马里与中国区域经济发展比较研究
摘要
马里是位于沙哈拉沙漠以南的非洲穷国。在1960年独立以后相当长的时间内,受传统计划经济体制等因素的影响,国民经济发展波动很大,增长幅度有限。根据国际货币基金组织的统计,1990～2002年期间,马里的国内生产总值(GDP)一直在20～35亿美元之间徘徊。进入新世纪以来,作为法国前殖民地国家,开始实行了法国设计的对外开放战略,强调政府主导地位,大量使用政府经济调控手段,国民经济开始进入较为迅速发展的新阶段。根据国际货币基金组织的统计,2003年马里GDP首次突破40亿美元,2005年再次超过50亿美元,2007年达到66.62亿美元的新高,经济增长率达到5.4%。与中华人民共和国相比,马里相同之处表现为:经济对外开放程度不断提高,经济管理体制市场化趋势明显,国民经济逐步走上繁荣,社会面貌日益改善。相异之处表现为:对外开放起步较晚,实施法国提供的对外开放设计方案(非自主设计的经济发展战略),自主程度较低,经济增长幅度较小,经济社会发展水平较低。
本文主要从区域经济发展的视角,对马里和中华人民共和国的区域经济发展战略、方式,影响国民经济发展的主导因子,政策效果等方面进行了系统的比较研究.笔者发现,马中两国在自然环境因素、产业结构、基础设施状况、人力资本要素和国家整体战略存在着较大差异。马里着力推进私有化,重视粮食与出口创汇农作物的生产,推进国营企业私有化改革,金融市场开放程度较高,奉行贸易自由化政策。这些政策一方面促进了马里国民经济的发展,但另一方面也带来了很多新的问题,具体体现在:马里产业结构单一,农业和采矿业等粗放型产业居于国民经济的支柱地位,产业能级低,制造业和服务业锁定在低端环节;制造产品进口支出远远大于原始材料、农产品出口收入,外贸逆差过大;国家财政对外援依赖程度增加.外债沉重;经济主权遭到削弱,国民经济的很大部分,特别是大型公司掌握在跨国公司手中;较为发达东南部与封闭落后的东北内陆之间的发展差距进一步扩大;知识经济发展滞后,知识获取与流动性差,国家创新能力极其薄弱。从成因来看,除了受前法国殖民地历史的影响之外,笔者认为,自然地理环境恶劣、基础设施薄弱、教育水平低下、人口素质不高、科教资源有限也是影响马里国民经济建设和社会发展的重要因素。反观中华人民共和国,由于采取了从东南沿海开始逐渐向西北推进的自主型对外开放战略,中国经济无论是从发展速度还是从增长质量上看,都给马里树立了学习的榜样。当然,中国的开放改革过程中,也出现了东西部之间、城乡之间发展差异扩大,土地、矿产等资源消耗迅速,不同人群、社会阶层之间的贫富差距悬殊等问题。但笔者相信,随着中国可持续发展战略、科学发展观、和谐社会建设工作的落实和推进,上述问题将得到解决和缓解,综合国际竞争力必将进一步上升。
此外,在论文的后半部分,笔者还结合马里的自然、经济、社会基础条件和“千年发展目标”(MDG),对马里未来发展提出了一些列的对策建议。具体包括:第一,借鉴中华人民共和国开放改革经验,加快引进外资,提高政府工作效率;第二,增强经济主权,与撒哈拉以南非洲国家协调,共同制定发展政策和策略,建立撒哈拉以南非洲国家自由贸易区或自由市场同盟;第三,制定并实施切实有效的反贫困战略。扶持弱势群体,提高贫困人口的生活水平,增加财政扶持力度,提高教育水平,提高贫困人口自力更生能力,改善其经济、政治、法律、社会地位;第四,进一步推进改革。鼓励联合办厂,建立区域性乃至全国性统一的劳动市场,加强各地区之间的信息交流,重点扶持劳动密集型企业,逐步改变严重依赖跨国公司的畸形经济结构;第五,加大对落后东北地区的支持力度.优先改善东北落后地区脆弱的交通、通讯、教育卫生等基础设施,着力加强落后的东北部与发达的东南部之间的经济、社会、技术联系,促进马里各区域的协调发展。
In the era of the globalization of world economy, regional economic development is become an essential component for macroeconomic and structural policies. In the world, each country needs competitive and dynamic regions in order to achieve the millennium development goals, and to participate to world economy. This changes the statute of the regions. In addition, the process of economic development has increase inequality between different regions of a nation, and the problems of regional economic development are an important theme in economic policies of most countries. As a developing African country in Sub-Sahara area, Mali has taken very different development policy after the liberation in 1960s.However, several forces "were unleashed generating new processes of change that have reshaped many regions and their economies". In Mali these include drought, famine, poverty, unemployment, desertification, oil crisis so on. Many regions have suffered a lot from the effects of such problems.
In recent years, a number of studies have analyzed regional economic development in most developing countries. Based on the theory of regional economic development, this study made a systematic comparison on regional economic development strategy, model, policy, main factors of national economic development, etc.
Due to our collected information, we find that different countries adopt different approaches to develop its national and regional economy. And two countries can borrow same way of economic development inspired on same ideology like Mali and China in the sixties, and obtain different results. The theories of regional development issued from classical and neoclassical have failed to bring the solution to the regional development problem in developing countries because of the misunderstanding of the problems, and elsewhere, the economic reform since the 1980s under the Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) initiated by world bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) failed to bring appropriate solutions in Mali. And the poverty is becoming widespread. In regional and rural level in Mali, the economic situation is very precarious: population growth, mortality level, unemployment, income, poverty levels are very high compare to Bamako. For whole country, the investments, savings, consumption, the human resources development and the FDI are low and among the African and the world lowest. Or in China, the situation is different. By comparing the regional development level and trends of Mali to that of China, we find that Mali remains far behind China. Since the early reform, China has undergone a significant structural change in it national economy that permitted a change in the regional pattern of population and economic activities, reflecting the geographical distribution of human and natural resources. It is well know that China's economy is experienced remarkable growth since economic reform and the out-open policy initiated in 1978 by the government.
Summering up the regional development factors in China, we find that the intervention of many factors are necessary for the development of different regions. These factors are various and varying according to the situation needs. They include the opening of economy to foreign investment, the development of physics and human infrastructures and so on. The Chinese experience is instructive here. Dynamic trade policies were implemented which contributed to the strong growth of the Chinese economies, using a complex combination of liberalization and control (sometimes excessive control) of the relations between the domestic economy and the outside world.
Through this study we remark that the regional economic development policies in both countries have been influenced by the situation needs: the decolonization, nationalism, le patriotism and the security and actually the globalization. Since the launch of reforms and the out-open policies in 1978, China has experienced profound changes but the state continues to play an important role controlling the national economy. China plays an important role in the global economy. If lessons learned from China's success are applied to Mali, it becomes evident that Mali can imitate China's success in developing human capital and providing some preferential treatment. However, Mali needs to continue to take steps to improve its infrastructure and government regulation in order to increase FDI flows. Based on Key Lessons from China's Success in Manufacturing and Mali's Obstacles to Growth in Manufacturing, it is quite evident that Mali needs to increase its FDI flows and improve its infrastructure to increase growth in manufacturing. Making a serious investment infrastructure will help business grow and attract more investment to Mali as well.
To develop its manufacturing sector, Mali would need to improve its infrastructure, continue its development of human capital and provide some preferential treatment to increase FDI and the foster specific industry development. Like China, Mali need to developed Special Economic Zones (SEZs) that provide high quality infrastructure facilities and support services to manufacturing firms. They "allowed for government, private, or joint sector initiatives to develop business. The SEZs provide high quality infrastructure facilities and support services". Learning from China's experience would suggest that higher level of FDI is necessary for further growth in the manufacturing sector. According to the World Bank 2008, the economy Mali is still not conducive for entrepreneurs, and the competitiveness level is very low. The economic development in Mali is based on 3 sectors: the cotton, the gold and livestock. The cotton and the growth in livestock depend strongly on the rainfall. To develop our economic and participate in global economy and be more competitive, Mali needs more competitive regions and products; to diversified it agriculture, high domestic saving, to promote foreign direct investment; to search for new sources of growth. Successful economic development requires an infrastructure that will support a normally functioning market economy. To make sure that we have a fertile environment in which growth can take place, we have to make sure that there is an adequate economic infrastructure. China's economic growth has been led by manufacturing, while Mali's growth has been through agriculture and mining. No region in China were primary sector overtakes the other sectors. And most dominant sector is the secondary in all regions.
本文主要从区域经济发展的视角,对马里和中华人民共和国的区域经济发展战略、方式,影响国民经济发展的主导因子,政策效果等方面进行了系统的比较研究.笔者发现,马中两国在自然环境因素、产业结构、基础设施状况、人力资本要素和国家整体战略存在着较大差异。马里着力推进私有化,重视粮食与出口创汇农作物的生产,推进国营企业私有化改革,金融市场开放程度较高,奉行贸易自由化政策。这些政策一方面促进了马里国民经济的发展,但另一方面也带来了很多新的问题,具体体现在:马里产业结构单一,农业和采矿业等粗放型产业居于国民经济的支柱地位,产业能级低,制造业和服务业锁定在低端环节;制造产品进口支出远远大于原始材料、农产品出口收入,外贸逆差过大;国家财政对外援依赖程度增加.外债沉重;经济主权遭到削弱,国民经济的很大部分,特别是大型公司掌握在跨国公司手中;较为发达东南部与封闭落后的东北内陆之间的发展差距进一步扩大;知识经济发展滞后,知识获取与流动性差,国家创新能力极其薄弱。从成因来看,除了受前法国殖民地历史的影响之外,笔者认为,自然地理环境恶劣、基础设施薄弱、教育水平低下、人口素质不高、科教资源有限也是影响马里国民经济建设和社会发展的重要因素。反观中华人民共和国,由于采取了从东南沿海开始逐渐向西北推进的自主型对外开放战略,中国经济无论是从发展速度还是从增长质量上看,都给马里树立了学习的榜样。当然,中国的开放改革过程中,也出现了东西部之间、城乡之间发展差异扩大,土地、矿产等资源消耗迅速,不同人群、社会阶层之间的贫富差距悬殊等问题。但笔者相信,随着中国可持续发展战略、科学发展观、和谐社会建设工作的落实和推进,上述问题将得到解决和缓解,综合国际竞争力必将进一步上升。
此外,在论文的后半部分,笔者还结合马里的自然、经济、社会基础条件和“千年发展目标”(MDG),对马里未来发展提出了一些列的对策建议。具体包括:第一,借鉴中华人民共和国开放改革经验,加快引进外资,提高政府工作效率;第二,增强经济主权,与撒哈拉以南非洲国家协调,共同制定发展政策和策略,建立撒哈拉以南非洲国家自由贸易区或自由市场同盟;第三,制定并实施切实有效的反贫困战略。扶持弱势群体,提高贫困人口的生活水平,增加财政扶持力度,提高教育水平,提高贫困人口自力更生能力,改善其经济、政治、法律、社会地位;第四,进一步推进改革。鼓励联合办厂,建立区域性乃至全国性统一的劳动市场,加强各地区之间的信息交流,重点扶持劳动密集型企业,逐步改变严重依赖跨国公司的畸形经济结构;第五,加大对落后东北地区的支持力度.优先改善东北落后地区脆弱的交通、通讯、教育卫生等基础设施,着力加强落后的东北部与发达的东南部之间的经济、社会、技术联系,促进马里各区域的协调发展。
In the era of the globalization of world economy, regional economic development is become an essential component for macroeconomic and structural policies. In the world, each country needs competitive and dynamic regions in order to achieve the millennium development goals, and to participate to world economy. This changes the statute of the regions. In addition, the process of economic development has increase inequality between different regions of a nation, and the problems of regional economic development are an important theme in economic policies of most countries. As a developing African country in Sub-Sahara area, Mali has taken very different development policy after the liberation in 1960s.However, several forces "were unleashed generating new processes of change that have reshaped many regions and their economies". In Mali these include drought, famine, poverty, unemployment, desertification, oil crisis so on. Many regions have suffered a lot from the effects of such problems.
In recent years, a number of studies have analyzed regional economic development in most developing countries. Based on the theory of regional economic development, this study made a systematic comparison on regional economic development strategy, model, policy, main factors of national economic development, etc.
Due to our collected information, we find that different countries adopt different approaches to develop its national and regional economy. And two countries can borrow same way of economic development inspired on same ideology like Mali and China in the sixties, and obtain different results. The theories of regional development issued from classical and neoclassical have failed to bring the solution to the regional development problem in developing countries because of the misunderstanding of the problems, and elsewhere, the economic reform since the 1980s under the Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) initiated by world bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) failed to bring appropriate solutions in Mali. And the poverty is becoming widespread. In regional and rural level in Mali, the economic situation is very precarious: population growth, mortality level, unemployment, income, poverty levels are very high compare to Bamako. For whole country, the investments, savings, consumption, the human resources development and the FDI are low and among the African and the world lowest. Or in China, the situation is different. By comparing the regional development level and trends of Mali to that of China, we find that Mali remains far behind China. Since the early reform, China has undergone a significant structural change in it national economy that permitted a change in the regional pattern of population and economic activities, reflecting the geographical distribution of human and natural resources. It is well know that China's economy is experienced remarkable growth since economic reform and the out-open policy initiated in 1978 by the government.
Summering up the regional development factors in China, we find that the intervention of many factors are necessary for the development of different regions. These factors are various and varying according to the situation needs. They include the opening of economy to foreign investment, the development of physics and human infrastructures and so on. The Chinese experience is instructive here. Dynamic trade policies were implemented which contributed to the strong growth of the Chinese economies, using a complex combination of liberalization and control (sometimes excessive control) of the relations between the domestic economy and the outside world.
Through this study we remark that the regional economic development policies in both countries have been influenced by the situation needs: the decolonization, nationalism, le patriotism and the security and actually the globalization. Since the launch of reforms and the out-open policies in 1978, China has experienced profound changes but the state continues to play an important role controlling the national economy. China plays an important role in the global economy. If lessons learned from China's success are applied to Mali, it becomes evident that Mali can imitate China's success in developing human capital and providing some preferential treatment. However, Mali needs to continue to take steps to improve its infrastructure and government regulation in order to increase FDI flows. Based on Key Lessons from China's Success in Manufacturing and Mali's Obstacles to Growth in Manufacturing, it is quite evident that Mali needs to increase its FDI flows and improve its infrastructure to increase growth in manufacturing. Making a serious investment infrastructure will help business grow and attract more investment to Mali as well.
To develop its manufacturing sector, Mali would need to improve its infrastructure, continue its development of human capital and provide some preferential treatment to increase FDI and the foster specific industry development. Like China, Mali need to developed Special Economic Zones (SEZs) that provide high quality infrastructure facilities and support services to manufacturing firms. They "allowed for government, private, or joint sector initiatives to develop business. The SEZs provide high quality infrastructure facilities and support services". Learning from China's experience would suggest that higher level of FDI is necessary for further growth in the manufacturing sector. According to the World Bank 2008, the economy Mali is still not conducive for entrepreneurs, and the competitiveness level is very low. The economic development in Mali is based on 3 sectors: the cotton, the gold and livestock. The cotton and the growth in livestock depend strongly on the rainfall. To develop our economic and participate in global economy and be more competitive, Mali needs more competitive regions and products; to diversified it agriculture, high domestic saving, to promote foreign direct investment; to search for new sources of growth. Successful economic development requires an infrastructure that will support a normally functioning market economy. To make sure that we have a fertile environment in which growth can take place, we have to make sure that there is an adequate economic infrastructure. China's economic growth has been led by manufacturing, while Mali's growth has been through agriculture and mining. No region in China were primary sector overtakes the other sectors. And most dominant sector is the secondary in all regions.
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