动态海面电磁散射与多普勒谱研究
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摘要
海面电磁散射特性研究在海洋遥感、海洋预警及海上目标检测与识别等领域有着十分重要的研究价值。本文对海面电磁散射特性研究领域的相关问题开展了系统的研究工作，重点进行了动态海面电磁散射建模和海面回波信号多普勒谱特性分析。论文主要工作和研究成果如下：
对传统的复合表面模型（CSM）进行了相关改进，提出了优化的复合表面模型（RCSM）。模型中增加了基尔霍夫近似（KA）几何光学解的附加项来提高近垂直入射镜向区内计算结果的准确性。针对复合海面中大尺度波浪部分和小尺度部分对总体散射结果的贡献随海况和散射条件的变化而变化的实际情况，从优化的复合散射模型中分量模型的成立条件出发，给出了基于风速和入射电磁波频率的截断波数的计算方法。结合考虑了海面斜率分布的非高斯效应、面元之间的遮挡效应以及中到大尺度海浪的曲率调制作用等优化方法，提高了优化模型计算结果的有效性和准确性。
鉴于复合表面模型中划分海浪尺度的截断波数选择的不确定性，提出了按照具体局部面元散射角的划分来选择相应的电磁散射计算模型的角度截断复合表面模型（ACCSM），针对不同海况下的具体二维复合尺度海面样本进行相应的快速电磁散射建模。与传统复合表面模型相比，该模型能够根据每一个具体面元的散射特性灵活处理该面元对总散射场的贡献。计算了L-Ku波段等多波段下不同风速时的二维介质海面同极化和交叉极化散射系数，通过比较发现，ACCSM与相应波段的实测数据结果吻合良好。与相同计算条件下的RCSM比较发现ACCSM具有更高的计算效率。
基于线性和非线性海面几何模型与粗糙面电磁散射计算模型相结合的方法，对比研究了线性与非线性海面的几何统计特征和电磁散射特性。计算了线性与非线性海面的后向散射系数和双站散射系数，分析了雷达参数和海环境参数以及非线性作用对散射系数的影响。对计算结果进行分析发现波浪间的非线性作用对散射系数的影响主要体现在非镜向散射方向，而非线性海面的散射系数要略大于对应的线性海面散射系数。
针对动态海面具有比静态海面更复杂的散射机理需要进行相应的详细解释和准确处理，通过引入锥形入射场并采用小斜率近似（SSA）模型计算研究动态海面后向散射回波信号的多普勒谱特性。分析了入射角、入射波频率、极化方式、海面介电特性、风速、风向等雷达参数和海环境参数以及非线性作用对多普勒频移和谱展宽的影响。计算结果表明，非线性作用对动态海面回波多普勒谱特性的影响不容忽视。分析计算结果发现，一阶SSA（SSA-1）计算得到的垂直极化和水平极化多普勒谱相同，而二阶SSA（SSA-2）则能有效地反映不同极化下的谱差异。基于与数值方法计算结果的对比，可以发现SSA-2能够在定量的基础上准确地反映不同极化下动态海面回波信号多普勒频移和展宽变化特性，体现了其在动态海面回波多普勒谱特性分析中的可行性。
结合流体动力学理论和有限水深海谱模型，在无限深海面建模的基础上建立有限深度水域海面的几何模型，通过计算相关海面统计参数，比较分析有限深度水域海面和无限深海面在统计特性方面的差异。采用SSA-2对有限深度水域动态海面电磁散射及回波多普勒谱特性进行研究，数值计算并分析了水深以及其他雷达参数和海环境参数对散射系数和多普勒谱的影响，结果反映出有限深度水域中波与波之间的非线性作用程度要比深水中的更加强烈。
The value of research on the electromagnetic (EM) scattering from sea surface isvery significant in the field of ocean remote sensing, ocean early warning and thedetection and recognition of maritime targets. This dissertation systematically presentsthe research on the EM scattering from the sea surface, and focuses on the modeling ofEM scattering from the dynamic time-evolving sea surface and the Doppler spectraanalysis of the EM echoes from the dynamic sea surfaces. The main research andacademic contributions of the current work are as follows:
Based on the improvement of the classical composite surface model (CSM), therefined composite surface model (RCSM) is presented. The Geometrical Optics (GO)solution of Kirchhoff Approximation (KA) serves as an additional part to improve thecalculation accuracy of the results near normal incidence. At different sea stateconditions, the shares of the contribution to total scattering from large-scale andsmall-scale sea surface should change, thus based on the validity conditions ofcomponent models in the CSM, the cutoff wavenumber with wind speed dependenceand incident wave frequency dependence is introduced. The non-Gaussian effect of seasurface slope distribution, the effects of the shadow function of surface facets and thecurvature of the surface are taken into account comprehensively, which improves thevalidity and accuracy of the model.
Due to the uncertainty for dividing the wave scale, an angular cutoff compositesurface model (ACCSM) is proposed. This model uses the local scattering angle ofspecific facet on the sea surface to choose corresponding EM scattering model, then therapid EM scattering modeling for the specific two-dimensional (2-D) composite scalesurface sample in different sea states is presented. Compared with the CSM, thecontribution to total scattering field from each specific facet can be handled with greatflexibility by the ACCSM. Numerical calculations are carried out for co-polarized andcross-polarized scattering coefficients of2-D dielectric sea surface versus different windspeeds in the L to Ku band. The comparison of numerical results of the ACCSM andexperimental measured data shows they agree well. The ACCSM has a highercomputational efficiency compared with RCSM under the same operating conditions.
The linear and nonlinear sea surface geometrical models combined with the EMscattering calculation methods are used to comparatively study the geometricalstatistical properties and the EM scattering characteristics of both types of sea surfaces.The backscattering coefficient and bistatic coefficient of the linear and nonlinear sea surface are numerically calculated, the influence of the radar parameters and marineenvironmental parameters on scattering coefficient are analyzed. It is found that theimpact of the nonlinear interaction between waves mainly reflected in the non-specularscattering directions, and the results for nonlinear sea surface are slightly larger thancorresponding results for linear sea surface.
The scattering mechanism for dynamic sea surface is much more complicatedcompared with the counterpart for the static sea surface, thus the EM scattering fromdynamic sea surfaces needs to be accurately processed and analyzed in detail.Combined with the introduction of the tapered incident field, the Small SlopeApproximation (SSA) is utilized to study the Doppler spectra characteristics ofbackscattered echoes from the dynamic sea surface. The influence of nonlinear effect,radar and marine environmental parameters such as incident angle, frequency of theincident wave, polarization, electrical characteristics of the sea, wind speed, winddirection et al. on the Doppler shift and spectral width is analyzed in detail. Simulationresults show that nonlinear interactions between waves cannot be neglected if one aimsat interpreting the radar Doppler spectra. It is also found that the Doppler spectra forvertical polarization and horizontal polarization calculated by the first-order SSA(SSA-1) are the same, while the second-order SSA (SSA-2) is able to reflect thepolarimetric difference of the Doppler spectra. Based on the comparison of the resultsfrom numerical methods, it is found that the SSA-2is capable of elaborating thecharacteristics of the Doppler shift and spectral width of echoes backscattered fromdynamic sea surface for different polarizations, which show its feasibility in the analysisof Doppler spectral characteristics.
Combining the hydrodynamic theory with the finite-depth sea spectrum, wesimulate the finte-depth sea waves based on the infinite-depth sea surface modeling.The related statistical parameters are calculated, and the statistical differences betweenthese two types of surfaces are compared and analyzed successively. Based on theSSA-2, the EM scattering and Doppler spectra from dynamic surfaces of finite-depthsea are studied, the influences of the water depth and other radar and marineenvironmental parameters on the scattering coefficient and Doppler spectra areevaluated and analyzed in detail, which reflect that the nonlinear effect in thefinite-depth sea is much more intense.
对传统的复合表面模型（CSM）进行了相关改进，提出了优化的复合表面模型（RCSM）。模型中增加了基尔霍夫近似（KA）几何光学解的附加项来提高近垂直入射镜向区内计算结果的准确性。针对复合海面中大尺度波浪部分和小尺度部分对总体散射结果的贡献随海况和散射条件的变化而变化的实际情况，从优化的复合散射模型中分量模型的成立条件出发，给出了基于风速和入射电磁波频率的截断波数的计算方法。结合考虑了海面斜率分布的非高斯效应、面元之间的遮挡效应以及中到大尺度海浪的曲率调制作用等优化方法，提高了优化模型计算结果的有效性和准确性。
鉴于复合表面模型中划分海浪尺度的截断波数选择的不确定性，提出了按照具体局部面元散射角的划分来选择相应的电磁散射计算模型的角度截断复合表面模型（ACCSM），针对不同海况下的具体二维复合尺度海面样本进行相应的快速电磁散射建模。与传统复合表面模型相比，该模型能够根据每一个具体面元的散射特性灵活处理该面元对总散射场的贡献。计算了L-Ku波段等多波段下不同风速时的二维介质海面同极化和交叉极化散射系数，通过比较发现，ACCSM与相应波段的实测数据结果吻合良好。与相同计算条件下的RCSM比较发现ACCSM具有更高的计算效率。
基于线性和非线性海面几何模型与粗糙面电磁散射计算模型相结合的方法，对比研究了线性与非线性海面的几何统计特征和电磁散射特性。计算了线性与非线性海面的后向散射系数和双站散射系数，分析了雷达参数和海环境参数以及非线性作用对散射系数的影响。对计算结果进行分析发现波浪间的非线性作用对散射系数的影响主要体现在非镜向散射方向，而非线性海面的散射系数要略大于对应的线性海面散射系数。
针对动态海面具有比静态海面更复杂的散射机理需要进行相应的详细解释和准确处理，通过引入锥形入射场并采用小斜率近似（SSA）模型计算研究动态海面后向散射回波信号的多普勒谱特性。分析了入射角、入射波频率、极化方式、海面介电特性、风速、风向等雷达参数和海环境参数以及非线性作用对多普勒频移和谱展宽的影响。计算结果表明，非线性作用对动态海面回波多普勒谱特性的影响不容忽视。分析计算结果发现，一阶SSA（SSA-1）计算得到的垂直极化和水平极化多普勒谱相同，而二阶SSA（SSA-2）则能有效地反映不同极化下的谱差异。基于与数值方法计算结果的对比，可以发现SSA-2能够在定量的基础上准确地反映不同极化下动态海面回波信号多普勒频移和展宽变化特性，体现了其在动态海面回波多普勒谱特性分析中的可行性。
结合流体动力学理论和有限水深海谱模型，在无限深海面建模的基础上建立有限深度水域海面的几何模型，通过计算相关海面统计参数，比较分析有限深度水域海面和无限深海面在统计特性方面的差异。采用SSA-2对有限深度水域动态海面电磁散射及回波多普勒谱特性进行研究，数值计算并分析了水深以及其他雷达参数和海环境参数对散射系数和多普勒谱的影响，结果反映出有限深度水域中波与波之间的非线性作用程度要比深水中的更加强烈。
The value of research on the electromagnetic (EM) scattering from sea surface isvery significant in the field of ocean remote sensing, ocean early warning and thedetection and recognition of maritime targets. This dissertation systematically presentsthe research on the EM scattering from the sea surface, and focuses on the modeling ofEM scattering from the dynamic time-evolving sea surface and the Doppler spectraanalysis of the EM echoes from the dynamic sea surfaces. The main research andacademic contributions of the current work are as follows:
Based on the improvement of the classical composite surface model (CSM), therefined composite surface model (RCSM) is presented. The Geometrical Optics (GO)solution of Kirchhoff Approximation (KA) serves as an additional part to improve thecalculation accuracy of the results near normal incidence. At different sea stateconditions, the shares of the contribution to total scattering from large-scale andsmall-scale sea surface should change, thus based on the validity conditions ofcomponent models in the CSM, the cutoff wavenumber with wind speed dependenceand incident wave frequency dependence is introduced. The non-Gaussian effect of seasurface slope distribution, the effects of the shadow function of surface facets and thecurvature of the surface are taken into account comprehensively, which improves thevalidity and accuracy of the model.
Due to the uncertainty for dividing the wave scale, an angular cutoff compositesurface model (ACCSM) is proposed. This model uses the local scattering angle ofspecific facet on the sea surface to choose corresponding EM scattering model, then therapid EM scattering modeling for the specific two-dimensional (2-D) composite scalesurface sample in different sea states is presented. Compared with the CSM, thecontribution to total scattering field from each specific facet can be handled with greatflexibility by the ACCSM. Numerical calculations are carried out for co-polarized andcross-polarized scattering coefficients of2-D dielectric sea surface versus different windspeeds in the L to Ku band. The comparison of numerical results of the ACCSM andexperimental measured data shows they agree well. The ACCSM has a highercomputational efficiency compared with RCSM under the same operating conditions.
The linear and nonlinear sea surface geometrical models combined with the EMscattering calculation methods are used to comparatively study the geometricalstatistical properties and the EM scattering characteristics of both types of sea surfaces.The backscattering coefficient and bistatic coefficient of the linear and nonlinear sea surface are numerically calculated, the influence of the radar parameters and marineenvironmental parameters on scattering coefficient are analyzed. It is found that theimpact of the nonlinear interaction between waves mainly reflected in the non-specularscattering directions, and the results for nonlinear sea surface are slightly larger thancorresponding results for linear sea surface.
The scattering mechanism for dynamic sea surface is much more complicatedcompared with the counterpart for the static sea surface, thus the EM scattering fromdynamic sea surfaces needs to be accurately processed and analyzed in detail.Combined with the introduction of the tapered incident field, the Small SlopeApproximation (SSA) is utilized to study the Doppler spectra characteristics ofbackscattered echoes from the dynamic sea surface. The influence of nonlinear effect,radar and marine environmental parameters such as incident angle, frequency of theincident wave, polarization, electrical characteristics of the sea, wind speed, winddirection et al. on the Doppler shift and spectral width is analyzed in detail. Simulationresults show that nonlinear interactions between waves cannot be neglected if one aimsat interpreting the radar Doppler spectra. It is also found that the Doppler spectra forvertical polarization and horizontal polarization calculated by the first-order SSA(SSA-1) are the same, while the second-order SSA (SSA-2) is able to reflect thepolarimetric difference of the Doppler spectra. Based on the comparison of the resultsfrom numerical methods, it is found that the SSA-2is capable of elaborating thecharacteristics of the Doppler shift and spectral width of echoes backscattered fromdynamic sea surface for different polarizations, which show its feasibility in the analysisof Doppler spectral characteristics.
Combining the hydrodynamic theory with the finite-depth sea spectrum, wesimulate the finte-depth sea waves based on the infinite-depth sea surface modeling.The related statistical parameters are calculated, and the statistical differences betweenthese two types of surfaces are compared and analyzed successively. Based on theSSA-2, the EM scattering and Doppler spectra from dynamic surfaces of finite-depthsea are studied, the influences of the water depth and other radar and marineenvironmental parameters on the scattering coefficient and Doppler spectra areevaluated and analyzed in detail, which reflect that the nonlinear effect in thefinite-depth sea is much more intense.
引文
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