时变海面与目标复合电磁散射研究
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摘要
对于实际地海环境杂波特性的研究是复杂环境中目标识别和信号分离技术的关键所在,其应用涉及遥感、雷达成像和预警等众多领域。论文系统地研究了海面电磁散射及其与电大尺寸目标复合散射问题,重点进行时变海面及其与上方运动目标的回波多普勒分析,建立掠入射条件下包含碎浪和船首波的时域复合散射模型。论文主要工作如下：
1.首先总结基于海谱的海面几何建模方法,并采用Creamer模型生成二维非线性海面。在此基础上分别采用修正的双尺度法和迭代基尔霍夫近似方法分析海面电磁散射。通过引入曲率项和相位项,修正的双尺度法可以有效计算海面同极化的散射场；迭代基尔霍夫近似通过对海面表面电磁流的修正引入了海面面元之间的多次散射效应。利用Z-Buffer技术对确定的海面几何模型进行消隐处理,代替了传统的遮挡函数。根据仿真数据对海杂波统计特性进行分析。
2.通过修正海面反射系数和散射路径,得到适合计算海面上电大目标复合散射场的四路径模型。基于互易性原理对二维海面与三维电大目标之间耦合场进行分析,得到相关结论。采用无网格法的基本解方法分析一维粗糙海面及其与目标复合散射,得到与矩量法等同精度的数值结果,并且有效提高了计算效率
3.鉴于舰船与海面之间形成的类似角反射器结构,采用迭代物理光学法计算船体与海面之间多次散射场。利用Z-Buffer技术处理了舰船-海面复杂模型的自遮挡现象,并对迭代的收敛性进行讨论。通过对双站散射截面和基于数值结果的合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像仿真,发现舰船与海面的类似角反射器结构在后向附近产生强烈的耦合散射。
4.基于准静态近似,采用频域方法进行时变海面舰船目标动态雷达特征信号建模。从实际的海面散射环境出发,分析海面几何模型中的非线性项和海浪漂流运动对于海面散射多普勒谱的影响。通过引入波浪水平运动速度分量,得到与实测多普勒谱相符的数值结果。基于修正的四路径模型,计算时变海面上运动目标电磁散射多普勒谱,对复合散射各个分量的多普勒频移和展宽进行研究。
5.针对掠入射条件下海面外场实测中出现的超级现象(Super Events),建立包含溢出型碎浪的复杂海面电磁散射模型。采用有限大二面角劈结构来近似模拟碎浪三维几何模型,根据波浪破碎判据得到碎浪在二维海面上的空间分布并与实测及经验公式比较。结合海面面散射和碎浪体散射研究掠入射下散射系数和多普勒谱特征,并对超级现象的形成原因进行分析。基于Ke]vin船首波模型分析船首波散射与船型参数的关系,以及船首波对复合电磁散射的影响。
Research on the clutter characteristics of the realistic earth and sea environment is the key point in the target recognition and signal separation technologies for the complex environment, and its applications are widely involved in various fields, such as remote sensing, radar imaging, and early warning. The dissertation presents the research of the electromagnetic scattering from the sea surface and the composite scattering from the electrically large targets and the sea surface, which is with emphasis on the Doppler analysis of the time domain electromagnetic echo from the time-varied sea surface and the moving target. The time domain composite scattering is modeled with inclusion of the breaking waves and the ship bow waves in the low grazing angles. The main works are as follows:
1. The geometric modelings of the sea surface are summaried based on the sea spectrums, and the two-dimensional nonlinear sea surfaces are generated with the Creamer model. The electromagnetic scattering of the sea surface is investigated with the modified two-scale method and the iterated Kirchhoff Approximation respectively. Including the curvature term and phase term, the modified two-scale method can be used to calculate the co-polarized scattering field from the sea surface. With correction of the electromagnetic currents on the sea surface, the multi-scattering field between the surface facets is analyzed with the iterated Kirchhoff Approximation. The Z-Buffer technology is utilized for the shadowing effect of the deterministic sea surface model and substitutes the classical shadowing functions. The statistical properties of the sea clutter are investigated with the simulated results.
2. The four-path model is modified for the electrically large targets on sea surface by the corrections of the reflection coefficients and the scattering paths. The coupling scattering between the two-dimensional sea surface and the three-dimensional electrically large target is analyzed based on the reciprocity theorem, and some conclusions are obtained. The fundamental solutions to the mesh free method are used to analyze the composite scattering of the one-dimensional rough sea surface and the target. The accuracy of the numerical results is equivalent to the method of moment, and the calculation efficiency is promoted prominently.
3. Due to the corner reflector structure formed by the ship and the sea surface, the multiple scattering between the ship hull and the sea surface is evaluated with the iterated physical optics method. The self-shadowing of the complex ship-sea model is treated with the Z-Buffer technology, and the convergence of the itetation is discussed. With the analysis of the bistatic scattering cross sections and the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging of the simulated data, the strong coupling scattering of the dihedral corner reflector structure of the ship-sea model is observed near the backward direction.
4. Based on the quasi-stationary approximation, the dynamic radar signatures for ships on time-varied sea surface is modeled with the frequency domain methods. The effects of the nonlinear term and the sea wave drift on the Doppler spectrum of the scattering field are investigated for the realistic sea scattering environment. The numerical results agree with the measured data well with inclusion of the horizontal motion of the water waves. The composite scattering of the moving targets on the time-varied sea surface is calculated with the modified four-path model, and the components of the composite scattering are analyzed with the Doppler spectrum.
5. The complex sea surface scattering model is established with inclusion of the spilling breakers to analyze the super events in the filed experiments in the low grazing angles. The three-dimensional geometric models of the breaking waves are approximately simulated with the dihedral wedge with finite size. According to the breaking criteria of the sea waves, the distribution of the breakers is obtained, which is also compared with the measured data and empirical formulas. Combined with the surface scattering and the volume scattering, the scattering coefficients and the Doppler spectrum are investigated for the forming reason of the super events in low grazing angles. The relationship between the scattering of ship bow wave and the ship signature is analyzed based on the Kelvin bow wave model, and the effects of the ship bow waves on the composite scattering are investigated.
1.首先总结基于海谱的海面几何建模方法,并采用Creamer模型生成二维非线性海面。在此基础上分别采用修正的双尺度法和迭代基尔霍夫近似方法分析海面电磁散射。通过引入曲率项和相位项,修正的双尺度法可以有效计算海面同极化的散射场；迭代基尔霍夫近似通过对海面表面电磁流的修正引入了海面面元之间的多次散射效应。利用Z-Buffer技术对确定的海面几何模型进行消隐处理,代替了传统的遮挡函数。根据仿真数据对海杂波统计特性进行分析。
2.通过修正海面反射系数和散射路径,得到适合计算海面上电大目标复合散射场的四路径模型。基于互易性原理对二维海面与三维电大目标之间耦合场进行分析,得到相关结论。采用无网格法的基本解方法分析一维粗糙海面及其与目标复合散射,得到与矩量法等同精度的数值结果,并且有效提高了计算效率
3.鉴于舰船与海面之间形成的类似角反射器结构,采用迭代物理光学法计算船体与海面之间多次散射场。利用Z-Buffer技术处理了舰船-海面复杂模型的自遮挡现象,并对迭代的收敛性进行讨论。通过对双站散射截面和基于数值结果的合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像仿真,发现舰船与海面的类似角反射器结构在后向附近产生强烈的耦合散射。
4.基于准静态近似,采用频域方法进行时变海面舰船目标动态雷达特征信号建模。从实际的海面散射环境出发,分析海面几何模型中的非线性项和海浪漂流运动对于海面散射多普勒谱的影响。通过引入波浪水平运动速度分量,得到与实测多普勒谱相符的数值结果。基于修正的四路径模型,计算时变海面上运动目标电磁散射多普勒谱,对复合散射各个分量的多普勒频移和展宽进行研究。
5.针对掠入射条件下海面外场实测中出现的超级现象(Super Events),建立包含溢出型碎浪的复杂海面电磁散射模型。采用有限大二面角劈结构来近似模拟碎浪三维几何模型,根据波浪破碎判据得到碎浪在二维海面上的空间分布并与实测及经验公式比较。结合海面面散射和碎浪体散射研究掠入射下散射系数和多普勒谱特征,并对超级现象的形成原因进行分析。基于Ke]vin船首波模型分析船首波散射与船型参数的关系,以及船首波对复合电磁散射的影响。
Research on the clutter characteristics of the realistic earth and sea environment is the key point in the target recognition and signal separation technologies for the complex environment, and its applications are widely involved in various fields, such as remote sensing, radar imaging, and early warning. The dissertation presents the research of the electromagnetic scattering from the sea surface and the composite scattering from the electrically large targets and the sea surface, which is with emphasis on the Doppler analysis of the time domain electromagnetic echo from the time-varied sea surface and the moving target. The time domain composite scattering is modeled with inclusion of the breaking waves and the ship bow waves in the low grazing angles. The main works are as follows:
1. The geometric modelings of the sea surface are summaried based on the sea spectrums, and the two-dimensional nonlinear sea surfaces are generated with the Creamer model. The electromagnetic scattering of the sea surface is investigated with the modified two-scale method and the iterated Kirchhoff Approximation respectively. Including the curvature term and phase term, the modified two-scale method can be used to calculate the co-polarized scattering field from the sea surface. With correction of the electromagnetic currents on the sea surface, the multi-scattering field between the surface facets is analyzed with the iterated Kirchhoff Approximation. The Z-Buffer technology is utilized for the shadowing effect of the deterministic sea surface model and substitutes the classical shadowing functions. The statistical properties of the sea clutter are investigated with the simulated results.
2. The four-path model is modified for the electrically large targets on sea surface by the corrections of the reflection coefficients and the scattering paths. The coupling scattering between the two-dimensional sea surface and the three-dimensional electrically large target is analyzed based on the reciprocity theorem, and some conclusions are obtained. The fundamental solutions to the mesh free method are used to analyze the composite scattering of the one-dimensional rough sea surface and the target. The accuracy of the numerical results is equivalent to the method of moment, and the calculation efficiency is promoted prominently.
3. Due to the corner reflector structure formed by the ship and the sea surface, the multiple scattering between the ship hull and the sea surface is evaluated with the iterated physical optics method. The self-shadowing of the complex ship-sea model is treated with the Z-Buffer technology, and the convergence of the itetation is discussed. With the analysis of the bistatic scattering cross sections and the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging of the simulated data, the strong coupling scattering of the dihedral corner reflector structure of the ship-sea model is observed near the backward direction.
4. Based on the quasi-stationary approximation, the dynamic radar signatures for ships on time-varied sea surface is modeled with the frequency domain methods. The effects of the nonlinear term and the sea wave drift on the Doppler spectrum of the scattering field are investigated for the realistic sea scattering environment. The numerical results agree with the measured data well with inclusion of the horizontal motion of the water waves. The composite scattering of the moving targets on the time-varied sea surface is calculated with the modified four-path model, and the components of the composite scattering are analyzed with the Doppler spectrum.
5. The complex sea surface scattering model is established with inclusion of the spilling breakers to analyze the super events in the filed experiments in the low grazing angles. The three-dimensional geometric models of the breaking waves are approximately simulated with the dihedral wedge with finite size. According to the breaking criteria of the sea waves, the distribution of the breakers is obtained, which is also compared with the measured data and empirical formulas. Combined with the surface scattering and the volume scattering, the scattering coefficients and the Doppler spectrum are investigated for the forming reason of the super events in low grazing angles. The relationship between the scattering of ship bow wave and the ship signature is analyzed based on the Kelvin bow wave model, and the effects of the ship bow waves on the composite scattering are investigated.
引文
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