电控发动机故障诊断专家系统的研究
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摘要
电子控制技术在汽车上的广泛应用，使汽车的结构、性能发生了根本性的变化，新的结构原理和装置相继涌现，对汽车维修人员提出了更高的要求。目前，我国汽车诊断技术跟国外相比还有很大差距，电控发动机故障诊断专家系统的研究对尽快改善和提高我国汽车检测诊断技术尤为重要。
本文阐述了电子控制技术在发动机上的使用情况，总结出电控发动机的故障特点，深入分析了汽车故障诊断理论和技术、传统专家系统的原理和局限性、基于神经网络技术的专家系统的原理和优点，进一步采用将基于符号处理的传统专家系统和基于神经网络技术的专家系统相结合的集成故障诊断专家系统。
本文的核心部分是建立确定性故障现象的知识表示和推理策略、故障码诊断和数据流分析模块设计、基于神经网络技术的故障波形诊断的软件设计；根据发动机的结构、功能原理及维修专家的经验，建立故障树，由故障树提炼出训练样本供神经网络学习，学习后生成的权值和阈值组成了知识库的一部分。文中对BP网络及其在sigmoid函数激发下的算法步骤、程序设计作了详细的说明。
该软件在Windows2000操作系统中，用Visual Basic6.0和Access技术开发设计的。系统收集了部分车的故障码、数据流分析、点火系统检测方法等，以方便用户添加、删除、修改和查询。
如何更好地实现在线检测与故障诊断，使故障诊断简单化，智能化，建立适合我国国情的发动机故障诊断系统，并能在实践中得以推广使用，是今后故障诊断系统研究的主要方向。因此对电控发动机故障诊断专家系统的研究具有重要的经济价值和广阔的应用前景。
The wide use of electronic technology in automobile totally changes the automotive structure and performance, new structure theory and devices are springing up and putting forward of higher demands to the maintainers. Now compared to the foreign countries, there were a wide gap of domestic fault diagnosis technology, the study of diagnosis expert system of electronic controlled engine has significance to improved and enhance domestic fault diagnosis technology.
This paper elaborates the utilization conditions of electronic technology in engine and sums up the fault feature of electronic controlled engine, deeply analyze the theory and technology of fault diagnosis, theory and limitation of traditional expert system, theory and advantage of the expert system based on neural network. Integrated expert system base on fault diagnosis combined by base on symbol processing and expert system based on neural network is further put forward.
The core of this paper is to establish knowledge representation of deterministic fault appearance and reasoning strategy, module design of fault code diagnosis and data flow analyze, software design of fault shape diagnosis based on neural network. According to the knowledge of the structure, principle of the engine and the experiences from experts, the fault trees are established. Extracting the training samples from fault trees is given to neural network for study and for the formation of part acknowledge database of weight value and threshold value after study. In this paper there was a detail account of BP network and its algorithm steps stimulated by "sigmoid" function.
The software is designed by VB6.0 and Access, its operation system is windows2000. This system has collected fault code, data flow analysis, inspection method of ignition system and so on, the user can add, delete, alter and inquire conveniently.
The main direction of studying to diagnosis expert system is how to better realize inspection and diagnosis on line, establish a sort of diagnosis system that is simple intelligent, adapted to the conditions of our country and can be popularized in practice. So, the studying to fault diagnosis expert system has important economic value and wild utilization prospects.
本文阐述了电子控制技术在发动机上的使用情况，总结出电控发动机的故障特点，深入分析了汽车故障诊断理论和技术、传统专家系统的原理和局限性、基于神经网络技术的专家系统的原理和优点，进一步采用将基于符号处理的传统专家系统和基于神经网络技术的专家系统相结合的集成故障诊断专家系统。
本文的核心部分是建立确定性故障现象的知识表示和推理策略、故障码诊断和数据流分析模块设计、基于神经网络技术的故障波形诊断的软件设计；根据发动机的结构、功能原理及维修专家的经验，建立故障树，由故障树提炼出训练样本供神经网络学习，学习后生成的权值和阈值组成了知识库的一部分。文中对BP网络及其在sigmoid函数激发下的算法步骤、程序设计作了详细的说明。
该软件在Windows2000操作系统中，用Visual Basic6.0和Access技术开发设计的。系统收集了部分车的故障码、数据流分析、点火系统检测方法等，以方便用户添加、删除、修改和查询。
如何更好地实现在线检测与故障诊断，使故障诊断简单化，智能化，建立适合我国国情的发动机故障诊断系统，并能在实践中得以推广使用，是今后故障诊断系统研究的主要方向。因此对电控发动机故障诊断专家系统的研究具有重要的经济价值和广阔的应用前景。
The wide use of electronic technology in automobile totally changes the automotive structure and performance, new structure theory and devices are springing up and putting forward of higher demands to the maintainers. Now compared to the foreign countries, there were a wide gap of domestic fault diagnosis technology, the study of diagnosis expert system of electronic controlled engine has significance to improved and enhance domestic fault diagnosis technology.
This paper elaborates the utilization conditions of electronic technology in engine and sums up the fault feature of electronic controlled engine, deeply analyze the theory and technology of fault diagnosis, theory and limitation of traditional expert system, theory and advantage of the expert system based on neural network. Integrated expert system base on fault diagnosis combined by base on symbol processing and expert system based on neural network is further put forward.
The core of this paper is to establish knowledge representation of deterministic fault appearance and reasoning strategy, module design of fault code diagnosis and data flow analyze, software design of fault shape diagnosis based on neural network. According to the knowledge of the structure, principle of the engine and the experiences from experts, the fault trees are established. Extracting the training samples from fault trees is given to neural network for study and for the formation of part acknowledge database of weight value and threshold value after study. In this paper there was a detail account of BP network and its algorithm steps stimulated by "sigmoid" function.
The software is designed by VB6.0 and Access, its operation system is windows2000. This system has collected fault code, data flow analysis, inspection method of ignition system and so on, the user can add, delete, alter and inquire conveniently.
The main direction of studying to diagnosis expert system is how to better realize inspection and diagnosis on line, establish a sort of diagnosis system that is simple intelligent, adapted to the conditions of our country and can be popularized in practice. So, the studying to fault diagnosis expert system has important economic value and wild utilization prospects.
引文
1 李东江.现代汽车电子控制系统结构与维修.南京:江苏科学技术出版社,2001:9-22 254-280
2 肖云魁.汽车故障诊断学.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2001:12-19 120-129
3 刘谨.专家系统.北京:机械工业出版社,1993:24-29
4 曹家喆.现代汽车检测诊断技术.北京:清华大学出版社,2003:167-191
5 方晓斌.基于模糊神经网络的汽油发动机故障诊断专家系统的研究.[浙江大学硕士论文].2001:4-24 30-42
6 陈焕江.汽车检测与诊断(上册).北京:机械工业出版社,2001:2-8
7 陈焕江.汽车检测与诊断(下册).北京:机械工业出版社,2001:25-32
8 张怀青.故障诊断仪CHECK-UP-I和电控系统IAW-16C4.P1之间通讯协议的研究. [清华大学硕士论文].2001:5-7
9 冯雷.汽油发动机故障诊断专家系统的研究.[浙江大学硕士论文].1995:5-7
10 葛岳.基于神经网络的汽车故障诊断专家系统.[沈阳工业大学硕士论文].1997:1-2
11 徐淼.现代汽车电子控制汽油喷射系统结构原理与检修.北京:电子工业出版社,2000:24-88
12 黄晓敏, 闵思鹏.电控发动机维修.北京:电子工业出版社,2002:52-69
13 李安贵.模糊数学及其应用.北京:冶金工业出版社,1994:5-17
14 J. R .Quinlan. Simplifying Decision Trees. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,1999,51(2):497-510
15 温熙森.模式识别与状态监控.长沙:国防科技大学出版社,1997:4-14
16 王树林.专家系统设计原理.北京:科学出版社,1991:29-36
17 吴泉源, 刘江宁.人工智能与专家系统.长沙:国防科技大学出版社,1995:246-252
18 M. G. Abou-Ali, M. Khamis. TIREDDX: an Integrated Intelligent Defects Diagnostic System for Tire Production and Service. Expert Systems with Applications,2003, 24(3):247-259
19 Young-jin.Kim. A Framework for an On-Line Diagnostic Expert System for Intelligent Manufacturing. Expert Systems with Applications,1995,9(1):55-61
20 虞和济,侯广林.故障诊断的专家系统.北京:冶金工业出版社,1991:122-136
21 王克宏.知识工程与知识处理系统.北京:清华大学出版社,1994:12-19
22 林尧瑞.专家系统原理与实践.北京:清华大学出版社,1988:20-26
23 Xue Wang, Shuzi Yang. A Parallel Distributed Knowledge-Based System for Turbine Generator Fault Diagnosis. Artificial Intelligence in Engineering,1996,10(4):335-341
24 Liu. Shih-Yang, Chen. Jen-Gwo. Development of a Machine Troubleshooting Expert System via Fuzzy Multiattribute Decision-Making Approach. Expert System with Applications,1995,8(1):187-201
25 Shusaku Tsumoto. Knowledge Discovery in Clinical Databases and Evaluation of Discovered Knowledge in Outpatient Clinic. Information Sciences,2000, 124(1-4):125-137
26 H. Kim., G.J. Koehler. Theory and Practice of Decision Tree Induction. Omega,1995, 23(6):637-652
27 史定华, 王松瑞.故障树分析方法和理论.北京:北京师范大学出版社,1993:21-29
28 曹建国.汽车故障诊断专家系统知识库的建立.重庆工业管理学院学报,1998, 12(5):7-11
29 P. Tchounikine. Mapcar: a Framework to Support the Elaboration of the Conceptual Model of a Knowledge Based System. International Journal of Intelligent Systems,1997,12(6):441-468
30 孔繁森,董因平,何仁.基于故障树知识的汽车故障诊断推理.汽车工程,2001, 23(3):209-213
31 吴信东.专家系统技术.北京:电子工业出版社,1988:152-164
32 赵铭,冯建农.诊断类专家系统知识表示方法.微型计算机,1995,15(2):7-9
33 Laurie Webster II, Jen-Gwo Chen, Simon S.Tan. Validation of Authentic Reasoning Expert Systems. Information Sciences,1999,117(1-2):19-46
34 Pierre Tchounikine, Christophe Choquet, Zoltan Istenes. Elaborating the Problem-Solving Model of a Fault Diagnosis Expert System by Knowledge Level Prototyping. Expert System with Applications,1998,14(3):303-312
35 冯博琴.实用专家系统.北京:电子工业出版社,1992:1-50
36 刘勇利.电控发动机故障诊断专家系统.[西安公路交通大学硕士论文].2001:1-40
37 杨雷,周玲玲.基于神经网络的汽车故障智能诊断系统研究.重庆交通大学学报,1994, 13(4):111-116
38 L. F. Wessels, E. Barnard. Avoiding False Local Minima by Proper Initialization of Connection .IEEE Transaction on Neural Networks,1992,3:202-210
Z. Zhou, W. Hu, A. Leung. An Intelligent Integrated System Scheme for
39 Machine Tool Diagnostics. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2001,18(11):836-841
40 M. E Yahia, R. Mahmod, N. Sulaiman, F. Ahmad. Rough Neural Expert System. Expert Systems with Applications,2000,18(2):87-99
41 S. Timo, N. K. Heikki.Neural Networks in Process Fault Diagnosis.IEEE Transaction on SMC,1991,21(4):815-825
42 J. Bruck. A Study on Neural Networks. Int. J. Intelligent Systems,1998,(3):59-75
43 A. N. Michel, J. A. Farrell. Associative Memories via Artificial Neural Networks. IEEE Control Systems Magazine,1990,10(3):6-17
44 Ferda N. Civelek-Alpaslan, Kathleen M. Swigger. A Temporal Neural Network Model for Constructing Connectionist Expert System Knowledge Bases. Journal of Network and Computer Applications,1996,19(2):119-133
45 杨叔子.基于知识的诊断推理.北京:清华大学出版社,1993:234-238
46 冯建农,赵铭.故障诊断专家系统推理机研究.华南理工大学学报,1997,25(3):19-23
47 王赟松,曹新忠.发动机点火系统故障诊断的研究.山东工程学院学报,2001, (2):10-14
48 范丽云,吴鹤龄,崔林.汽车发动机点火系统故障诊断专家系统的研究开发.兵工学报,1998, 72(4):31-35
49 王道平,冯振声,闫振发.故障诊断专家系统的开发策略研究.工业工程,1998, (4):22-25
50 S. C. Liu, S. Y. Liu. An Efficient Expert System for Machine Fault Diagnosis. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2003,21(9):691-698
51 T. Satyanrayana, G. Subramanyam, K. V. Rama Rao. Implementing an Expert System for Fault Diagnosis of Electronic Equipment. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,1995,8(3):355-364
52 S. Fujikawa, K. Ishii. Diagnostic Expert Systems for Defects in Forged Parts. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,1996,6(3):163-173
53 S. Mussi. Diagnostic Expert System: a Method for Engineering Knowledge and in Sequential Diagnosis. Expert-Systems,2000,17(4):199-211
54 于英杰.Visual Basic6.0数据库开发与专业应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2001:103-172 286-305
陈宏谨,胡琳.汽车发动机故障诊断专家系统软件的开发研究.汽车技
55 术,1998, (12):31-42
56 王凯明.现代汽车故障综合诊断技术,数据分析.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2001:141-335
2 肖云魁.汽车故障诊断学.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2001:12-19 120-129
3 刘谨.专家系统.北京:机械工业出版社,1993:24-29
4 曹家喆.现代汽车检测诊断技术.北京:清华大学出版社,2003:167-191
5 方晓斌.基于模糊神经网络的汽油发动机故障诊断专家系统的研究.[浙江大学硕士论文].2001:4-24 30-42
6 陈焕江.汽车检测与诊断(上册).北京:机械工业出版社,2001:2-8
7 陈焕江.汽车检测与诊断(下册).北京:机械工业出版社,2001:25-32
8 张怀青.故障诊断仪CHECK-UP-I和电控系统IAW-16C4.P1之间通讯协议的研究. [清华大学硕士论文].2001:5-7
9 冯雷.汽油发动机故障诊断专家系统的研究.[浙江大学硕士论文].1995:5-7
10 葛岳.基于神经网络的汽车故障诊断专家系统.[沈阳工业大学硕士论文].1997:1-2
11 徐淼.现代汽车电子控制汽油喷射系统结构原理与检修.北京:电子工业出版社,2000:24-88
12 黄晓敏, 闵思鹏.电控发动机维修.北京:电子工业出版社,2002:52-69
13 李安贵.模糊数学及其应用.北京:冶金工业出版社,1994:5-17
14 J. R .Quinlan. Simplifying Decision Trees. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,1999,51(2):497-510
15 温熙森.模式识别与状态监控.长沙:国防科技大学出版社,1997:4-14
16 王树林.专家系统设计原理.北京:科学出版社,1991:29-36
17 吴泉源, 刘江宁.人工智能与专家系统.长沙:国防科技大学出版社,1995:246-252
18 M. G. Abou-Ali, M. Khamis. TIREDDX: an Integrated Intelligent Defects Diagnostic System for Tire Production and Service. Expert Systems with Applications,2003, 24(3):247-259
19 Young-jin.Kim. A Framework for an On-Line Diagnostic Expert System for Intelligent Manufacturing. Expert Systems with Applications,1995,9(1):55-61
20 虞和济,侯广林.故障诊断的专家系统.北京:冶金工业出版社,1991:122-136
21 王克宏.知识工程与知识处理系统.北京:清华大学出版社,1994:12-19
22 林尧瑞.专家系统原理与实践.北京:清华大学出版社,1988:20-26
23 Xue Wang, Shuzi Yang. A Parallel Distributed Knowledge-Based System for Turbine Generator Fault Diagnosis. Artificial Intelligence in Engineering,1996,10(4):335-341
24 Liu. Shih-Yang, Chen. Jen-Gwo. Development of a Machine Troubleshooting Expert System via Fuzzy Multiattribute Decision-Making Approach. Expert System with Applications,1995,8(1):187-201
25 Shusaku Tsumoto. Knowledge Discovery in Clinical Databases and Evaluation of Discovered Knowledge in Outpatient Clinic. Information Sciences,2000, 124(1-4):125-137
26 H. Kim., G.J. Koehler. Theory and Practice of Decision Tree Induction. Omega,1995, 23(6):637-652
27 史定华, 王松瑞.故障树分析方法和理论.北京:北京师范大学出版社,1993:21-29
28 曹建国.汽车故障诊断专家系统知识库的建立.重庆工业管理学院学报,1998, 12(5):7-11
29 P. Tchounikine. Mapcar: a Framework to Support the Elaboration of the Conceptual Model of a Knowledge Based System. International Journal of Intelligent Systems,1997,12(6):441-468
30 孔繁森,董因平,何仁.基于故障树知识的汽车故障诊断推理.汽车工程,2001, 23(3):209-213
31 吴信东.专家系统技术.北京:电子工业出版社,1988:152-164
32 赵铭,冯建农.诊断类专家系统知识表示方法.微型计算机,1995,15(2):7-9
33 Laurie Webster II, Jen-Gwo Chen, Simon S.Tan. Validation of Authentic Reasoning Expert Systems. Information Sciences,1999,117(1-2):19-46
34 Pierre Tchounikine, Christophe Choquet, Zoltan Istenes. Elaborating the Problem-Solving Model of a Fault Diagnosis Expert System by Knowledge Level Prototyping. Expert System with Applications,1998,14(3):303-312
35 冯博琴.实用专家系统.北京:电子工业出版社,1992:1-50
36 刘勇利.电控发动机故障诊断专家系统.[西安公路交通大学硕士论文].2001:1-40
37 杨雷,周玲玲.基于神经网络的汽车故障智能诊断系统研究.重庆交通大学学报,1994, 13(4):111-116
38 L. F. Wessels, E. Barnard. Avoiding False Local Minima by Proper Initialization of Connection .IEEE Transaction on Neural Networks,1992,3:202-210
Z. Zhou, W. Hu, A. Leung. An Intelligent Integrated System Scheme for
39 Machine Tool Diagnostics. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2001,18(11):836-841
40 M. E Yahia, R. Mahmod, N. Sulaiman, F. Ahmad. Rough Neural Expert System. Expert Systems with Applications,2000,18(2):87-99
41 S. Timo, N. K. Heikki.Neural Networks in Process Fault Diagnosis.IEEE Transaction on SMC,1991,21(4):815-825
42 J. Bruck. A Study on Neural Networks. Int. J. Intelligent Systems,1998,(3):59-75
43 A. N. Michel, J. A. Farrell. Associative Memories via Artificial Neural Networks. IEEE Control Systems Magazine,1990,10(3):6-17
44 Ferda N. Civelek-Alpaslan, Kathleen M. Swigger. A Temporal Neural Network Model for Constructing Connectionist Expert System Knowledge Bases. Journal of Network and Computer Applications,1996,19(2):119-133
45 杨叔子.基于知识的诊断推理.北京:清华大学出版社,1993:234-238
46 冯建农,赵铭.故障诊断专家系统推理机研究.华南理工大学学报,1997,25(3):19-23
47 王赟松,曹新忠.发动机点火系统故障诊断的研究.山东工程学院学报,2001, (2):10-14
48 范丽云,吴鹤龄,崔林.汽车发动机点火系统故障诊断专家系统的研究开发.兵工学报,1998, 72(4):31-35
49 王道平,冯振声,闫振发.故障诊断专家系统的开发策略研究.工业工程,1998, (4):22-25
50 S. C. Liu, S. Y. Liu. An Efficient Expert System for Machine Fault Diagnosis. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2003,21(9):691-698
51 T. Satyanrayana, G. Subramanyam, K. V. Rama Rao. Implementing an Expert System for Fault Diagnosis of Electronic Equipment. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,1995,8(3):355-364
52 S. Fujikawa, K. Ishii. Diagnostic Expert Systems for Defects in Forged Parts. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,1996,6(3):163-173
53 S. Mussi. Diagnostic Expert System: a Method for Engineering Knowledge and in Sequential Diagnosis. Expert-Systems,2000,17(4):199-211
54 于英杰.Visual Basic6.0数据库开发与专业应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2001:103-172 286-305
陈宏谨,胡琳.汽车发动机故障诊断专家系统软件的开发研究.汽车技
55 术,1998, (12):31-42
56 王凯明.现代汽车故障综合诊断技术,数据分析.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2001:141-335