中国信息产业技术进步对其劳动力就业的影响研究
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摘要
20世纪90年代以来,经济全球化速度明显加快,世界各国都进入了快速的信息化发展阶段,而信息化是经济全球化的前提和保证。世界范围内的信息技术进步,对中国信息产业的发展产生了深远的影响,信息产业己成为中国经济发展的新增长点和强劲引擎。信息产业规模快速扩张的同时,技术水平日新月异。由于集技术密集型和知识密集型为一体,信息产业成为吸纳具有高教育水平和高知识含量的劳动力的主要部门。实现劳动力充分就业一直是中国宏观调控的四大目标之一,但当前世界范围内的经济危机却让中国的就业形势异常严峻。具有强烈技术依赖性的信息产业如何平衡技术进步对劳动力就业的“腐蚀效应”、“替代效应”和“补偿效应”、“创造效应”,及信息产业如何实现技术进步和劳动力充分就业并行发展,是值得我们深入认识和探讨的。分析中国信息产业技术进步与其劳动力就业关系之间的关系,能够为更加科学、合理和有效地开展信息产业政策工作,进一步完善和发展相关领域的理论体系,奠定坚实的理论基础。同时对确保中国信息产业蓬勃发展乃至信息产业带动全社会整体经济的繁荣发展具有重要的现实意义。
经过梳理和述评经典经济学理论中关于技术进步与劳动力就业关系的文献,本文发现到目前为止,无论是从理论分析方面还是实证检验方面关于技术进步和劳动力就业的关系都没有统一的结论。因此,针对此情况,需要结合具体的经济环境和经济对象,通过加入各种影响变量来修正二者的关系。本文以经典经济学理论为基础,以信息产业为研究对象,结合中国信息产业技术进步和劳动力就业的特点,综合采用规范分析、文献研究、统计分析和实证检验等方法,分析中国信息产业技术进步对其劳动力就业的影响。本文主要探讨了以下几个问题：
一是用中国信息产业的相关数据分析信息产业的发展状况、信息产业技术进步的发展情况和信息产业劳动力就业的情况,以期明确信息产业技术进步和劳动力就业的特征和特点。
二是根据信息产业技术进步和劳动力就业的特点,从理论上分别探讨信息产业技术进步的形成动因、信息产业对劳动力的需求、劳动力的市场对信息产业的供给和教育质量(Educational Quality)在其中的作用,进而详尽和系统剖析中国信息产业技术进步对其劳动力就业的影响过程。
三是通过统计和实证方法测算中国信息产业技术进步,并明确信息产业技术进步与教育质量等外部影响因素的关系。
四是实证检验中国信息产业技术进步对其劳动力就业的影响,包括对劳动力就业总量的影响、对劳动力就业技能结构的影响和对劳动力工资差异的影响。同时检验教育质量和对外开放度对劳动力就业的影响作用。
总结全文,主要得到的一些具有启发性和参考价值的结论有：
第一,近20年来,在中国信息产业迅猛发展,信息化发展指数逐年稳步提升的环境中，信息产业技术水平逐年提高,技术进步表现出更新速度快和知识含量高的特征，同时信息产业劳动力就业人数、劳动力工资和高技能劳动力就业数量均稳步增长.并表现出高就业量、高就业增长率、高收益和技能体现型的特征。信息产业技术发展主要表现为信息网络基础设施、计算机技术、通信技术和“物联网”、“三网融合”、“云计算”等新技术模式四个维度；信息技术的发展包括发明萌芽阶段、渐进式发展阶段、爆炸式发展阶段和趋于成熟阶段四个过程,目前正朝着集约型和绿色化方向迈进。数据显示中国信息产业就业人数及劳动力工资均稳步增长。信息产业劳动力就业的数量及劳动力就业的增长率都位于其他产业或整个社会的前列,就业人员总体平均工资始终位于全国各行业的领先地位,就业人员中大专以上学历人数占总就业人数比重始终处于较高水平。
第二,中国信息产业技术进步的时间和空间差异显著,同时教育质量等外部因素强烈的影响着信息产业技术进步。中国信息产业全要素生产率(Total Factor Productivity, TFP)时间变化趋势明显,同时存在较强的区域差异特征。提高技术进步水平是改善中国信息产业全要素生产率的重要内容。信息产业技术进步受到外部因素的影响较大：教育质量和经济发展水平对技术改善具有显著的正向作用；对外开放度中外商直接投资没有显著的影响信息产业技术进步,但是出口总额占地区生产总值比重的增加会促进信息产业技术提升；政府对科技发展的支持力度和居民信息消费系数与信息产业的技术进步的关系较弱,但二者都与信息产业技术进步具有正向关系。
第三,中国信息产业技术进步对产业内劳动力就业总量起到促进作用,同时中国信息产业存在技能偏向型技术进步(Skill-biased Technological Change, SBTC),随着技术水平的提升高技能劳动力就业的数量和工资都会增长,低技能劳动力就业的数量和工资都会下降。也就是信息产业内部,技术进步会促进高技能劳动力就业，抑制低技能劳动力就业,进而加剧劳动力的工资差距。
第四,教育质量的提高在一定程度上能够减小中国信息产业中技能偏向型技术进步与劳动力就业技能结构和工资差异之间的矛盾。这是因为,一方面,信息产业技术进步的动因归根到底是知识的升级所致,教育通过知识的升级而影响信息产业技术进步。另一方面,教育产生高技能并产生高收益,教育质量提高时,更多的劳动力选择接受教育以获得高收益,这使得信息产业内高技能劳动力增加,低技能劳动力减少.受供求关系的影响,低技能劳动力的工资又会相对增加,两种技能类型的劳动力工资差距会减小。另外,对外开放并不利于信息产业劳动力的就业。
与已有文献相比较,本文主要从以下三个方面做出创新：
首先,首次从信息产业层面论述技术进步与就业的关系。本研究以中国信息产业为分析对象,综合分析中国信息产业技术进步的动因、技术进步的独特特征和产业内劳动力就业的特点,在此基础上探讨技术进步与就业的关系。这弥补了传统的从整体或从宏观角度对技术进步与就业关系的理论分析,丰富和升华了该领域的理论内容。
其次,在分析中国信息产业技术进步与劳动力就业的关系中,添加教育质量这一重要的外生因素,系统分析中国信息产业技术进步对产业内劳动力就业的影响机理，将教育质量对信息产业技术进步的影响和教育质量对劳动力的影响进行综合,从而分野出高技能与低技能劳动力的差异,进而明确剖析了中国信息产业技术进步对产业内劳动力就业的影响过程。
最后,从实证分析角度验证了中国信息产业技术进步与产业内劳动力就业总量、劳动力就业的技能结构和工资差距的关系,同时也验证教育质量与中国信息产业劳动力就业总量、就业的技能结构和工资差距的关系。
信息产业集技术密集型和劳动密集型为一体,产业内先进设备的应用和信息技术的发展都需要高技能劳动力与之相匹配,技术进步必定导致不同技能类型劳动力数量和[资结构发生变化。信息产业技术的进步会促进产业内部总体劳动力和高技能劳动力就业的增长,并带动高技能劳动力的工资增长。也就是说信息产业技能偏向型技术进步导致了产业内劳动力就业技能结构升级的同时也加剧了技能劳动力的供需矛盾。为实现信息产业技术的发展和劳动力充分就业双重目标,本文最后提出针对中国信息产业技术发展和劳动力充分就业的对策建议,主要包括：
第一,优化信息产业内部资源的配置,鼓励自主创新,从信息产业内部提升技术水平。
第二,创造信息产业技术进步的良好的外部发展环境。改变目前区域条块分割的格局,保证全国信息产业整体协调发展。增加中西部地区基础设施投资建设的力度.以减少地区间的信息基础设施差距，在扩大对外开放的同时,应慎时度势,在积极招商引资时应对外资的进入领域和进入方式进行政策限制和正确引导。
第三,全面提高教育质量并提高高等教育的普及性。包括促进教育公平，合理配置教育资源,教育要重点向农村、边远、贫困以及民族地区发展,使更多低收入的人群有机会接受到高等教育,从而全面提高西部和偏远地区的人们的劳动技能和收入
With the rapid development of economic globalization, all countries in the world have entered a rapid informatization development phase since the1990's. Information industry has become the new growth point and strong engine for economic development in China, since the information technological progress around the world has had a profound impact on the development of chinese information industry. The technology level changes quickly with the rapid expansion of scale of chinese information industry. Due to characteristics of technology-intensive and knowledge-intensive, Information industry is taking in more and more labors with higher education level and higher knowledge level. Full employment is one of the goals in chinese macroeconomic regulation, however, the worldwide economic crisis has made employment situation worse in China How to balance the "Erosion effect""Substitution Effect" and "Compensation Effect","Creative Effect" of technological progress on the labor employment, and how to realize the parallel development of technological progress and full employment in chinese information industry, is worthy of our in-depth understanding. Discussing relationship between technological progress and labor employment in chinese information industry has an important practical significance for information industry policies, development of related theory system, development of chinese information industry and development of the prosperity of the whole society.
So far, there is no unified conclusion on the relationship between technological progress and the labor employment in aspects both of theoretical analysis and empirical test after reviewing classical economics theories. Therefore we need to fix the relationship of technological progress and the labor employment in chinese information industry by adding various variables with a combination of specific economic environment and economic object.
This paper analysis the influence of technological progress on labor employment in chinese information industry combined with characteristics of chinese information industry, basing on the classical economics theories, and by the methods of normative analysis, literature research, statistical analysis and empirical test. The main questions discussed in this paper are:
First of all, get the characteristics and features of technological progress and labor employment in chinese information industry, by analyzing the development of Chinese information industry, development of technological progress and development of labor employment through related data.
Secondly, basing on the characteristics and features of technological progress and labor employment, discuss the influence process of technological progress on labor employment in chinese information industry through the theoretical analysis, basing on the cause of technological progress, demand of Chinese information industry for labor, supply of labor market and the function of educational quality
Thirdly, measure the technological progress of chinese information industry and get the relationship between technological progress and external influence factors such as educational quality through statistical and empirical methods
Fourthly, test the relationship between technological progress and labor employment in chinese information industry, including the impact on the total number of labor employment, the skill structure and wage gap, while testing the relationship between educational quality, openness and labor employment.
Summarizing the full text, some enlightening and valuable conclusions are as follows:
Firstly, over the past20years, under the environment of rapid development of information industry and rising index of informationization development, technology level increased year by year with characteristics of high-update speed and high-knowledge, while labor employment, labor wage and the quantity of skilled labor are growing steadily with characteristics of high employment, high rate of employment growth, high incomes and skills-embodied. There are four dimensions during the development of technological progress in chinese information industry:information network infrastructure, computer technology, communications technology and new technology model such an "the Internet of things","Convergence of the Three Networks" and "Cloud Computing"; There are also four processes including embryonic stage, incremental development stage, explosive development and maturity phases, now technology is moving in the direction of intensive and green model. Data shows the quantity of labor and labor wage in chinese information industry are growing steadily, for the quantity of labor and rate of employment growth are in the forefront of other industry or the whole society, overall average wage is in leading position in the industry across the country, college degree or above accounted for higher share of total employment.
Secondly, temporal and spatial differences of technological progress of chinese information industry are significantly, while external factors such as educational quality strongly influenced advances in information technology. Temporal and spatial differences of total factor productivity of chinese information industry also appeared to be significance; Improve the level of technology is an important element to total factor productivity. Technology of information industry greatly influenced by external factors:positive effect of educational quality and economic development, positive effect of degree of openness but no effect of foreign direct investment, week effect of government support for science and technology development and residential information consumption coefficient, but both are related to have a positive relationship.
Thirdly, there is positive relationship between total number of labor employment and technological progress, and skill-biased technological change exists in chinese information industry. As technology improves, the number and wage of high-skilled labor would increase and the number and wage of low-skilled labor would decrease.
Fourthly, to some extent, improving of educational quality can reduce the contradiction between skill-biased technological change and labor employment in chinese information industry. Because on the one hand, the root cause of technology change is due to upgrade knowledge affecting by educational quality, and the other hand, more labors would like to get knowledge for higher income while educational quality improves, which makes more high-skilled labors and less low-skilled labors and the wage gap would decrease. In addition, openness is negative to labor employment in chinese information industry.
Compared with the existing literature, the innovation of this paper appears to be:
Firstly, this paper discussed the relationship between technological progress and labor employment in chinese information industry for the first time. This paper analyzed the relationship between technological progress and labor basing on each characteristic in chinese information industry which can make up for the theoretical analysis of the relationship between technological progress and employment from industry perspective.
Secondly, this paper analyzed the influence mechanism of technological progress and labor employment in chinese information industry systematically, adding an important exogenous factor of educational quality. This paper integrated the effect of educational quality on technological progress and effect of educational quality on labor, and divided the labor into high-skilled and low-skill labor, so as to analysis the process of technological progress on the labor employment in chinese information industry explicitly.
Finally, this paper empirically tested the relationship between technological progress and total number of labor employment, the skill structure and wage gap in chinese information industry. At the same time, this paper tested the relationship between educational quality, openness and labor employment in chinese information industry.
The influence of technological progress on different types of skill labor employment in chinese information industry is inevitable, because information industry is technology-intensive and labor-intensive, the application of advanced equipment and technology are needed for high-skilled labor force. Advances in information technology will promote the total number of workforce especially high-skilled and their wage, which means the contradiction of technological progress and labor employment in chinese information industry, is dramatic due to skill-biased technological change. To achieve the double objectives of technological progress and full employment in chinese information industry, the paper finally proposed some suggestions as follows:
Firstly, optimize the allocation of information resources, and encourage independent innovation, update technology internally.
Secondly, create a good external environment for development of the technological progress of china information industry. Change patterns whose situation is regional fragmentation now to ensure coordinated development for information industry. Increase investment in infrastructure in the central and western areas so as to reduce regional difference. Make certain policies and guidance in the field of ways and area for foreign direct investment when expanding openness.
Thirdly, improve the educational quality and improve the accessibility of higher education, including promoting educational equity, allocating education resources rationally, focusing on the area of remote, poverty and minority so that more low-income people have opportunity to get higher education and to improve labor skills and incomes especially in remote areas and the western.
经过梳理和述评经典经济学理论中关于技术进步与劳动力就业关系的文献,本文发现到目前为止,无论是从理论分析方面还是实证检验方面关于技术进步和劳动力就业的关系都没有统一的结论。因此,针对此情况,需要结合具体的经济环境和经济对象,通过加入各种影响变量来修正二者的关系。本文以经典经济学理论为基础,以信息产业为研究对象,结合中国信息产业技术进步和劳动力就业的特点,综合采用规范分析、文献研究、统计分析和实证检验等方法,分析中国信息产业技术进步对其劳动力就业的影响。本文主要探讨了以下几个问题：
一是用中国信息产业的相关数据分析信息产业的发展状况、信息产业技术进步的发展情况和信息产业劳动力就业的情况,以期明确信息产业技术进步和劳动力就业的特征和特点。
二是根据信息产业技术进步和劳动力就业的特点,从理论上分别探讨信息产业技术进步的形成动因、信息产业对劳动力的需求、劳动力的市场对信息产业的供给和教育质量(Educational Quality)在其中的作用,进而详尽和系统剖析中国信息产业技术进步对其劳动力就业的影响过程。
三是通过统计和实证方法测算中国信息产业技术进步,并明确信息产业技术进步与教育质量等外部影响因素的关系。
四是实证检验中国信息产业技术进步对其劳动力就业的影响,包括对劳动力就业总量的影响、对劳动力就业技能结构的影响和对劳动力工资差异的影响。同时检验教育质量和对外开放度对劳动力就业的影响作用。
总结全文,主要得到的一些具有启发性和参考价值的结论有：
第一,近20年来,在中国信息产业迅猛发展,信息化发展指数逐年稳步提升的环境中，信息产业技术水平逐年提高,技术进步表现出更新速度快和知识含量高的特征，同时信息产业劳动力就业人数、劳动力工资和高技能劳动力就业数量均稳步增长.并表现出高就业量、高就业增长率、高收益和技能体现型的特征。信息产业技术发展主要表现为信息网络基础设施、计算机技术、通信技术和“物联网”、“三网融合”、“云计算”等新技术模式四个维度；信息技术的发展包括发明萌芽阶段、渐进式发展阶段、爆炸式发展阶段和趋于成熟阶段四个过程,目前正朝着集约型和绿色化方向迈进。数据显示中国信息产业就业人数及劳动力工资均稳步增长。信息产业劳动力就业的数量及劳动力就业的增长率都位于其他产业或整个社会的前列,就业人员总体平均工资始终位于全国各行业的领先地位,就业人员中大专以上学历人数占总就业人数比重始终处于较高水平。
第二,中国信息产业技术进步的时间和空间差异显著,同时教育质量等外部因素强烈的影响着信息产业技术进步。中国信息产业全要素生产率(Total Factor Productivity, TFP)时间变化趋势明显,同时存在较强的区域差异特征。提高技术进步水平是改善中国信息产业全要素生产率的重要内容。信息产业技术进步受到外部因素的影响较大：教育质量和经济发展水平对技术改善具有显著的正向作用；对外开放度中外商直接投资没有显著的影响信息产业技术进步,但是出口总额占地区生产总值比重的增加会促进信息产业技术提升；政府对科技发展的支持力度和居民信息消费系数与信息产业的技术进步的关系较弱,但二者都与信息产业技术进步具有正向关系。
第三,中国信息产业技术进步对产业内劳动力就业总量起到促进作用,同时中国信息产业存在技能偏向型技术进步(Skill-biased Technological Change, SBTC),随着技术水平的提升高技能劳动力就业的数量和工资都会增长,低技能劳动力就业的数量和工资都会下降。也就是信息产业内部,技术进步会促进高技能劳动力就业，抑制低技能劳动力就业,进而加剧劳动力的工资差距。
第四,教育质量的提高在一定程度上能够减小中国信息产业中技能偏向型技术进步与劳动力就业技能结构和工资差异之间的矛盾。这是因为,一方面,信息产业技术进步的动因归根到底是知识的升级所致,教育通过知识的升级而影响信息产业技术进步。另一方面,教育产生高技能并产生高收益,教育质量提高时,更多的劳动力选择接受教育以获得高收益,这使得信息产业内高技能劳动力增加,低技能劳动力减少.受供求关系的影响,低技能劳动力的工资又会相对增加,两种技能类型的劳动力工资差距会减小。另外,对外开放并不利于信息产业劳动力的就业。
与已有文献相比较,本文主要从以下三个方面做出创新：
首先,首次从信息产业层面论述技术进步与就业的关系。本研究以中国信息产业为分析对象,综合分析中国信息产业技术进步的动因、技术进步的独特特征和产业内劳动力就业的特点,在此基础上探讨技术进步与就业的关系。这弥补了传统的从整体或从宏观角度对技术进步与就业关系的理论分析,丰富和升华了该领域的理论内容。
其次,在分析中国信息产业技术进步与劳动力就业的关系中,添加教育质量这一重要的外生因素,系统分析中国信息产业技术进步对产业内劳动力就业的影响机理，将教育质量对信息产业技术进步的影响和教育质量对劳动力的影响进行综合,从而分野出高技能与低技能劳动力的差异,进而明确剖析了中国信息产业技术进步对产业内劳动力就业的影响过程。
最后,从实证分析角度验证了中国信息产业技术进步与产业内劳动力就业总量、劳动力就业的技能结构和工资差距的关系,同时也验证教育质量与中国信息产业劳动力就业总量、就业的技能结构和工资差距的关系。
信息产业集技术密集型和劳动密集型为一体,产业内先进设备的应用和信息技术的发展都需要高技能劳动力与之相匹配,技术进步必定导致不同技能类型劳动力数量和[资结构发生变化。信息产业技术的进步会促进产业内部总体劳动力和高技能劳动力就业的增长,并带动高技能劳动力的工资增长。也就是说信息产业技能偏向型技术进步导致了产业内劳动力就业技能结构升级的同时也加剧了技能劳动力的供需矛盾。为实现信息产业技术的发展和劳动力充分就业双重目标,本文最后提出针对中国信息产业技术发展和劳动力充分就业的对策建议,主要包括：
第一,优化信息产业内部资源的配置,鼓励自主创新,从信息产业内部提升技术水平。
第二,创造信息产业技术进步的良好的外部发展环境。改变目前区域条块分割的格局,保证全国信息产业整体协调发展。增加中西部地区基础设施投资建设的力度.以减少地区间的信息基础设施差距，在扩大对外开放的同时,应慎时度势,在积极招商引资时应对外资的进入领域和进入方式进行政策限制和正确引导。
第三,全面提高教育质量并提高高等教育的普及性。包括促进教育公平，合理配置教育资源,教育要重点向农村、边远、贫困以及民族地区发展,使更多低收入的人群有机会接受到高等教育,从而全面提高西部和偏远地区的人们的劳动技能和收入
With the rapid development of economic globalization, all countries in the world have entered a rapid informatization development phase since the1990's. Information industry has become the new growth point and strong engine for economic development in China, since the information technological progress around the world has had a profound impact on the development of chinese information industry. The technology level changes quickly with the rapid expansion of scale of chinese information industry. Due to characteristics of technology-intensive and knowledge-intensive, Information industry is taking in more and more labors with higher education level and higher knowledge level. Full employment is one of the goals in chinese macroeconomic regulation, however, the worldwide economic crisis has made employment situation worse in China How to balance the "Erosion effect""Substitution Effect" and "Compensation Effect","Creative Effect" of technological progress on the labor employment, and how to realize the parallel development of technological progress and full employment in chinese information industry, is worthy of our in-depth understanding. Discussing relationship between technological progress and labor employment in chinese information industry has an important practical significance for information industry policies, development of related theory system, development of chinese information industry and development of the prosperity of the whole society.
So far, there is no unified conclusion on the relationship between technological progress and the labor employment in aspects both of theoretical analysis and empirical test after reviewing classical economics theories. Therefore we need to fix the relationship of technological progress and the labor employment in chinese information industry by adding various variables with a combination of specific economic environment and economic object.
This paper analysis the influence of technological progress on labor employment in chinese information industry combined with characteristics of chinese information industry, basing on the classical economics theories, and by the methods of normative analysis, literature research, statistical analysis and empirical test. The main questions discussed in this paper are:
First of all, get the characteristics and features of technological progress and labor employment in chinese information industry, by analyzing the development of Chinese information industry, development of technological progress and development of labor employment through related data.
Secondly, basing on the characteristics and features of technological progress and labor employment, discuss the influence process of technological progress on labor employment in chinese information industry through the theoretical analysis, basing on the cause of technological progress, demand of Chinese information industry for labor, supply of labor market and the function of educational quality
Thirdly, measure the technological progress of chinese information industry and get the relationship between technological progress and external influence factors such as educational quality through statistical and empirical methods
Fourthly, test the relationship between technological progress and labor employment in chinese information industry, including the impact on the total number of labor employment, the skill structure and wage gap, while testing the relationship between educational quality, openness and labor employment.
Summarizing the full text, some enlightening and valuable conclusions are as follows:
Firstly, over the past20years, under the environment of rapid development of information industry and rising index of informationization development, technology level increased year by year with characteristics of high-update speed and high-knowledge, while labor employment, labor wage and the quantity of skilled labor are growing steadily with characteristics of high employment, high rate of employment growth, high incomes and skills-embodied. There are four dimensions during the development of technological progress in chinese information industry:information network infrastructure, computer technology, communications technology and new technology model such an "the Internet of things","Convergence of the Three Networks" and "Cloud Computing"; There are also four processes including embryonic stage, incremental development stage, explosive development and maturity phases, now technology is moving in the direction of intensive and green model. Data shows the quantity of labor and labor wage in chinese information industry are growing steadily, for the quantity of labor and rate of employment growth are in the forefront of other industry or the whole society, overall average wage is in leading position in the industry across the country, college degree or above accounted for higher share of total employment.
Secondly, temporal and spatial differences of technological progress of chinese information industry are significantly, while external factors such as educational quality strongly influenced advances in information technology. Temporal and spatial differences of total factor productivity of chinese information industry also appeared to be significance; Improve the level of technology is an important element to total factor productivity. Technology of information industry greatly influenced by external factors:positive effect of educational quality and economic development, positive effect of degree of openness but no effect of foreign direct investment, week effect of government support for science and technology development and residential information consumption coefficient, but both are related to have a positive relationship.
Thirdly, there is positive relationship between total number of labor employment and technological progress, and skill-biased technological change exists in chinese information industry. As technology improves, the number and wage of high-skilled labor would increase and the number and wage of low-skilled labor would decrease.
Fourthly, to some extent, improving of educational quality can reduce the contradiction between skill-biased technological change and labor employment in chinese information industry. Because on the one hand, the root cause of technology change is due to upgrade knowledge affecting by educational quality, and the other hand, more labors would like to get knowledge for higher income while educational quality improves, which makes more high-skilled labors and less low-skilled labors and the wage gap would decrease. In addition, openness is negative to labor employment in chinese information industry.
Compared with the existing literature, the innovation of this paper appears to be:
Firstly, this paper discussed the relationship between technological progress and labor employment in chinese information industry for the first time. This paper analyzed the relationship between technological progress and labor basing on each characteristic in chinese information industry which can make up for the theoretical analysis of the relationship between technological progress and employment from industry perspective.
Secondly, this paper analyzed the influence mechanism of technological progress and labor employment in chinese information industry systematically, adding an important exogenous factor of educational quality. This paper integrated the effect of educational quality on technological progress and effect of educational quality on labor, and divided the labor into high-skilled and low-skill labor, so as to analysis the process of technological progress on the labor employment in chinese information industry explicitly.
Finally, this paper empirically tested the relationship between technological progress and total number of labor employment, the skill structure and wage gap in chinese information industry. At the same time, this paper tested the relationship between educational quality, openness and labor employment in chinese information industry.
The influence of technological progress on different types of skill labor employment in chinese information industry is inevitable, because information industry is technology-intensive and labor-intensive, the application of advanced equipment and technology are needed for high-skilled labor force. Advances in information technology will promote the total number of workforce especially high-skilled and their wage, which means the contradiction of technological progress and labor employment in chinese information industry, is dramatic due to skill-biased technological change. To achieve the double objectives of technological progress and full employment in chinese information industry, the paper finally proposed some suggestions as follows:
Firstly, optimize the allocation of information resources, and encourage independent innovation, update technology internally.
Secondly, create a good external environment for development of the technological progress of china information industry. Change patterns whose situation is regional fragmentation now to ensure coordinated development for information industry. Increase investment in infrastructure in the central and western areas so as to reduce regional difference. Make certain policies and guidance in the field of ways and area for foreign direct investment when expanding openness.
Thirdly, improve the educational quality and improve the accessibility of higher education, including promoting educational equity, allocating education resources rationally, focusing on the area of remote, poverty and minority so that more low-income people have opportunity to get higher education and to improve labor skills and incomes especially in remote areas and the western.
引文
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①中国信息化发展综述2011,中国信息年鉴[M].北京：中国信息年鉴期刊社,2011。
①专题研究篇——中国信息基础结构(NII)的基本概念及发展现状,中国信息年鉴[M].北京：中国信息年鉴期刊社,2001。
②参见《第23次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》
①2009—2010年软件产业发展状况,中国信息年鉴[M].北京：中国信息年鉴期刊社,2011。
①“九五”信息产业发展概况,中国信息年鉴[M].北京：中国信息年鉴期刊社,2001。
②参见《中国统计年鉴2011》[M],中国统计出版社，2011，第297页
①参见地区发展篇,中国信息年鉴[M].北京：中国信息年鉴期刊社，2010。
①陈强,高级计量经济学及Stata应用[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2010,第159页指出,对于时间期数较小的短面板,可以不考虑“面板自相关”的问题。
②参见陈强,高级计量经济学及Stata应用[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2010,第163页。
①产业发展篇,中国信息年鉴[M].北京：中国信息年鉴期刊社,2010。
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