, Chengdu rural tourism is a fledgling industry yet, there are still many shortcomings of it's development. For example, The per capita consumption is at a relatively low level, Product structure is single, Tourist flow time differentiation is unbalanced, lack of Tourism facilities, Marketing channel is narrow, The brand is not outstanding, There are contradictions between economies of scale and decentralized management of rural grand time tourism. Urban-rural integration and Landscape protection also exist contradictions. But, Chengdu rural tourism is an emerging sunrise industry. As long as we can excavate the unique characteristics of Geological landscape and Regional cultureduring the it's development abundantly,According to "123456" strategy proposed in this article to optimize its spatial structure, According to the proper evaluation about Chengdu rural tourism geomorphic resources to Adjust and optimize the Time-space, space-type, time-type products structure combination, and build the six key brand as follows:(1)Chengdu Shuang liu dongshan folk cultural tourism,(2)Agricultural technology village in Pi country-WenJiang WanChunZhen experience type of farm tourism,(3)Sanshenghuaxiang Leisure shopping tourism,(4)LongQuan huaguo mountain leisure tourism,(5)Longmen mountains village leisure and vacation tourism, and (6) Chengdu ancient town tourism.
If it want to be the long-term and sustainable development, Chengdu rural tourism should break the bottleneck of Rural tourism scale management that come from Individual ownership of Resources property. Make full use of the effective form of property right transaction center which is built in the process of urban-rural integration. Encourage the free circulation of resource property which take the land as the center in rural areas. The savings deposits of Chengdu urban and rural residents is huge, Rural tourism is a industry which cost you little to enter or exit. If the government tries to make a right guidance, it can just seek a good investment opportunity for private capital. Efforts should be made to push forward rural tourism region to concentrate, improve industrial chain, cultivate industrial cluster and realize rural tourism scale economic effect. Government should deliver some of the real power of the leading role, increase rural tourism public investment, Realize rural tourism economic benefits and multiplier effect of employment, Government should establish resources protection consciousness, improve rural tourism resources protection agency, complete rural tourism landscape protection facilities, Combined with the new rural construction, through all of these measures, to Strengthen rural tourism resources protection, and ensure sustainable development. Despite these steps, It need to summarize and develop the experience of Chengdu and Sichuan in dealing with tourism crisis formed in Wenchuan earthquake, and establish long-effect mechanism of tourism crisis management, and strengthen the ability and level of tourism crisis management.
成都市是我国“农家乐”旅游发源地,也是我国乡村旅游发展较好的地区之一。由于成都是我国城乡统筹试点城市之一,在城乡一体化发展规划和农村土地等资源自由流转方面进行了有益探索,为乡村旅游发展创造了良好的政策条件,再加之,成都在2009年提出建设世界现代田园城市目标,这为乡村旅游发展又提供了极好的发展机会,因此成都乡村旅游发展前途广阔。与北京民俗文化旅游模式、贵州民族文化旅游模式、黄山景区边缘模式、江南古镇开发模式和华西村新村旅游模式不同,成都农家乐模式以“吃农家饭,品农家菜,住农家院,干农家活,娱农家乐,购农家品”为特色,充分展示了川西坝子特有田园风光、民习风情和古老的巴蜀文化,具有浓郁的农耕“川味”,体现了中国传统的“天人合一”、顺应自然、实用理性的文化观念。在长期的发展过程中,成都乡村旅游逐渐形成了农家园林型、观光果园型、景区旅社型、乡村酒店型、乡村景区型和古镇旅游六种特色类型,培育出了三圣花乡、农科村、成都国际桃花节等国内著名乡村旅游品牌。
成都乡村旅游之所以能够快速发展,这不仅与成都依托川渝城市群、辐射关中城市群和成都周边省会城市、吸引京津冀、长三角、珠三角等城市群,具有广阔客源市场空间有关,更重要的是成都具有丰富的乡村旅游资源,主要体现在成都位于川西平原,乡村地文景观丰富,地貌景观从平原到高山、极高山齐备,地质结构复杂,相对海拔高差极大,河网水系发达,野生动植物资源丰富,以大熊猫、银杏为代表的国家重点保护野生动植物品种丰富,根据笔者对国内北京、上海等十二个城市地文景观比较分析和评价,成都乡村旅游地文景观开发潜力仅次于杭州列居全国第二；成都还具有乡村旅游开发极为优越的气候资源条件,笔者通过国内12个城市年均气温、相对湿度、风速、年均高温、年均降雪、降雨量、年日照时数、无霜期、年均雾日等主要气候指标分析对比和定量评价,成都乡村旅游气候资源仅次于昆明,位居全国第二；除此之外,成都还具有独特而丰富的餐饮旅游资源,如川菜、成都小吃、四川火锅、川茶文化、川酒文化和川西民俗文化资源,这些优越的资源条件为成都乡村旅游开发提供了强有力的资源保障。成都乡村旅游发达不仅有其现实的物质基础和市场条件,而且成都农业发达,商贸繁荣,人民殷实富足,安居乐业,自古休闲成风,这滋养了成都人喜好游乐的独特心理,使其成为国内外著名的“休闲之都”。
当然,成都乡村旅游还是一个稚嫩的产业,发展中还存在很多不足之处,比如,人均花费偏低、产品结构单一、旅游流时间分异不均衡、旅游接待设施不完善、市场营销渠道狭窄、品牌不突出、规模经济与农家乐分散经营存在矛盾、城乡一体化与景观保护之间存在矛盾等。但是,成都乡村旅游是新兴的朝阳产业,只要在发展中充分挖掘其独特的地文景观和地域文化特色,按照本文提出的“123456”战略优化其空间结构,依据本文对成都乡村旅游地貌资源开发适宜性评价,调整和优化时间-空间、空间-类型、时间-类型等产品结构组合,重点打造成都双流东山民俗文化旅游、郫县农科村—温江万春镇体验式农家乐旅游、三圣花乡休闲购物旅游、龙泉花果山观光休闲旅游、龙门山乡村休闲度假旅游和成都古镇旅游六大品牌,并根据乡村旅游特点,创新营销方式,成都乡村旅游就一定能够不断优化和具有地域特色。
成都乡村旅游要长远可持续发展,就应当打破资源产权一家一户个体所有制结构对乡村旅游规模化经营的瓶颈,充分利用城乡统筹中在农村建立产权交易中心的有效形式,鼓励农村以土地为核心的资源产权可自由流转；成都城乡居民储蓄存款余额巨大,乡村旅游这种进入壁垒和退出成本都低的产业,如果政府加以正确引导,正好可以为民间资本谋求很好的投资机会；要努力推进乡村旅游区域集中,完善产业链,培育产业集群,发挥乡村旅游的规模经济效应；要充分发挥政府主导作用,增加乡村旅游公共投资,实现乡村旅游经济收益和就业的乘数效应；要通过树立资源保护意识、健全乡村旅游资源保护机构、完善乡村旅游景观保护设施设备、结合新农村建设加强传统民俗文化保护等措施,加强乡村旅游资源保护,确保永续利用；除开这些措施以外,还要总结发扬成都和四川在应对汶川地震等旅游危机中形成的经验,建立旅游危机管理长效机制,增强旅游危机管理的能力和水平。
Introduction of the author:Ma zhiluan. Male. Born in December1971. studied in Chengdu university of technology, since from the September of2003and been taught by professor Chen Hongde. Got a doctor's degree in June,2012.
Our country is a large agricultural nation, The income gap between urban and rural residents has expanded significantly. In order to lessen the gap between city and countryside and Realize modernization, we have to increase the farmer's income level and push the improvement of rural surroundings. And the development of Rural tourism is one of ways to achieve the goals. Although China's Rural tourism was organized by folk themselves in the early stage, while the economic profit of Rural tourism becoming a large scale, the governments will support the development of Rural tourism Vigorously and take it as a important method to solve china's issues concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers, adjust the structure of agriculture in the rural areas, realize the surplus rural labor force transfer in situ, add the peasant's income and quicken the urbanization. Strengthening the government policy guidance to encourage rural tourism development, we can learn some obviously from Tourism theme years such as "98Chinese urban and rural Tours","Chinese People living Tours "(2004)."Rural tourism year"(2006)."Harmonious urban and rural tourism"(2007). Till nowadays, China's rural tourism industry has been achieved rapid development, Rural tourism has become an important tourism manner and products.
Chengdu is the birthplace of China's rural grand time tourism, and it's also one of the best areas of the rural grand time tourism development.Due to Chengdu is one of China's pilot city in urban-rural integration, the government has made a beneficial exploration to create a good policy conditions for rural tourism development in two parts:the development project of urban-rural integration and the free circulation of rural land resource. Furthermore, putting forward the goals of building world modern garden city in2009,which has provided excellent development opportunities for rural tourism. Therefore Chengdu has a extensive prospect of rural tourism development. Different from Beijing folk cultural tourism mode, Gui Zhou ethnic cultural tourism mode, Huang Shang scenic area edge mode, Jiang Nan ancient town development mode and the Huaxi village new tourism mode, Chengdu rural grand time tourism alternative the mode-"eat farmhouse meal, enjoy farmhouse food, stay in farmer's house, to do farm work, get entertainment, buy agricultural products "-as a characteristic. This mode totally reflects Sichuan peculiar Pastoral scenery, Folk customs and ancient BaShu culture, Has the rich farming "Sichuan-style" and reflects the Chinese traditional "unity between heaven and man", conform to the nature, the practical rational culture concept. In the long-term development process, Chengdu rural tourism, gradually formed six distinctive tourism type:
the farm garden type, the sightseeing type of orchard scenic spot, the scenic hotel type,the rural hotel type, the rural scenic spot type and the ancient town tourism.. Chengdu also produced some domestic famous rural tourism brand such as the Sansheng HuaXiang, agricultural technology village, Chengdu international Peach blossom festival, etc.
Chengdu rural tourism was able to develop rapidly, not only because of Chengdu has a broad tourists market space from relying on Chuan Yu comprehensive urban agglomeration, radiating to Guan Zhong comprehensive urban agglomeration and several capital city around Chengdu, attracting the urban agglomeration of JingJinJi areas, Yangtze river delta and pearl river delta, But also Chengdu has rich rural tourism resources which is mainly reflected in this aspect:Chengdu located in western Sichuan plain, rich in Rural Geological landscape, Physiognomy Landscape completed from the plain to mountains, extremely high mountain, the geological structure is complex, Relatively altitude difference greatly, River system developed, Wildlife resources is rich, the giant panda, ginkgo, as a representative of the national key protection wildlife variety. According to the author's Analysis and evaluation about Geological landscape of twelve domestic cities such as Beijing, ShangHai,the potential of Chengdu rural tourism development is ranked second around the whole country,only after Hang Zhou. Chengdu also has extremely favorable climate resource conditions for the rural tourism development. Based on the author's Comparative analysis and quantitative evaluation of12domestic cities about annual average temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, annual average high temperature, average snowfall, rainfall, sunshine duration, the frost-free period, annual average fog duration, Chengdu rural tourism climatic resources after Kun Ming, ranking second nationwide. In addition, Chengdu also has unique and abundant tourism resources, such as Sichuan food, Chengdu snacks, Sichuan hot pot, Sichuan tea culture, Sichuan wine culture and western Sichuan folk cultural resources, these superior resources conditions provide a strong resource guarantee for Chengdu rural tourism development. Chengdu developed rural tourism has not only the realistic material base, market conditions, but also contributed to Chengdu developed agriculture, business prosperity, prosperous life of the people, since ancient times, the recreational atmosphere is famous among people, which nourish the Unique psychological state of Chengdu people,they are fond of amusement, all of these make it become the domestic and foreign famous place—"the city of leisure".
Of course, Chengdu rural tourism is a fledgling industry yet, there are still many shortcomings of it's development. For example, The per capita consumption is at a relatively low level, Product structure is single, Tourist flow time differentiation is unbalanced, lack of Tourism facilities, Marketing channel is narrow, The brand is not outstanding, There are contradictions between economies of scale and decentralized management of rural grand time tourism. Urban-rural integration and Landscape protection also exist contradictions. But, Chengdu rural tourism is an emerging sunrise industry. As long as we can excavate the unique characteristics of Geological landscape and Regional cultureduring the it's development abundantly,According to "123456" strategy proposed in this article to optimize its spatial structure, According to the proper evaluation about Chengdu rural tourism geomorphic resources to Adjust and optimize the Time-space, space-type, time-type products structure combination, and build the six key brand as follows:(1)Chengdu Shuang liu dongshan folk cultural tourism,(2)Agricultural technology village in Pi country-WenJiang WanChunZhen experience type of farm tourism,(3)Sanshenghuaxiang Leisure shopping tourism,(4)LongQuan huaguo mountain leisure tourism,(5)Longmen mountains village leisure and vacation tourism, and (6) Chengdu ancient town tourism.
If it want to be the long-term and sustainable development, Chengdu rural tourism should break the bottleneck of Rural tourism scale management that come from Individual ownership of Resources property. Make full use of the effective form of property right transaction center which is built in the process of urban-rural integration. Encourage the free circulation of resource property which take the land as the center in rural areas. The savings deposits of Chengdu urban and rural residents is huge, Rural tourism is a industry which cost you little to enter or exit. If the government tries to make a right guidance, it can just seek a good investment opportunity for private capital. Efforts should be made to push forward rural tourism region to concentrate, improve industrial chain, cultivate industrial cluster and realize rural tourism scale economic effect. Government should deliver some of the real power of the leading role, increase rural tourism public investment, Realize rural tourism economic benefits and multiplier effect of employment, Government should establish resources protection consciousness, improve rural tourism resources protection agency, complete rural tourism landscape protection facilities, Combined with the new rural construction, through all of these measures, to Strengthen rural tourism resources protection, and ensure sustainable development. Despite these steps, It need to summarize and develop the experience of Chengdu and Sichuan in dealing with tourism crisis formed in Wenchuan earthquake, and establish long-effect mechanism of tourism crisis management, and strengthen the ability and level of tourism crisis management.
引文
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