星载分布式InSAR信号仿真与处理研究
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摘要
星载分布式InSAR系统是将卫星编队技术与星载SAR技术相结合的新体制雷达系统。它通过多颗卫星编队飞行、协同工作来进行地面高程测量。相对于其它地面高程测量方式和其它InSAR系统,星载分布式InSAR系统具有自己独特的优点,因此正成为国内外关注的热点。本文瞄准这一前沿课题,系统地研究了星载分布式InSAR系统建模和信号仿真方法,星载分布式InSAR信号处理方法和星载分布式InSAR DEM三维重建方法。为未来的系统实现提供支持。
第二章研究了星载分布式InSAR系统建模和信号仿真方法。系统的模型包括几何模型和信号模型,对几何模型研究了系统的轨道模型、编队卫星相对运动规律以及星地间几何关系。星载分布式InSAR系统相对于传统InSAR系统具有立体基线、变基线、斜视、收发分置等新特点,针对这些新特点进行了InSAR信号的相干性分析。为了对星载分布式InSAR进行信号仿真,讨论了地面散射模型和小面单元模型,对三维地面场景进行电磁散射建模。利用上述模型研究了三维地面场景回波和图像仿真方法。针对星载分布式InSAR的同步问题,研究了同步误差的仿真方法。为了使仿真信号能同时体现表面散射去相干和体散射去相干,提出进一步将小面单元划分为体元,分析了小面单元和体元划分需要达到的条件。
第三章研究了星载分布式InSAR回波成像及图像配准方法。星载分布式InSAR在一些构形下会出现双站的情况,这时要使用双站成像。提出了双站成像的双速直线距离模型,分析了距离模型存在误差时对成像的影响。基于此距离模型对距离.多普勒成像算法进行了改进。分析了同步误差对成像的影响。对于InSAR图像的配准,重点研究了亚像素级配准。讨论了亚像素级配准的两种方法:相关配准法和基于频谱差别的配准方法。对相关配准法提出利用chirp变换算法来提高计算效率,对频谱差别配准法提出从信号统计特征角度进行分析。
第四章研究了星载分布式InSAR信号滤波及解缠方法。InSAR信号滤波分为预置滤波和相位图滤波。研究了预置滤波的原理与方法,以及相位图滤波窗口尺寸的选择方法。预置滤波和相位图滤波都需要对干涉相位频率参数进行估计,故研究了最大似然法进行估计的方法。干涉相位图的解缠分为单基线解缠和多基线解缠。对单基线解缠,介绍了路径跟踪法和最小范数法两类解缠算法。对多基线解缠,基于星载分布式InSAR系统的几何构形,提出利用重建方程组求取多幅干涉相位图之间的关系,并将这种关系运用到最大似然法和最小二乘法两种多基线解缠方法中。
第五章研究了星载分布式InSAR系统三维重建DEM的方法。讨论了星载分布式InSAR直接三维重建方法、测高和定位分别进行的三维重建方法、利用辅图像多普勒方程的三维重建方法。对这三种方法分析了输入参数误差到重建误差的传递系数。从传递系数可见,重建对基线测量精度要求很高,故提出了一种使用地面控制点情况下的三维重建方法,能大大降低对基线测量精度的要求。并对单控制点情况,分析了此时输入参数误差到重建误差的传递系数。
Distributed spaceborne InSAR system is a novel spaceborne radar system combining satellite formation flying technology and spaceborne SAR technology. It can measure the ground elevation by formation flying and cooperation of several satellites. Because distributed spaceborne InSAR system has its own unique virtue relative to other ground elevation mapping technique and other InSAR system, it is becoming a hot point researched around the world. Aiming at this novel research, this paper studied system modeling, signal simulation, signal processing and DEM reconstruction of the distributed spaceborne InSAR system. The research can support realization of the system in the future.
System modeling and signal simulaiton were studied in chapter 2. System models include geometric model and signal model. In geometric model, orbit model of the satellites, relative movement of the formation and geometric relation between satellite and ground were studied. Relative to traditional InSAR system the distributed spaceborne InSAR has the characters such as tridimensional baseline, variational baseline, squint-looking, separate transmitter and receiver. According to these characters correlation of signal was analyzed. In order to simulate the backscattered signal, backscattering model and facet model were studied. Using these models the electromagnetic scattering of the tridimensional ground scene was modeled. Then backscattered signal and SAR image were simulated. On the synchronization problem in the system, simulating method of synchronization error was studied. In order to realize surface decorrelation and volume decorrelation at the same time in simulated signal, the ground scene was separated into voxels based on facets. The method of separating voxels and facets was analyzed.
Imaging and coregistration were studied in chapter 3. In some formations, the system is bistatic. In this situation, bistatic imaging is needed. At first a bi-velocity beeline distance model of bistatic imaging was presented. When error existed in the distance model, influence to imaging was analyzed. Based on this distance model, a improved Range-Doppler algorithm was studied. Then synchronization influence on imaging was analyzed. In the research of image coregistration, the emphases is sub-pixel coregistraion. In this dissertion two sub-pixel coregistration methods were studied: correlation coregistration and coregistration using spectral diversity. In correlation coregistration a method using chirp transform algorithm to increase computing efficiency was presented. In coregistration using spectral diversity an analysis from the point of view of statistical character was presented.
Filtering and unwrapping were studied in chapter 4. Filtering of InSAR signal includes pre-filtering and interferogram filtering. Principle and method of pre-filtering were studied. In interferogram filtering, choice of filtering window size was analyzed. Estimating frequency parameters of interferogram is needed in pre-filtering and interferogram filtering. So the estimation using max-likelihood method was studied. Unwrapping of interferogram includes single baseline unwrapping and multi-baseline unwrapping. In single baseline unwrapping, path-following methods and minimum-norm methods were introduced. In multi-baseline unwrapping, based on geometric model of distributed spaceborne InSAR, the relation between several interferograms got from reconstruction formulas was presented. This relation was used in two multi-baseline unwrapping methods: max-likelihood method and least-squares method.
DEM reconstruction was studied in chapter 5. In this chapter, three methods were studied: direct reconstruction, reconstruction with separate elevation and position measuring, reconstruction using Doppler formula of slave image. To these three methods the transferring coefficients between inputting error and reconstructing error were analyzed. The analysis shows that the requirement of baseline measurement is critical. Therefore a reconstruction method using ground control points was presented. The method can decrease the baseline measuring requirement. To the situation using single ground control point, transferring coefficient between inputting error and reconstructing error was analyzed.
第二章研究了星载分布式InSAR系统建模和信号仿真方法。系统的模型包括几何模型和信号模型,对几何模型研究了系统的轨道模型、编队卫星相对运动规律以及星地间几何关系。星载分布式InSAR系统相对于传统InSAR系统具有立体基线、变基线、斜视、收发分置等新特点,针对这些新特点进行了InSAR信号的相干性分析。为了对星载分布式InSAR进行信号仿真,讨论了地面散射模型和小面单元模型,对三维地面场景进行电磁散射建模。利用上述模型研究了三维地面场景回波和图像仿真方法。针对星载分布式InSAR的同步问题,研究了同步误差的仿真方法。为了使仿真信号能同时体现表面散射去相干和体散射去相干,提出进一步将小面单元划分为体元,分析了小面单元和体元划分需要达到的条件。
第三章研究了星载分布式InSAR回波成像及图像配准方法。星载分布式InSAR在一些构形下会出现双站的情况,这时要使用双站成像。提出了双站成像的双速直线距离模型,分析了距离模型存在误差时对成像的影响。基于此距离模型对距离.多普勒成像算法进行了改进。分析了同步误差对成像的影响。对于InSAR图像的配准,重点研究了亚像素级配准。讨论了亚像素级配准的两种方法:相关配准法和基于频谱差别的配准方法。对相关配准法提出利用chirp变换算法来提高计算效率,对频谱差别配准法提出从信号统计特征角度进行分析。
第四章研究了星载分布式InSAR信号滤波及解缠方法。InSAR信号滤波分为预置滤波和相位图滤波。研究了预置滤波的原理与方法,以及相位图滤波窗口尺寸的选择方法。预置滤波和相位图滤波都需要对干涉相位频率参数进行估计,故研究了最大似然法进行估计的方法。干涉相位图的解缠分为单基线解缠和多基线解缠。对单基线解缠,介绍了路径跟踪法和最小范数法两类解缠算法。对多基线解缠,基于星载分布式InSAR系统的几何构形,提出利用重建方程组求取多幅干涉相位图之间的关系,并将这种关系运用到最大似然法和最小二乘法两种多基线解缠方法中。
第五章研究了星载分布式InSAR系统三维重建DEM的方法。讨论了星载分布式InSAR直接三维重建方法、测高和定位分别进行的三维重建方法、利用辅图像多普勒方程的三维重建方法。对这三种方法分析了输入参数误差到重建误差的传递系数。从传递系数可见,重建对基线测量精度要求很高,故提出了一种使用地面控制点情况下的三维重建方法,能大大降低对基线测量精度的要求。并对单控制点情况,分析了此时输入参数误差到重建误差的传递系数。
Distributed spaceborne InSAR system is a novel spaceborne radar system combining satellite formation flying technology and spaceborne SAR technology. It can measure the ground elevation by formation flying and cooperation of several satellites. Because distributed spaceborne InSAR system has its own unique virtue relative to other ground elevation mapping technique and other InSAR system, it is becoming a hot point researched around the world. Aiming at this novel research, this paper studied system modeling, signal simulation, signal processing and DEM reconstruction of the distributed spaceborne InSAR system. The research can support realization of the system in the future.
System modeling and signal simulaiton were studied in chapter 2. System models include geometric model and signal model. In geometric model, orbit model of the satellites, relative movement of the formation and geometric relation between satellite and ground were studied. Relative to traditional InSAR system the distributed spaceborne InSAR has the characters such as tridimensional baseline, variational baseline, squint-looking, separate transmitter and receiver. According to these characters correlation of signal was analyzed. In order to simulate the backscattered signal, backscattering model and facet model were studied. Using these models the electromagnetic scattering of the tridimensional ground scene was modeled. Then backscattered signal and SAR image were simulated. On the synchronization problem in the system, simulating method of synchronization error was studied. In order to realize surface decorrelation and volume decorrelation at the same time in simulated signal, the ground scene was separated into voxels based on facets. The method of separating voxels and facets was analyzed.
Imaging and coregistration were studied in chapter 3. In some formations, the system is bistatic. In this situation, bistatic imaging is needed. At first a bi-velocity beeline distance model of bistatic imaging was presented. When error existed in the distance model, influence to imaging was analyzed. Based on this distance model, a improved Range-Doppler algorithm was studied. Then synchronization influence on imaging was analyzed. In the research of image coregistration, the emphases is sub-pixel coregistraion. In this dissertion two sub-pixel coregistration methods were studied: correlation coregistration and coregistration using spectral diversity. In correlation coregistration a method using chirp transform algorithm to increase computing efficiency was presented. In coregistration using spectral diversity an analysis from the point of view of statistical character was presented.
Filtering and unwrapping were studied in chapter 4. Filtering of InSAR signal includes pre-filtering and interferogram filtering. Principle and method of pre-filtering were studied. In interferogram filtering, choice of filtering window size was analyzed. Estimating frequency parameters of interferogram is needed in pre-filtering and interferogram filtering. So the estimation using max-likelihood method was studied. Unwrapping of interferogram includes single baseline unwrapping and multi-baseline unwrapping. In single baseline unwrapping, path-following methods and minimum-norm methods were introduced. In multi-baseline unwrapping, based on geometric model of distributed spaceborne InSAR, the relation between several interferograms got from reconstruction formulas was presented. This relation was used in two multi-baseline unwrapping methods: max-likelihood method and least-squares method.
DEM reconstruction was studied in chapter 5. In this chapter, three methods were studied: direct reconstruction, reconstruction with separate elevation and position measuring, reconstruction using Doppler formula of slave image. To these three methods the transferring coefficients between inputting error and reconstructing error were analyzed. The analysis shows that the requirement of baseline measurement is critical. Therefore a reconstruction method using ground control points was presented. The method can decrease the baseline measuring requirement. To the situation using single ground control point, transferring coefficient between inputting error and reconstructing error was analyzed.
引文
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