大风浪中载货干散货船安全评价研究
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摘要
近年来,大量散货船全损海难案件不断发生,损失的吨位位居所有船舶海难损失载重吨位第一,造成了严重的人命和财产损失。天气因素和船舶进水沉没引起的散货船海难最多。这些船舶沉没的主要特点是:装载高密度货物,船体结构损失严重,在大风浪的作用下引起船体进水而沉没。由于沉没速度快、船员可利用的逃生时间短,造成严重的生命财产损失。除了从散装船的设计缺陷寻找原因外,加强对散货船的安全状况进行评价,及时发现并消除存在的安全隐患显得尤为重要。
     在由“人-船-环境”要素所构成的交通安全系统中,本文通过研究分析有关海事统计资料、船舶适航性的要求、PSC检查重点项目,归纳总结出评价大风浪中干散货船航行安全的一票否决指标和模糊综合评判指标。模糊综合评判指标包括船舶条件中所包含的船舶吨位、船龄、船体结构强度、船舶设备、稳性等因素和环境条件中的风和浪等因素,重点考虑其对恶劣条件下船舶航行安全的影响,人为因素只考虑一票否决指标。运用系统工程学原理,通过层次分析法,确定各评价指标对于干散货船航行安全的影响重要程度,以模糊数学为工具,采用隶属度函数法确定各因素对该因素评语的隶属度,从而建立多级模糊综合评判数学模型,对大风浪中载货干散货船的航行安全状况进行定性和定量的综合评价,并用实船数据对模糊综合评判数学模型进行验证。
In the recent years, total loss shipwrecks of dry bulk carriers have happened frequently, whose loss is the most serious of all the marine disasters. As for each single ship, the losses are quite considerable. Of all these disasters, most are caused by bad weather and foundering. There are two features of the shipwrecks: the carriers are loaded with highly-dense goods; the structures of the carrier are badly damaged, leading to water ingress and sinking. The carrier sank at such a high rate that the crew had little time to escape, and resulted in great loss on people's lives and properties. Besides searching for causes from the design, enhancing the assessment of the safety of dry bulk carriers and finding out the potential safety danger in time is the most important.
     The traffic safety system is composed of human, vessel and environment, this thesis sums up an "one-vote-negation" index for safe voyage and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation index based on the research of concerning marine accident statistics, seaworthiness requirement and PSC programs. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation index involves the tonnage, age, structure, equipment and stability of the carrier, with the emphasis on their effects on the safety of the voyage in heavy weather. As for human factors, the "one-vote-negation" index is the only element to be considered. According to the principles of system engineering, using analytic hierarchy process (AHP), determine the weight value of effects of all the indices. Determine the membership degree with membership function method of fuzzy mathematics, and establish mathematic model of multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, making qualitative and quantitative comprehensive evaluation on safety of voyage in heavy weather and making verification based on actual vessel data.
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