企业逆向物流回收处理若干关键问题研究
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摘要
随着社会对环境资源的日益关注，人们越来越重视对废旧产品和原材料的再利用。许多国家立法，规定生产者对自己产品的整个生命周期负责，包括产品废旧后的回收处理。如今在我国，也把发展循环经济作为实现可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现形式。随着政府对发展可持续经济的重视，随着中国加入WTO，中国的企业要与国际接轨，以及我国有关立法的健全，许多诸如汽车、电子等行业的制造商将很快面临如何对逆向物流进行管理的问题。由于我国企业目前还较少关注到这一领域，逆向物流的开发利用存在着巨大的空间。同时，相对于前向物流来说，逆向物流的研究也尚处于起步阶段，特别是站在企业角度，探讨逆向物流管理问题和解决办法的系统研究还较少，逆向物流管理层面的许多问题远未得到充分的考虑和解决。
本文从制造企业角度出发，对其逆向物流回收处理过程中的一些关键问题进行了较为系统的讨论。主要内容包括：
(1)逆向物流回收模式问题。分析了企业逆向物流主动回收策略；构建了企业逆向物流的产品全生命周期管理战略，主张企业在产品的整个生命周期中关注逆向物流问题，而不仅仅是在回收阶段。将产品的生命周期划分为研发、生产、销售、消费和废旧处理五个阶段，详细探讨了每个阶段企业逆向物流管理的策略和管理重点；通过总结企业逆向物流管理实践，归纳提炼出三种典型逆向物流回收模式：制造商集成回收模式、外包回收模式和联营回收模式，详细对比分析了三种模式的特点；基于博弈论思想，定量分析了逆向物流回收模式的选择问题，并以制造商集成回收模式中的MRC回收模式为例，详细设计了切实可行的制造商协调策略，用于协调分散决策下的闭环供应链，使得分散决策下的闭环供应链总体利润可以达到集中决策下的水平。
(2)逆向物流网络优化问题。分析了逆向物流网络的一般活动和网络结构，提出一个集中式开环逆向物流网络结构；集成考虑环境和成本两方面，探讨了环境友好逆向物流处理决策流程，整个过程包括定义逆向物流处理活动、构建逆向物流活动评估模型、多目标决策和构建企业逆向物流管理策略；兼顾环境影响和经济效益，利用多目标决策技术，构建了逆向物流网络多目标优化模型，该模型集成考虑了回收产品的多利用途径和拆分处理程度；针对提出的模型，结合实例，给出了基于LING08.0的求解过程和方法，并对结果进行了分析讨论，使模型更具实际操作性。
(3)逆向物流合作伙伴选择问题。阐述了逆向物流合作伙伴的选择过程，选择过程中每一阶段的主要依据和主要活动；构建了逆向物流合作伙伴选择的绿色评价指标体系。在借鉴传统物流服务商评价指标的基础上，依据欧盟公布的《废旧电气电子设备(WEEE)》指令、ISO14031和我国环保总局公布的“国家环境友好企业”实施方案，结合逆向物流管理的特殊性，兼顾经济效益、社会效益和生态环境，针对开环供应链、闭环效率型供应链和闭环响应型供应链三种情况，从成本、质量、服务、时间、环境管理绩效和环境操作绩效六方面构建了企业逆向合作伙伴的绿色评价指标体系；详细阐述了基于模糊层次分析法的逆向物流合作伙伴选择过程。
(4)逆向物流信息集成管理问题。详细分析了逆向物流信息的来源和作用。认为逆向物流信息主要来自于三个层面：核心制造企业的内部信息、逆向供应链的运作层面信息和逆向供应链之外的外部信息。通过利用这些信息，可以有效支持逆向物流运作过程；阐述了三种逆向物流信息共享模式：点对点共享模式、集中管理模式和混合模式；重点对制造商主导型逆向物流信息集成平台进行了详细分析，探讨了制造商主导型逆向物流信息集成平台的概念模型和功能模型，并基于Web技术和B／S计算模式，分析了集成平台的体系结构。
In this age of growing environmental concern and increasing interest in re-useof products and materials, Many countries have enforced environmental legislationcharging producers with responsibility for the whole life cycle of their products,including callback and disposing of discarded product.
At present, China also places the development of recycling economy as animportant way to achieve the sustainable development strategy. As the governmenthas more and more focused on the development of sustainable economic, and withChina's accession to WTO and enterprises' to accommodate to the new situation withthe international community, besides, with the soundness of the legislation, manymanufacturers, such as in automobiles and electronics industry, will soon face to theproblems about management of reverse logistics. Since China's enterprises have lessattention to this area at the moment, development and utilization of reverse logisticshas an enormous space. Meanwhile, comparing with forward logistics, research onreverse logistics is still at its initial stage, especially from the manufacturer's view.Discussions about management and solutions of reverse logistics are not sufficient,and many problems on the management level of reverse logistics are far from beingfully considered and resolved.
From the manufacturer's view, this dissertation makes a systematic analysis onsome key issues related to the management of reverse logistics, and four main issuesare employed as follows:
The first research issue focuses on the reverse logistics recovery modes ofmanufacturer. The voluntarily recall strategy of the reverse logistics is analyzed, andthe life cycle management strategies methodologies for manufacturer's reverselogistics are built. The product life cycle can be divided into five stages:development, production, distribution, consumption and waste treatment, anddifferent policies and methods can be adopted in different stages. Then three reverselogistics recovery modes are concluded, and the characteristics and factors considered for each mode are analyzed. Third, based on game theory, the selectionissue of reverse logistics recovery modes are discussed, and manufacturer'scoordinated strategies are designed based on MRC recovery mode.
The second research issue focuses on the reverse logistics network and itsoptimization problem. The activities and the general structure of reverse logisticsnetworks are firstly analyzed, and a centralized open-loop reverse logistics networkstructure is suggested. Then the reverse logistics management decision-makingprocesses based on friendly environment is proposed. The whole process includesdefining reverse logistics activities, building evaluate model of the reverse logisticsactivities, multi-objects decision and building reverse logistics management strategy.Thirdly, based on the multi-objective decision-making technology, both consideringthe environmental and economic effects, we establish a reverse logistics networkmulti-objective optimization model. In response to the model, explaining thesolution process and methods based on LING08.0 as examples, analysis anddiscussion of the results will make the model more practical operability.
The third research issue focuses on the partner selection problems for reverselogistics. The process of selecting a reverse logistics partner, the main basis andmajor activities at every stage are elaborated. Then using the traditional evaluationindicators, consulting the WEEE Directive, ISO14031 and China environmentalfriendly enterprise project, in combination with the particularity of reverse logisticsmanagement, on the balance between economic, social and ecological environmentalefficiency, we develop the green evaluation index system of reverse partners, interms of cost, quality, service, time, environment management performance andenvironment operation performance, against three supply chain modes, such asopen-loop supply chain, closed-loop efficient supply chain and closed-loopresponsible supply chain. In the last, the partner selection process for a reverselogistics with fuzzy analytic hierarchical process method is elaborated.
Finally, manufacturer dominant reverse logistics information management is studied inorder to better control and manage reverse logistics activities. Reverse logisticsinformation sources and its values are analyzed. It is deemed that the reverse logisticsinformation comes from the three main levels: core manufacturing enterprise's internal information, the operational level information of the reverse supply chain andthe external information beyond the reverse supply chain. Through the use of thisinformation, the reverse logistics operation process can effectively supported. Threesharing models of reverse logistics information are proposed: peer-to-peer model,centralized management model and mixed mode. The concept model and a functionalmodel of the manufacturer dominant reverse logistics information integratingplatform (MD-RLI2P) based on Internet/Extranet/Intranet are discussed., and thestructure system of integrated platform is also investigated based onInternet/Extranet/Intranet technology and and B/S computing model.
本文从制造企业角度出发，对其逆向物流回收处理过程中的一些关键问题进行了较为系统的讨论。主要内容包括：
(1)逆向物流回收模式问题。分析了企业逆向物流主动回收策略；构建了企业逆向物流的产品全生命周期管理战略，主张企业在产品的整个生命周期中关注逆向物流问题，而不仅仅是在回收阶段。将产品的生命周期划分为研发、生产、销售、消费和废旧处理五个阶段，详细探讨了每个阶段企业逆向物流管理的策略和管理重点；通过总结企业逆向物流管理实践，归纳提炼出三种典型逆向物流回收模式：制造商集成回收模式、外包回收模式和联营回收模式，详细对比分析了三种模式的特点；基于博弈论思想，定量分析了逆向物流回收模式的选择问题，并以制造商集成回收模式中的MRC回收模式为例，详细设计了切实可行的制造商协调策略，用于协调分散决策下的闭环供应链，使得分散决策下的闭环供应链总体利润可以达到集中决策下的水平。
(2)逆向物流网络优化问题。分析了逆向物流网络的一般活动和网络结构，提出一个集中式开环逆向物流网络结构；集成考虑环境和成本两方面，探讨了环境友好逆向物流处理决策流程，整个过程包括定义逆向物流处理活动、构建逆向物流活动评估模型、多目标决策和构建企业逆向物流管理策略；兼顾环境影响和经济效益，利用多目标决策技术，构建了逆向物流网络多目标优化模型，该模型集成考虑了回收产品的多利用途径和拆分处理程度；针对提出的模型，结合实例，给出了基于LING08.0的求解过程和方法，并对结果进行了分析讨论，使模型更具实际操作性。
(3)逆向物流合作伙伴选择问题。阐述了逆向物流合作伙伴的选择过程，选择过程中每一阶段的主要依据和主要活动；构建了逆向物流合作伙伴选择的绿色评价指标体系。在借鉴传统物流服务商评价指标的基础上，依据欧盟公布的《废旧电气电子设备(WEEE)》指令、ISO14031和我国环保总局公布的“国家环境友好企业”实施方案，结合逆向物流管理的特殊性，兼顾经济效益、社会效益和生态环境，针对开环供应链、闭环效率型供应链和闭环响应型供应链三种情况，从成本、质量、服务、时间、环境管理绩效和环境操作绩效六方面构建了企业逆向合作伙伴的绿色评价指标体系；详细阐述了基于模糊层次分析法的逆向物流合作伙伴选择过程。
(4)逆向物流信息集成管理问题。详细分析了逆向物流信息的来源和作用。认为逆向物流信息主要来自于三个层面：核心制造企业的内部信息、逆向供应链的运作层面信息和逆向供应链之外的外部信息。通过利用这些信息，可以有效支持逆向物流运作过程；阐述了三种逆向物流信息共享模式：点对点共享模式、集中管理模式和混合模式；重点对制造商主导型逆向物流信息集成平台进行了详细分析，探讨了制造商主导型逆向物流信息集成平台的概念模型和功能模型，并基于Web技术和B／S计算模式，分析了集成平台的体系结构。
In this age of growing environmental concern and increasing interest in re-useof products and materials, Many countries have enforced environmental legislationcharging producers with responsibility for the whole life cycle of their products,including callback and disposing of discarded product.
At present, China also places the development of recycling economy as animportant way to achieve the sustainable development strategy. As the governmenthas more and more focused on the development of sustainable economic, and withChina's accession to WTO and enterprises' to accommodate to the new situation withthe international community, besides, with the soundness of the legislation, manymanufacturers, such as in automobiles and electronics industry, will soon face to theproblems about management of reverse logistics. Since China's enterprises have lessattention to this area at the moment, development and utilization of reverse logisticshas an enormous space. Meanwhile, comparing with forward logistics, research onreverse logistics is still at its initial stage, especially from the manufacturer's view.Discussions about management and solutions of reverse logistics are not sufficient,and many problems on the management level of reverse logistics are far from beingfully considered and resolved.
From the manufacturer's view, this dissertation makes a systematic analysis onsome key issues related to the management of reverse logistics, and four main issuesare employed as follows:
The first research issue focuses on the reverse logistics recovery modes ofmanufacturer. The voluntarily recall strategy of the reverse logistics is analyzed, andthe life cycle management strategies methodologies for manufacturer's reverselogistics are built. The product life cycle can be divided into five stages:development, production, distribution, consumption and waste treatment, anddifferent policies and methods can be adopted in different stages. Then three reverselogistics recovery modes are concluded, and the characteristics and factors considered for each mode are analyzed. Third, based on game theory, the selectionissue of reverse logistics recovery modes are discussed, and manufacturer'scoordinated strategies are designed based on MRC recovery mode.
The second research issue focuses on the reverse logistics network and itsoptimization problem. The activities and the general structure of reverse logisticsnetworks are firstly analyzed, and a centralized open-loop reverse logistics networkstructure is suggested. Then the reverse logistics management decision-makingprocesses based on friendly environment is proposed. The whole process includesdefining reverse logistics activities, building evaluate model of the reverse logisticsactivities, multi-objects decision and building reverse logistics management strategy.Thirdly, based on the multi-objective decision-making technology, both consideringthe environmental and economic effects, we establish a reverse logistics networkmulti-objective optimization model. In response to the model, explaining thesolution process and methods based on LING08.0 as examples, analysis anddiscussion of the results will make the model more practical operability.
The third research issue focuses on the partner selection problems for reverselogistics. The process of selecting a reverse logistics partner, the main basis andmajor activities at every stage are elaborated. Then using the traditional evaluationindicators, consulting the WEEE Directive, ISO14031 and China environmentalfriendly enterprise project, in combination with the particularity of reverse logisticsmanagement, on the balance between economic, social and ecological environmentalefficiency, we develop the green evaluation index system of reverse partners, interms of cost, quality, service, time, environment management performance andenvironment operation performance, against three supply chain modes, such asopen-loop supply chain, closed-loop efficient supply chain and closed-loopresponsible supply chain. In the last, the partner selection process for a reverselogistics with fuzzy analytic hierarchical process method is elaborated.
Finally, manufacturer dominant reverse logistics information management is studied inorder to better control and manage reverse logistics activities. Reverse logisticsinformation sources and its values are analyzed. It is deemed that the reverse logisticsinformation comes from the three main levels: core manufacturing enterprise's internal information, the operational level information of the reverse supply chain andthe external information beyond the reverse supply chain. Through the use of thisinformation, the reverse logistics operation process can effectively supported. Threesharing models of reverse logistics information are proposed: peer-to-peer model,centralized management model and mixed mode. The concept model and a functionalmodel of the manufacturer dominant reverse logistics information integratingplatform (MD-RLI2P) based on Internet/Extranet/Intranet are discussed., and thestructure system of integrated platform is also investigated based onInternet/Extranet/Intranet technology and and B/S computing model.
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