计算机辅助教学软件设计与开发
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摘要
在当今的信息社会，随着科学技术和人类社会的发展，面对知识经济和国际竞争的挑战，教育已经成为立国之本。深化教育改革，培养具有创新精神和实践能力的高素质人才，已经成为教育所肩负的历史使命。现代教育技术的发展，尤其是以多媒体与网络技术为代表的现代信息技术在教育领域的广泛应用，发挥了传统教育媒体所无可比拟的优势，在以信息化带动教育的现代化，实现教育的跨越式发展进程中具有不可取代的重要作用。
本文首先根据多媒体和网络技术的发展及其对教育教学改革的影响，进一步提出了医学教育应广泛应用多媒体和网络技术，在充分利用信息技术的基础上，创建新型的教学模式，有利于促进传统教学的改革。教学结构和教学模式改革是当前教育教学改革的重要课题，而要创建新型的教学结构或教学模式，有一个必要的前提，即必须改革教学信息只是单向传递的资源环境。CAI教学软件就是一种重要和使用的教学资源。本文的重点：CAI教学软件的设计与制作。
第二部分是论文的核心部分。多媒体教学的实施主要依靠多媒体教学软件，本文论述了多媒体教学软件的定义及特点；其次列举了多媒体教学软件的基本类型；最后结合CAI课件的研制与开发实践，主要讨论了对医学CAI课件的设计原则，较详细地阐述了CAI课件开发的基本步骤，包括课题定义、教学设计、系统功能设计、制作与修改、试用与评价。课题定义主要是从社会的需求，学生的需要，可行性等几个方面来论证教学软件开发的必要性，以确定CAI课程的选题与定位问题；教学设计主要包括教学对象分析、教学内容分析、教学目标分析、教学策略分析、教学媒体选择、最终形成文字稿本；系统设计包括结构设计、导航设计、界面设计和交互设计，最终形成制作脚本；具体制作指CAI教学软件的具体实现，包括素材的准备与制作、软件的编辑与合成；评价修改是指将CAI教学软件投入试运行，并对其缺陷与不足进行修正，使其不断完善。最后总结自己在制作医学CAI教学软件过程中所获得的有益经验和教训。
第三部分论述多媒体教学软件在医学教学中的应用。首先，论述了多媒体技术的应用以及对教学改革的影响，主要是在教学结构和教学模式方面的影响。多媒体技术的迅速发展为创建新型的教学结构或教学模式提供了有利的条件，为了进一步论述这个主
计算机辅助教学软件设计与开发
题，有必要探讨教学结构与教学模式的定义、教学模式的构建原则，包括教育观念与价
值取向原则;教学理论指导原则;学科内容与结构原则;教育心理学原则;教育技术原
则。其次，列举了在医学教学工作中主要采用的教学模式，如基于资源的教学模式、问
题一探究教学模式等，并举例说明;第三从教学方式方法和教学内容两个方面论述多媒
体技术对改革医学教学的促进作用，并举例分析，通过调查得出结论:多媒体技术有利
于提高教学效率，促进教学改革。第四阐述了多媒体技术在医学课堂教学中应用时应注
意的问题以及需要把握的技巧:主要包括克服多媒体万能论、克服“满堂灌”现象、注
意培养学生抽象思维能力、注意处理好图像的各种视觉要素、注意发挥教师主导作用和
学生主体作用、注意提高教师自身综合素质。总之，把cAI辅助教学与传统教学有机的
结合是当前学科教学方式的最佳选择，也是改变传统教学模式的必经之路。
At the information age, with the development of sci-tech and human society, and faced with the challenges of information economy and international competition, education has become the basis for a nation's development. It has become a historical mission to deepen the educational reform and train people with creativity and practical ability. The development of modern educational technology, especially the wide application of information technology based on multimedia and the web in the educational area, has shown an unparalleled priority over the traditional educational media. It plays an irreplaceable role in the process of educational striding development in the modern society where informationalization pushes educational development.
Based on the development of multimedia and the web as well as their impact on educational reform, this article puts forward the issue that multimedia and web technology should be widely applied in medical-college education to reform the traditional teaching models and establish new ones. Reform on teaching structure and teaching models is an important task in the educational reform nowadays. To create new teaching structure and teaching model, a necessary precondition is to reform the one-way-information-transfening resource environment. CAI courseware is an important and practical teaching source. The key point of the article is the design and program of CAI courseware.
The second part is the core of the article. The implement of CAI teaching mainly depends on CAI courseware . The article presents the definition and characteristics of CAI courseware; then lists the main type of it; and lastly with the help of practice on CAI courseware research, this article mainly discusses such issues as designing principles of medical CAI courseware and the basic procedures of CAI courseware design, including definition of problem under discussion, teaching design, design of system function, design and modification, tryout and evaluation, etc. In the definition of problem under discussion, the necessity to use courseware is demonstrated from the angles of the need of the society and of the students, and its practicality. Accordingly, the issue of course subject choosing and orientation can be determined. Teaching design mainly includes the analyses of teaching objects, teaching content, teaching aim, teaching strategy, teaching media, and the final written manuscript. System design inclu
des designs of structure, navigation, interface, interaction and the final produced script. The practical production refers to the practical realization of CAI teaching software, including the preparation and production of material as
well as the compilation and synthesis of software. Evaluation and modification refer to the trial operation of CAI teaching software and the modification of its defects and limitation for the purpose of perfection. Besides, I also summarize the experience and lessons I got when I produced medical CAI teaching software.
The last part of the article discusses the application of CAI teaching software in medical
teaching. First of all, it discusses the application of multimedia technology as well as its impact on educational reform, especially in teaching structure and teaching models. The rapid development of multimedia technology provides advantages for the creation of new teaching structure and teaching model. In order to discuss the topic deeply, it is necessary to explore the definition of teaching structure and teaching model and the principles of constructing teaching models, including principles of educational concepts and value orientation, guiding principles of educational theories, principles of course content and structure, principles of educational psychology and principles of educational technology. And then the main teaching models in medical teaching are enumerated, such as teaching model based on resource, teaching model based on problem. And the next section discusses the promotion of CAI to medical teaching reform in terms of teaching method and teaching c
本文首先根据多媒体和网络技术的发展及其对教育教学改革的影响，进一步提出了医学教育应广泛应用多媒体和网络技术，在充分利用信息技术的基础上，创建新型的教学模式，有利于促进传统教学的改革。教学结构和教学模式改革是当前教育教学改革的重要课题，而要创建新型的教学结构或教学模式，有一个必要的前提，即必须改革教学信息只是单向传递的资源环境。CAI教学软件就是一种重要和使用的教学资源。本文的重点：CAI教学软件的设计与制作。
第二部分是论文的核心部分。多媒体教学的实施主要依靠多媒体教学软件，本文论述了多媒体教学软件的定义及特点；其次列举了多媒体教学软件的基本类型；最后结合CAI课件的研制与开发实践，主要讨论了对医学CAI课件的设计原则，较详细地阐述了CAI课件开发的基本步骤，包括课题定义、教学设计、系统功能设计、制作与修改、试用与评价。课题定义主要是从社会的需求，学生的需要，可行性等几个方面来论证教学软件开发的必要性，以确定CAI课程的选题与定位问题；教学设计主要包括教学对象分析、教学内容分析、教学目标分析、教学策略分析、教学媒体选择、最终形成文字稿本；系统设计包括结构设计、导航设计、界面设计和交互设计，最终形成制作脚本；具体制作指CAI教学软件的具体实现，包括素材的准备与制作、软件的编辑与合成；评价修改是指将CAI教学软件投入试运行，并对其缺陷与不足进行修正，使其不断完善。最后总结自己在制作医学CAI教学软件过程中所获得的有益经验和教训。
第三部分论述多媒体教学软件在医学教学中的应用。首先，论述了多媒体技术的应用以及对教学改革的影响，主要是在教学结构和教学模式方面的影响。多媒体技术的迅速发展为创建新型的教学结构或教学模式提供了有利的条件，为了进一步论述这个主
计算机辅助教学软件设计与开发
题，有必要探讨教学结构与教学模式的定义、教学模式的构建原则，包括教育观念与价
值取向原则;教学理论指导原则;学科内容与结构原则;教育心理学原则;教育技术原
则。其次，列举了在医学教学工作中主要采用的教学模式，如基于资源的教学模式、问
题一探究教学模式等，并举例说明;第三从教学方式方法和教学内容两个方面论述多媒
体技术对改革医学教学的促进作用，并举例分析，通过调查得出结论:多媒体技术有利
于提高教学效率，促进教学改革。第四阐述了多媒体技术在医学课堂教学中应用时应注
意的问题以及需要把握的技巧:主要包括克服多媒体万能论、克服“满堂灌”现象、注
意培养学生抽象思维能力、注意处理好图像的各种视觉要素、注意发挥教师主导作用和
学生主体作用、注意提高教师自身综合素质。总之，把cAI辅助教学与传统教学有机的
结合是当前学科教学方式的最佳选择，也是改变传统教学模式的必经之路。
At the information age, with the development of sci-tech and human society, and faced with the challenges of information economy and international competition, education has become the basis for a nation's development. It has become a historical mission to deepen the educational reform and train people with creativity and practical ability. The development of modern educational technology, especially the wide application of information technology based on multimedia and the web in the educational area, has shown an unparalleled priority over the traditional educational media. It plays an irreplaceable role in the process of educational striding development in the modern society where informationalization pushes educational development.
Based on the development of multimedia and the web as well as their impact on educational reform, this article puts forward the issue that multimedia and web technology should be widely applied in medical-college education to reform the traditional teaching models and establish new ones. Reform on teaching structure and teaching models is an important task in the educational reform nowadays. To create new teaching structure and teaching model, a necessary precondition is to reform the one-way-information-transfening resource environment. CAI courseware is an important and practical teaching source. The key point of the article is the design and program of CAI courseware.
The second part is the core of the article. The implement of CAI teaching mainly depends on CAI courseware . The article presents the definition and characteristics of CAI courseware; then lists the main type of it; and lastly with the help of practice on CAI courseware research, this article mainly discusses such issues as designing principles of medical CAI courseware and the basic procedures of CAI courseware design, including definition of problem under discussion, teaching design, design of system function, design and modification, tryout and evaluation, etc. In the definition of problem under discussion, the necessity to use courseware is demonstrated from the angles of the need of the society and of the students, and its practicality. Accordingly, the issue of course subject choosing and orientation can be determined. Teaching design mainly includes the analyses of teaching objects, teaching content, teaching aim, teaching strategy, teaching media, and the final written manuscript. System design inclu
des designs of structure, navigation, interface, interaction and the final produced script. The practical production refers to the practical realization of CAI teaching software, including the preparation and production of material as
well as the compilation and synthesis of software. Evaluation and modification refer to the trial operation of CAI teaching software and the modification of its defects and limitation for the purpose of perfection. Besides, I also summarize the experience and lessons I got when I produced medical CAI teaching software.
The last part of the article discusses the application of CAI teaching software in medical
teaching. First of all, it discusses the application of multimedia technology as well as its impact on educational reform, especially in teaching structure and teaching models. The rapid development of multimedia technology provides advantages for the creation of new teaching structure and teaching model. In order to discuss the topic deeply, it is necessary to explore the definition of teaching structure and teaching model and the principles of constructing teaching models, including principles of educational concepts and value orientation, guiding principles of educational theories, principles of course content and structure, principles of educational psychology and principles of educational technology. And then the main teaching models in medical teaching are enumerated, such as teaching model based on resource, teaching model based on problem. And the next section discusses the promotion of CAI to medical teaching reform in terms of teaching method and teaching c
引文
[1]Ivanovic-B et al. A case-based integrated curriculum on the World Wide Web[J]. Acad-Med.1997,5
[2]姚忠玲．应用多媒体技术辅助课堂教学[J]．医学视听教育，1997．11
[3]王山青．医学学习规律及原则初步研究[J]．中国高等医学教育，1995．3
[4]戚桂芳．浅谈创作CAI课件应把握的原则[J]．中国医学教育技术，1998．4
[5]张力．提高医学CAI课件质量的要点[J]．中国高等医学教育，1997．2
[6]曾思恩．课堂CAI教学应注意的问题[J]．中国医学教育技术，2001．3
[7]张庆章、张健．从软件工程的角度看基于web的教学课程的开发[J]．中国远程教育，2001．2
[8]乌美娜．教学设计[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1992．5
[9]何克抗，李文光．教育技术学[M]．北京师范大学出版社，2002．10
[10]钟志贤．我们离建构主义有多远[J]．电化教育研究，1999．5
[11]何克抗，李克东等．“主导-主体”教学模式的理论基础[J]．电化教育研究，2000．2
[12]邱崇光．“教学结构”和“教学模式”辨析[J]．电化教育研究，2002．9
[13]曾颂恩、曾思恩、周英琼等．网络的应用及教材建设[J]．中国医学教育技术，2001．1
[14]谢幼如．新型教学模式的研究[J]．电化教育研究，2000．1
[15]谢百治．中美教育技术比较研究[J]．教育技术研究，2001．1
[16]谭珂．“虚拟现实技术”在医学手术仿真训练中的实现与应用[J]．教育技术研究，2001．1
[17]刘雍潜．教育技术学科研究现状与发展的调查报告(下)[J]．中国电化教育，2001．2
[18]陈杰．多媒体技术引入数学教学的优势与误区[J]．中国电化教育，2001．1
[19]高春艳．多媒体技术在历史教学中的运用[J]．中国电化教育，2001．4
[20]张庆秀．如何把握多媒体教学软件设计制作中的技术问题[J]．中国电化教育，2001．3
[21]吴勤．制图多媒体辅助教学课件和使用的再思考[J]，中国电化教育，2001．3
[22]华国胜．关于多媒体教学应用探讨[J]．电化教育研究，2001．11
[2]姚忠玲．应用多媒体技术辅助课堂教学[J]．医学视听教育，1997．11
[3]王山青．医学学习规律及原则初步研究[J]．中国高等医学教育，1995．3
[4]戚桂芳．浅谈创作CAI课件应把握的原则[J]．中国医学教育技术，1998．4
[5]张力．提高医学CAI课件质量的要点[J]．中国高等医学教育，1997．2
[6]曾思恩．课堂CAI教学应注意的问题[J]．中国医学教育技术，2001．3
[7]张庆章、张健．从软件工程的角度看基于web的教学课程的开发[J]．中国远程教育，2001．2
[8]乌美娜．教学设计[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1992．5
[9]何克抗，李文光．教育技术学[M]．北京师范大学出版社，2002．10
[10]钟志贤．我们离建构主义有多远[J]．电化教育研究，1999．5
[11]何克抗，李克东等．“主导-主体”教学模式的理论基础[J]．电化教育研究，2000．2
[12]邱崇光．“教学结构”和“教学模式”辨析[J]．电化教育研究，2002．9
[13]曾颂恩、曾思恩、周英琼等．网络的应用及教材建设[J]．中国医学教育技术，2001．1
[14]谢幼如．新型教学模式的研究[J]．电化教育研究，2000．1
[15]谢百治．中美教育技术比较研究[J]．教育技术研究，2001．1
[16]谭珂．“虚拟现实技术”在医学手术仿真训练中的实现与应用[J]．教育技术研究，2001．1
[17]刘雍潜．教育技术学科研究现状与发展的调查报告(下)[J]．中国电化教育，2001．2
[18]陈杰．多媒体技术引入数学教学的优势与误区[J]．中国电化教育，2001．1
[19]高春艳．多媒体技术在历史教学中的运用[J]．中国电化教育，2001．4
[20]张庆秀．如何把握多媒体教学软件设计制作中的技术问题[J]．中国电化教育，2001．3
[21]吴勤．制图多媒体辅助教学课件和使用的再思考[J]，中国电化教育，2001．3
[22]华国胜．关于多媒体教学应用探讨[J]．电化教育研究，2001．11