中国社会福利事业发展的经济学分析
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摘要
从经济学的角度研究社会福利事业发展的目的,主要是试图用经济学的基本理论来解释建立和发展社会福利事业的理论基础,并在此基础上,用经济学的理论来论证发展社会福利事业的需要。社会福利是保持社会稳定和经济发展的必要手段,良好的社会福利也是政府宏观调控的目标。我国社会福利事业经过改革与发展,已初步形成了政府主导、部门配合、社会广泛参与的局面,建立起了多种类型、多种层次的福利服务体系。进入新世纪,中国的社会经济持续快速发展,人们生活水平不断提高,人口老龄化趋势进一步加强,人民群众不断增长的福利服务需求与福利服务供给严重不足的矛盾日益突出。面对这种新形势,应从我国的国情出发,不断完善我国社会福利事业。本文从经济学的角度对我国社会福利事业的发展进行研究,在此基础上,从需求与供给的角度来论证不断完善与发展社会福利事业的需要。论文分为六部分,第一部分为导论,说明了本论文的研究意义、研究背景及文献综述、研究思路及研究可能的创新,由于本人的认识能力和理论水平有限,对于研究创新还有待于深化。第二部分主要阐述了社会福利事业相关基本理论。第三部分主要分析了我国社会福利事业的历史变迁及存在的问题。第四部分论述了社会福利需求与供给的经济学解释。第五部分主要论述了国外社会福利事业发展的特点及启示。第六部分提出我国社会福利事业发展的政策建议。本文认为,我国社会福利事业发展中存在以下几个方面的问题:立法建设上的不足影响社会福利进程;资金投入不足,福利方面供需矛盾十分突出;社会福利覆盖面窄,农村社会福利事业发展缓慢;责任过分集中,社会动员不充分;社会福利行政机构重叠,管理混乱。在运用经济学理论的基础上,从需求与供给角度进行分析,在需求方面,分析了计划经济时期与改革开放以来人们福利需求的变化,并以北京市为例分析了目前不同收入群体的福利需求;在供给方面,对各项福利供给主体进行了比较分析。并总结分析了英国、德国、美国、北欧、日本等典型国家社会福利事业发展的特点及对我国社会福利事业发展的启示。在此基础上论述了我国社会福利事业发展的基本原则、福利事业发展的目标、架构有中国特色的社会福利模式,并提出了具体的政策建议。
Goal develops which from the economic angle research social welfare services, mainly is attempts with the economic elementary theory to explain establishes and develops the social welfare services rationale, and in this foundation, proves the development social welfare services with the economic theory the need. The social welfare is maintains social stability and the economical development essential method, the good social welfare also is the government macroeconomic regulation and control goal. Our country social welfare enterprise after the reform and the development, has initially formed the government to lead, the department coordinates, the social widespread participation aspect, established the many kinds of types, the many kinds of levels welfare service system. Enters the new century, China's social economy continues fast to develop, the people living standard unceasingly enhances, the population old age tendency further strengthens, people unceasingly grow the welfare service demand and the welfare service supplies serious insufficient contradiction is day by day prominent. Facing this kind of new situation, should embark from our country national condition, unceasingly consummates our country social welfare enterprise. This article conducts the research from the economic angle to our country social welfare enterprise development, in this foundation, proves from the demand and the supplies angle unceasingly consummates and the development social welfare enterprise need. The paper divides into six parts, the first part is introductory remarks, explained the present paper research significance, the research background and the literature summarize, the research mentality and the research possible innovation, because myself cognitive ability and the theoretical level are limited, also waits for regarding the research innovation the deepening. The second part mainly elaborated the social welfare enterprise correlation elementary theory. The third part has mainly analyzed our country social welfare enterprise historical vicissitude and the existence questions. The fourth part elaborated the economic explanation of social welfare demand and supplies. The fifth part mainly elaborated the characteristic and the enlightenment which the overseas social welfare enterprise develops. The sixth part proposed our country social welfare enterprise develops policy suggestions. This article believed that, our country social welfare enterprise develops has following several aspects the question: The legislation constructs insufficient influence social welfare advancement; The fund investment insufficiency, the welfare aspect supply and demand contradictory is extremely prominent; The social welfare coverage is narrow, the countryside social welfare services develop slowly; Responsibility over-concentration, the society mobilizes not fully; The social welfare administrative machinery overlaps, the management is chaotic. This article utilizes the economic theory, carries on the analysis from the demand and the supplies angle, since in the demand aspect, has analyzed the planned economy time and the reform and open policy the people welfare demand change, and has analyzed the present different income community's welfare demand take Beijing as the example; In the supplies aspect, has carried on the comparative analysis to each welfare supplies main body. And the summary has analyzed the characteristic which England, Germany, US, Northern Europe, Japan and so on the typical country social welfare enterprise develops and the enlightenment which develops to our country social welfare enterprise. Elaborated the basic principle in this foundation which our country social welfare enterprise develops, the welfare services develop goal, structured has the Chinese characteristic social welfare pattern and put forward the concrete policy suggestions.
Goal develops which from the economic angle research social welfare services, mainly is attempts with the economic elementary theory to explain establishes and develops the social welfare services rationale, and in this foundation, proves the development social welfare services with the economic theory the need. The social welfare is maintains social stability and the economical development essential method, the good social welfare also is the government macroeconomic regulation and control goal. Our country social welfare enterprise after the reform and the development, has initially formed the government to lead, the department coordinates, the social widespread participation aspect, established the many kinds of types, the many kinds of levels welfare service system. Enters the new century, China's social economy continues fast to develop, the people living standard unceasingly enhances, the population old age tendency further strengthens, people unceasingly grow the welfare service demand and the welfare service supplies serious insufficient contradiction is day by day prominent. Facing this kind of new situation, should embark from our country national condition, unceasingly consummates our country social welfare enterprise. This article conducts the research from the economic angle to our country social welfare enterprise development, in this foundation, proves from the demand and the supplies angle unceasingly consummates and the development social welfare enterprise need. The paper divides into six parts, the first part is introductory remarks, explained the present paper research significance, the research background and the literature summarize, the research mentality and the research possible innovation, because myself cognitive ability and the theoretical level are limited, also waits for regarding the research innovation the deepening. The second part mainly elaborated the social welfare enterprise correlation elementary theory. The third part has mainly analyzed our country social welfare enterprise historical vicissitude and the existence questions. The fourth part elaborated the economic explanation of social welfare demand and supplies. The fifth part mainly elaborated the characteristic and the enlightenment which the overseas social welfare enterprise develops. The sixth part proposed our country social welfare enterprise develops policy suggestions. This article believed that, our country social welfare enterprise develops has following several aspects the question: The legislation constructs insufficient influence social welfare advancement; The fund investment insufficiency, the welfare aspect supply and demand contradictory is extremely prominent; The social welfare coverage is narrow, the countryside social welfare services develop slowly; Responsibility over-concentration, the society mobilizes not fully; The social welfare administrative machinery overlaps, the management is chaotic. This article utilizes the economic theory, carries on the analysis from the demand and the supplies angle, since in the demand aspect, has analyzed the planned economy time and the reform and open policy the people welfare demand change, and has analyzed the present different income community's welfare demand take Beijing as the example; In the supplies aspect, has carried on the comparative analysis to each welfare supplies main body. And the summary has analyzed the characteristic which England, Germany, US, Northern Europe, Japan and so on the typical country social welfare enterprise develops and the enlightenment which develops to our country social welfare enterprise. Elaborated the basic principle in this foundation which our country social welfare enterprise develops, the welfare services develop goal, structured has the Chinese characteristic social welfare pattern and put forward the concrete policy suggestions.
引文
[1]汉斯·范登·德尔.民主与福利经济学.中国社会科学出版社,1999年,第18页
[2]罗伯特·平克.全球化时代的社会福利.社会保障制度,2001年,第8期,第3-4页
[3](日)康子.社会福利基础理论.华中师范大学出版社,1998年,第2页
[5]马克思.资本论.人民出版社,1975年版,第3卷,第990页
[6]马克思.哥达纲领批判.马克思恩格斯选集.北京:人民出版社,1972年,第3卷,第9页
[7]马克思.哥达纲领批判.马克思恩格斯全集.北京:人民出版社,1963年,第19卷,第19-20页
[8]马克思.哥达纲领批判.马克思恩格斯全集.北京:人民出版社,1963年,第19卷,第34-35页
[9]恩格斯.共产主义原理.马克思恩格斯全集.北京:人民出版社,1958年,第4卷,第367-370页
[10]恩格斯.反杜林论.马克思恩格斯选集.北京:人民出版社,1972年,第3卷,第233页
11 列宁.列宁全集.北京:人民出版社,1959年,第24卷,第441页
12 列宁.列宁全集.北京:人民出版社,1959年,第17卷,第448页
13 尚晓援.“社会福利”与“社会保障”再认识.中国社会科学,2001年,第3期
14 新华网,http://www.xinhuanet.com,2006年3月16日
15 民政部财务和机关事务司:《2000年中国民政福利事业发展简明资料》
16 民政部财务和机关事务司:《2000年中国民政统计年鉴》
17 朱庆芳.社会保障指标体系.中国社会科学出版社,1993年,第255页
18 孙内耀,常宗虎.中国社会福利概论.中国社会出版社,2002年,第5页
19 肖文涛.中国老年社会福利事业的现状与发展思路.宁德师专学报,2003年,第3期,第34页
20 阎青存.农村老年人社会福利事业审视与展望.民政论坛,1999年,第5期
21 中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编.马克思恩格斯选集.人民出版社,1997年,第3卷,第547页
23 张鸣.英国政府推行新政——福利制度动大手术.光明日报,1998年1月10日
24[美]威廉姆·H·怀特科,罗纳德·C·费德里科.当今世界的社会福利.北京:法律出版社,2003年,第82页
[1]A.C.Pigou.The Economics of Welfare.London:Macmillan,1946
[2]Richard Hugman.Social Welfare and Social Value.London:Macmillan,1998
[3]David Denney.Social Policy and Social Work.New York:Oxford University Press,1988
[4]John J.Rodger.Form a Welfare State to a Welfare Society.New York:ST.Martin's Press,2000
[5]Lester Salamon.Partners in Public Sevices:Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1995
[6]Lester Salamon,Anheier,Helmutk.Gobal Civil Society:Dimensions of the nonprofit Sector.The john Hopkins University,Maryland,1999
[7]Lester Salamon.The Rise of Nonprofit Sector.Foreign Affairs,Vol.73,No.44,1994
[8]Beresford,P.Redistributing Profit and Loss:The New Economics of the Market and Social Welfare.Critical Social Policy,Vol.25,No.4,2005
[9]Christain Sartorius.An Evolutionary Approach to Social Welfare.Routledge,2003
[10]Christine Everingham.Social Justice and Politics of Community.Publish by Ashgate Publishing Limited,2003
[11]Hartley Dean.The Ethics of Welfare—Human Rights,Dependency and Responsibility.The Policy Press,University of Bristol,2004
[12]Herve Moulin.Fair Division and Collective Welfare.The MIT Press,Cambridge,Massachusetts,London,England,2003
[13]Manuel Castells,Pekka Himanen,The Information Society and the Welfare State,Oxford University Press,2005
[14]Peter Dwyer.Welfare Rights and Responsibilities—Contesting Social Citizenship.The Policy Press,2004
[15]Yew-Kwang Ng.Welfare Economics—Towards a More Complete Analysis.Palgrave Macmillan,2004
[16]N.Ellison and C.Pierson(eds.).Devolopment in British Social Policy.Palgrave,2003
[17]Peter Taylor-Gooby,Charlotte Hastie and Catherine Bromley."Querulous Citizens:Welfare Knowledge and the Limits to Welfare Reform," Social Policy & Administration,Vol.37,No.1,February 2003
[18]R·米什拉.资本主义社会的福利国家.法律出版社,2003
[19](日)康子.社会福利基础理论.华中师范大学出版社,1998
[20](美)威廉姆·H·怀特科,罗纳德·C·费德里科.当今世界的社会福利.法律出版社,2003
[21]汉斯·范登·德尔.民主与福利经济学.中国社会科学出版社,1999
[22]马克思.资本论.人民出版社,1975,第3卷
[23]马克思.哥达纲领批判冯克思恩格斯全集.人民出版社,1963,第19卷
[24]马克思.哥达纲领批判.马克思恩格斯选集.人民出版社,1972,第3卷
[25]恩格斯.反杜林论.马克思恩格斯选集.人民出版社,1972,第3卷
[26]恩格斯.共产主义原理.马克思恩格斯全集.人民出版社,1958,第4卷
[27]孙丙耀,常宗虎.中国社会福利概论.中国社会出版社,2002
[28]陈银娥.社会福利.中国人民大学出版社,2004
[29]周沛.社会福利体系研究.中国劳动社会保障出版社,2007
[30]黄黎若莲冲国社会主义的社会福利——民政福利工作研究.中国社会科学出版社,1996
[31]孙炳耀.中国社会福利概论.中国社会出版社,2002
[32]陈红霞.社会福利思想.社会科学文献出版社,2002
[33]祁亚辉.福利国家的比较研究.海南出版社,2005
[34]周弘.国外社会福利制度.中国社会出版社,2002
[35]高鸣放.福利社会学.湖北人民出版社,2004
[36]史柏年.社会保障概论.高等教育出版社,2004
[37]郭国庆.现代非营利组织研究.首都师范大学出版社,2001
[38]周晓红.中国社会与中国研究.社会科学出版社,2004
[39]尚晓援.“社会福利”与“社会保障”再认识.中国社会科学,2001,第3期
[40]马云峰.构建与中国国情相适应的社会福利制度.社会福利,2007,第5期
[41]窦玉沛.中国社会福利的改革与发展.社会福利,2006,第10期
[42]杨方方.中国转型期社会保障中的政府责任.中国软科学,2004,第4期
[43]郑秉文.“福利模式”的比较研究与福利改革实证分析.学术界,2005,第3期
[44]张肖敏.非营利组织与我国社会福利制度的创新.社会学研究,2006,第4期
[45]彭川宇,张红宇.非营利组织介入社会保障的理论解释及路径选择.财经科学,2005,第3期
[46]林遇昌.第三部门的发展与社会福利社会化.社会福利,2004,第11期
[47]范明林,徐迎春冲国社会政策和社会工作研究本土化和专业化.社会,2007,第2期
[48]李凤月.社会福利提供主体多元化的经济学原理及启示.经济研究,2007,第9期
[49]温敏婷.社会福利社会化视角下的社会福利社区化.社会工作,2007,第10期
[50]郑秉文.合作主义:中国福利制度框架的重构.经济研究,2002,第2期
[2]罗伯特·平克.全球化时代的社会福利.社会保障制度,2001年,第8期,第3-4页
[3](日)康子.社会福利基础理论.华中师范大学出版社,1998年,第2页
[5]马克思.资本论.人民出版社,1975年版,第3卷,第990页
[6]马克思.哥达纲领批判.马克思恩格斯选集.北京:人民出版社,1972年,第3卷,第9页
[7]马克思.哥达纲领批判.马克思恩格斯全集.北京:人民出版社,1963年,第19卷,第19-20页
[8]马克思.哥达纲领批判.马克思恩格斯全集.北京:人民出版社,1963年,第19卷,第34-35页
[9]恩格斯.共产主义原理.马克思恩格斯全集.北京:人民出版社,1958年,第4卷,第367-370页
[10]恩格斯.反杜林论.马克思恩格斯选集.北京:人民出版社,1972年,第3卷,第233页
11 列宁.列宁全集.北京:人民出版社,1959年,第24卷,第441页
12 列宁.列宁全集.北京:人民出版社,1959年,第17卷,第448页
13 尚晓援.“社会福利”与“社会保障”再认识.中国社会科学,2001年,第3期
14 新华网,http://www.xinhuanet.com,2006年3月16日
15 民政部财务和机关事务司:《2000年中国民政福利事业发展简明资料》
16 民政部财务和机关事务司:《2000年中国民政统计年鉴》
17 朱庆芳.社会保障指标体系.中国社会科学出版社,1993年,第255页
18 孙内耀,常宗虎.中国社会福利概论.中国社会出版社,2002年,第5页
19 肖文涛.中国老年社会福利事业的现状与发展思路.宁德师专学报,2003年,第3期,第34页
20 阎青存.农村老年人社会福利事业审视与展望.民政论坛,1999年,第5期
21 中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编.马克思恩格斯选集.人民出版社,1997年,第3卷,第547页
23 张鸣.英国政府推行新政——福利制度动大手术.光明日报,1998年1月10日
24[美]威廉姆·H·怀特科,罗纳德·C·费德里科.当今世界的社会福利.北京:法律出版社,2003年,第82页
[1]A.C.Pigou.The Economics of Welfare.London:Macmillan,1946
[2]Richard Hugman.Social Welfare and Social Value.London:Macmillan,1998
[3]David Denney.Social Policy and Social Work.New York:Oxford University Press,1988
[4]John J.Rodger.Form a Welfare State to a Welfare Society.New York:ST.Martin's Press,2000
[5]Lester Salamon.Partners in Public Sevices:Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1995
[6]Lester Salamon,Anheier,Helmutk.Gobal Civil Society:Dimensions of the nonprofit Sector.The john Hopkins University,Maryland,1999
[7]Lester Salamon.The Rise of Nonprofit Sector.Foreign Affairs,Vol.73,No.44,1994
[8]Beresford,P.Redistributing Profit and Loss:The New Economics of the Market and Social Welfare.Critical Social Policy,Vol.25,No.4,2005
[9]Christain Sartorius.An Evolutionary Approach to Social Welfare.Routledge,2003
[10]Christine Everingham.Social Justice and Politics of Community.Publish by Ashgate Publishing Limited,2003
[11]Hartley Dean.The Ethics of Welfare—Human Rights,Dependency and Responsibility.The Policy Press,University of Bristol,2004
[12]Herve Moulin.Fair Division and Collective Welfare.The MIT Press,Cambridge,Massachusetts,London,England,2003
[13]Manuel Castells,Pekka Himanen,The Information Society and the Welfare State,Oxford University Press,2005
[14]Peter Dwyer.Welfare Rights and Responsibilities—Contesting Social Citizenship.The Policy Press,2004
[15]Yew-Kwang Ng.Welfare Economics—Towards a More Complete Analysis.Palgrave Macmillan,2004
[16]N.Ellison and C.Pierson(eds.).Devolopment in British Social Policy.Palgrave,2003
[17]Peter Taylor-Gooby,Charlotte Hastie and Catherine Bromley."Querulous Citizens:Welfare Knowledge and the Limits to Welfare Reform," Social Policy & Administration,Vol.37,No.1,February 2003
[18]R·米什拉.资本主义社会的福利国家.法律出版社,2003
[19](日)康子.社会福利基础理论.华中师范大学出版社,1998
[20](美)威廉姆·H·怀特科,罗纳德·C·费德里科.当今世界的社会福利.法律出版社,2003
[21]汉斯·范登·德尔.民主与福利经济学.中国社会科学出版社,1999
[22]马克思.资本论.人民出版社,1975,第3卷
[23]马克思.哥达纲领批判冯克思恩格斯全集.人民出版社,1963,第19卷
[24]马克思.哥达纲领批判.马克思恩格斯选集.人民出版社,1972,第3卷
[25]恩格斯.反杜林论.马克思恩格斯选集.人民出版社,1972,第3卷
[26]恩格斯.共产主义原理.马克思恩格斯全集.人民出版社,1958,第4卷
[27]孙丙耀,常宗虎.中国社会福利概论.中国社会出版社,2002
[28]陈银娥.社会福利.中国人民大学出版社,2004
[29]周沛.社会福利体系研究.中国劳动社会保障出版社,2007
[30]黄黎若莲冲国社会主义的社会福利——民政福利工作研究.中国社会科学出版社,1996
[31]孙炳耀.中国社会福利概论.中国社会出版社,2002
[32]陈红霞.社会福利思想.社会科学文献出版社,2002
[33]祁亚辉.福利国家的比较研究.海南出版社,2005
[34]周弘.国外社会福利制度.中国社会出版社,2002
[35]高鸣放.福利社会学.湖北人民出版社,2004
[36]史柏年.社会保障概论.高等教育出版社,2004
[37]郭国庆.现代非营利组织研究.首都师范大学出版社,2001
[38]周晓红.中国社会与中国研究.社会科学出版社,2004
[39]尚晓援.“社会福利”与“社会保障”再认识.中国社会科学,2001,第3期
[40]马云峰.构建与中国国情相适应的社会福利制度.社会福利,2007,第5期
[41]窦玉沛.中国社会福利的改革与发展.社会福利,2006,第10期
[42]杨方方.中国转型期社会保障中的政府责任.中国软科学,2004,第4期
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