陕西省女大学生体育休闲锻炼行为的参与机制与促进策略的研究
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摘要
体育休闲锻炼行为学术界经典的定义是,人类有目的、有意识地利用各种方法和手段,为满足某种需要而进行的体育活动。这些活动既包括体育行为的主要表现形式——运动行为,也包括体育的组织、宣传、管理、科研、消费、教学、观赏等方面的行为活动。体育休闲参与行为的产生与发展,既受行为者自己生理、心理条件制约,又受外界环境包括自然环境和社会文化环境的影响,而表现出多方面的行为特征。
研究表明青少年的体育行为影响因素包括个人的生理、心理、经历、人口特征和社会环境等多方面。最新的调查研究证实体育设施的可获得性、内在动机与社会体格焦虑以及自我效能对青少年体育行为有影响。青少年体育参与行为问题的原因在本质上可以归结为三个层次：以制度和文化为核心的根源性原因,以经济、政策状况为主导条件性原因,和以体育健身设施场地为客观限制条件的直接原因。
陕西地区,特别是西安是西北地区最具有发展潜力的城市,在全国区域经济发展中占有重要的地位。在当今一个快节奏、高效率的社会,生产社会化以及城镇生活一体化,使人与人之间的空间距离缩短了,但人与人之间的感情距离却拉长了,高校女大学生面临着学习压力、就业压力、以及今后家庭生活的三重压力,再加上缺乏沟通和交流,使她们的心理应激和生理应激明显高于男性,在精神上处于孤独与空虚状态。要消除她们高度应激状态,就要充分发挥体育健身健美类体育锻炼活动的感情调控功能和心理调控功能,降低心理应激水平和心理焦虑水平。
通过理论分析、专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,建立了女大学生体育休闲锻炼行为机制模型,通过跨理论模型分析陕西女大学生体育休闲锻炼行为决策因素,得出以下结论：
(1)建立了高等学校女大学生参加体育休闲锻炼行为的机制模型。指明在中国高等学校女大学生的个体特征(社会环境)能够影响女大学生参加体育休闲锻炼的自我效能,自我效能的认识会对女大学生体育休闲锻炼行为的锻炼动机产生影响。女大学生锻炼动机的增强有利于女大学生体育休闲锻炼的锻炼承诺(锻炼坚持性)的增加,从而揭示了女大学生参加体育休闲锻炼的行为机制。
(2)运用实证研究方法验证了陕西省高等学校女大学生个体特征(社会环境)会对女大学生体育休闲锻炼动机和对自我效能性的认识也有显著性的影响,表明女大学生个体特征(社会环境)会影响女大学生的体育休闲锻炼动机度、导致较高的自我效能性,证明了体育休闲锻炼动机与自我效能性对女大学生个体特征(社会环境)有明显的传导作用。
(3)通过研究发现陕西省女大学生的体育休闲锻炼动机与自我效能性对女大学生体育休闲锻炼承诺(锻炼坚持)的影响关系,揭示了陕西高等学校女大学生特有的体育休闲锻炼动机对女大学生参加体育休闲锻炼承诺(锻炼坚持)的影响机理,表明女大学生体育休闲锻炼动机的提升、女大学生对自我效能性的认识的增强有利于女大学生体育休闲锻炼承诺(锻炼坚持)的增加。
(4)女大学生心理决策因素包含行为动机、效果评价和自我效能三个方面。通过跨理论分析,处于不同体育休闲行为阶段的女大学生体育休闲行为动机、行为效果认知评价和行为自我效能存在显著性差异。外貌动机、健康动机是女大学生参与体育休闲行为最主要的心理动机,外貌和乐趣效果评价是最能促进女大学生参与和坚持体育休闲行为的行为效果认知评价。体育休闲的行为动机、心理决策、参与行为、行为效果认知、效果评价组成反复增强的循环系统,促进了女大学生参与与坚持体育休闲行为。
(5)促进女大学生参与坚持体育休闲行为提出以下策略：建立反复循环的干预机制,培养女大学生体育休闲锻炼行为意识。强调学校体育内容的实用性和娱乐性,女大学生体育休闲项目要生活化。帮助女大学生认知和体验到体育休闲行为效果,促进体育休闲行为坚持。促进健康和掌握体育知识技能的同时,教授体育学习方法,实现终身体育学习。
The definition of the physical leisure behavior is:Humans have a purpose, use all sorts of methods and means consciously, in order to satisfy a need of the sports activities. These activities not only including the major form of sports behavior-sports behavior, but also including sports organization, publicity, management, scientific research, consumption, teaching, view and admire, and other aspects of activities.The generation and development of physical leisure behavior not only by physical, psychological condition restriction, but also by external environment including natural environment and social cultural environment, and show various behavioral characteristics.
It shows that influencing factors of adolescents sports behavior include personal physical, psychological, experience, population characteristics and social environment and other aspects. The latest survey of youth sports behavior that include:sports facilities of availability, intrinsic motivation and social physical anxiety and self-efficacy.Youth participatite in sports behavior problems can be summed up in three levels:system and culture as the core of the root cause, economic and policy as the leading conditional reasons, sports fitness facilities as the objective conditions of the direct cause.
Shaanxi, especially xi'an is the most potential city in the northwest areas. In today's a fast efficient society, production socialization and the integration of urban life, the space distance is shorted, but the emotional distance is stretched among people. The female university students face three aspects of pressure, learning,employment, and the future of family life, plus lack of communication and exchange, making them stress significantly higher than men in psychological and physical. In order to eliminate their high stress state, will give full play to the fitness sports of the emotional control function and mental control function, reduce the psychological stress level and psychological anxiety level.
Through theoretical analysis and expert interview, questionnaire survey and mathematical statistics method. Establish the female college students' sports leisure exercise behavior mechanism model, and then through the theory model analysis across shaanxi female college students' sports leisure exercise behavior, and draw the following conclusion:
(1) In the foreign literature review of research of basis, combining with the actual situation in China, established the suitable for China's higher school female college students' sports leisure exercise behavior of the mechanism model. Indicates the Chinese college female university students' individual characteristics (social environment) can affect female college students to participate in the sports leisure exercise self-efficacy, self-efficacy of understanding will on female college students' sports leisure exercise behavior of the training motivation effect. The motive of the exercise of female college students to enhance female college students' sports leisure exercise of exercise commitment increases, then reveals that the female college students to participate in the sports leisure exercise behavior mechanism.
(2) Using empirical research methods validation by shaanxi higher school female college students' individual characteristics (social environment) will be on female college students' sports leisure training motivation and the self-potency sex the understanding also have significant influence, shows that female college students' individual characteristics (social environment) can affect female university students' sports leisure training motivation degree, resulting in higher self efficiency, and prove the recreational sports training motivation and self efficiency on female college students' individual characteristics (social environment) have obvious effect of the transmission.
(3) Through the study found that female college students'sports leisure training motivation of ascension, female college students themselves to the understanding of the efficiency of the female college students to enhance recreational sports exercise commitment (exercise adherence) increase.
(4) Female college students' psychological decision factors include behavior motivation, the effect of the evaluation and self-efficacy three aspects,Through the transtheoretical model analysis,it shows that there was significant difference among leisure motivation, behavioral effects of cognitive appraisal and self-efficacy on Sports leisure behavior at different stages of female college students. Appearance of motivation, health motivation is the main psychological decision for female college students to participate in the sports leisure behavior, appearance and fun effect evaluation is the most can promote female college students to participate in the sports leisure behavior and insist on. Female university students' sports leisure behavior of the psychological decision was reinforced by cognitive of behavioral effect.Female university students' behavior motivation, psychological decision-making, behaviors of participation, behavior effect, the effect of the evaluation constitutes repeated enhanced loop. Promoting female students to participate and persist in physical leisure behavior.
(5)Promoting female college students to participate in the sports leisure behavior to put forward the following strategy:establish cycle of intervention mechanism, cultivate female college students' sports leisure exercise behavior consciousness. Emphasize the practicability and entertaining of school sports content, female college students' sports leisure project to life. To help female college students' cognitive and experience to the sports leisure behavior effect, promote the sports leisure behavior insists. Not only promote health and master sports knowledge skills, but also educate the study methods of sports, achieve lifelong physical education learning.
研究表明青少年的体育行为影响因素包括个人的生理、心理、经历、人口特征和社会环境等多方面。最新的调查研究证实体育设施的可获得性、内在动机与社会体格焦虑以及自我效能对青少年体育行为有影响。青少年体育参与行为问题的原因在本质上可以归结为三个层次：以制度和文化为核心的根源性原因,以经济、政策状况为主导条件性原因,和以体育健身设施场地为客观限制条件的直接原因。
陕西地区,特别是西安是西北地区最具有发展潜力的城市,在全国区域经济发展中占有重要的地位。在当今一个快节奏、高效率的社会,生产社会化以及城镇生活一体化,使人与人之间的空间距离缩短了,但人与人之间的感情距离却拉长了,高校女大学生面临着学习压力、就业压力、以及今后家庭生活的三重压力,再加上缺乏沟通和交流,使她们的心理应激和生理应激明显高于男性,在精神上处于孤独与空虚状态。要消除她们高度应激状态,就要充分发挥体育健身健美类体育锻炼活动的感情调控功能和心理调控功能,降低心理应激水平和心理焦虑水平。
通过理论分析、专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,建立了女大学生体育休闲锻炼行为机制模型,通过跨理论模型分析陕西女大学生体育休闲锻炼行为决策因素,得出以下结论：
(1)建立了高等学校女大学生参加体育休闲锻炼行为的机制模型。指明在中国高等学校女大学生的个体特征(社会环境)能够影响女大学生参加体育休闲锻炼的自我效能,自我效能的认识会对女大学生体育休闲锻炼行为的锻炼动机产生影响。女大学生锻炼动机的增强有利于女大学生体育休闲锻炼的锻炼承诺(锻炼坚持性)的增加,从而揭示了女大学生参加体育休闲锻炼的行为机制。
(2)运用实证研究方法验证了陕西省高等学校女大学生个体特征(社会环境)会对女大学生体育休闲锻炼动机和对自我效能性的认识也有显著性的影响,表明女大学生个体特征(社会环境)会影响女大学生的体育休闲锻炼动机度、导致较高的自我效能性,证明了体育休闲锻炼动机与自我效能性对女大学生个体特征(社会环境)有明显的传导作用。
(3)通过研究发现陕西省女大学生的体育休闲锻炼动机与自我效能性对女大学生体育休闲锻炼承诺(锻炼坚持)的影响关系,揭示了陕西高等学校女大学生特有的体育休闲锻炼动机对女大学生参加体育休闲锻炼承诺(锻炼坚持)的影响机理,表明女大学生体育休闲锻炼动机的提升、女大学生对自我效能性的认识的增强有利于女大学生体育休闲锻炼承诺(锻炼坚持)的增加。
(4)女大学生心理决策因素包含行为动机、效果评价和自我效能三个方面。通过跨理论分析,处于不同体育休闲行为阶段的女大学生体育休闲行为动机、行为效果认知评价和行为自我效能存在显著性差异。外貌动机、健康动机是女大学生参与体育休闲行为最主要的心理动机,外貌和乐趣效果评价是最能促进女大学生参与和坚持体育休闲行为的行为效果认知评价。体育休闲的行为动机、心理决策、参与行为、行为效果认知、效果评价组成反复增强的循环系统,促进了女大学生参与与坚持体育休闲行为。
(5)促进女大学生参与坚持体育休闲行为提出以下策略：建立反复循环的干预机制,培养女大学生体育休闲锻炼行为意识。强调学校体育内容的实用性和娱乐性,女大学生体育休闲项目要生活化。帮助女大学生认知和体验到体育休闲行为效果,促进体育休闲行为坚持。促进健康和掌握体育知识技能的同时,教授体育学习方法,实现终身体育学习。
The definition of the physical leisure behavior is:Humans have a purpose, use all sorts of methods and means consciously, in order to satisfy a need of the sports activities. These activities not only including the major form of sports behavior-sports behavior, but also including sports organization, publicity, management, scientific research, consumption, teaching, view and admire, and other aspects of activities.The generation and development of physical leisure behavior not only by physical, psychological condition restriction, but also by external environment including natural environment and social cultural environment, and show various behavioral characteristics.
It shows that influencing factors of adolescents sports behavior include personal physical, psychological, experience, population characteristics and social environment and other aspects. The latest survey of youth sports behavior that include:sports facilities of availability, intrinsic motivation and social physical anxiety and self-efficacy.Youth participatite in sports behavior problems can be summed up in three levels:system and culture as the core of the root cause, economic and policy as the leading conditional reasons, sports fitness facilities as the objective conditions of the direct cause.
Shaanxi, especially xi'an is the most potential city in the northwest areas. In today's a fast efficient society, production socialization and the integration of urban life, the space distance is shorted, but the emotional distance is stretched among people. The female university students face three aspects of pressure, learning,employment, and the future of family life, plus lack of communication and exchange, making them stress significantly higher than men in psychological and physical. In order to eliminate their high stress state, will give full play to the fitness sports of the emotional control function and mental control function, reduce the psychological stress level and psychological anxiety level.
Through theoretical analysis and expert interview, questionnaire survey and mathematical statistics method. Establish the female college students' sports leisure exercise behavior mechanism model, and then through the theory model analysis across shaanxi female college students' sports leisure exercise behavior, and draw the following conclusion:
(1) In the foreign literature review of research of basis, combining with the actual situation in China, established the suitable for China's higher school female college students' sports leisure exercise behavior of the mechanism model. Indicates the Chinese college female university students' individual characteristics (social environment) can affect female college students to participate in the sports leisure exercise self-efficacy, self-efficacy of understanding will on female college students' sports leisure exercise behavior of the training motivation effect. The motive of the exercise of female college students to enhance female college students' sports leisure exercise of exercise commitment increases, then reveals that the female college students to participate in the sports leisure exercise behavior mechanism.
(2) Using empirical research methods validation by shaanxi higher school female college students' individual characteristics (social environment) will be on female college students' sports leisure training motivation and the self-potency sex the understanding also have significant influence, shows that female college students' individual characteristics (social environment) can affect female university students' sports leisure training motivation degree, resulting in higher self efficiency, and prove the recreational sports training motivation and self efficiency on female college students' individual characteristics (social environment) have obvious effect of the transmission.
(3) Through the study found that female college students'sports leisure training motivation of ascension, female college students themselves to the understanding of the efficiency of the female college students to enhance recreational sports exercise commitment (exercise adherence) increase.
(4) Female college students' psychological decision factors include behavior motivation, the effect of the evaluation and self-efficacy three aspects,Through the transtheoretical model analysis,it shows that there was significant difference among leisure motivation, behavioral effects of cognitive appraisal and self-efficacy on Sports leisure behavior at different stages of female college students. Appearance of motivation, health motivation is the main psychological decision for female college students to participate in the sports leisure behavior, appearance and fun effect evaluation is the most can promote female college students to participate in the sports leisure behavior and insist on. Female university students' sports leisure behavior of the psychological decision was reinforced by cognitive of behavioral effect.Female university students' behavior motivation, psychological decision-making, behaviors of participation, behavior effect, the effect of the evaluation constitutes repeated enhanced loop. Promoting female students to participate and persist in physical leisure behavior.
(5)Promoting female college students to participate in the sports leisure behavior to put forward the following strategy:establish cycle of intervention mechanism, cultivate female college students' sports leisure exercise behavior consciousness. Emphasize the practicability and entertaining of school sports content, female college students' sports leisure project to life. To help female college students' cognitive and experience to the sports leisure behavior effect, promote the sports leisure behavior insists. Not only promote health and master sports knowledge skills, but also educate the study methods of sports, achieve lifelong physical education learning.
引文
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