边坡稳定性及锚杆支护的三维有限元分析
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摘要
随着我国西部开发步伐的加快和山区高等级公路的大量兴建,边坡的稳定性问题日渐突出。锚杆支护是一种快捷有效的边坡支护措施,用锚杆对边坡进行支护的应用也越来越广泛。边坡稳定性分析及锚杆支护设计已成为土木工程中的重要课题,其研究具有重要的现实意义。
本文采用理论分析和数值分析相结合的手段,对边坡的稳定性以及边坡锚杆支护的优化设计问题进行了研究。首先,阐述了边坡稳定性有限元分析的基本思路,根据工程实际状况,采用强度折减弹塑性有限元法,借助于ANSYS软件,建立了均质岩体路堑边坡的二维、三维有限元模型,从而得到了边坡的应力、变形云图,比较了边坡二维、三维稳定性系数的差别。其次,借助于ANSYS软件,建立了路堑边坡锚杆支护的二维、三维有限元模型,从而得到了边坡、以及锚杆的应力、变形云图,比较了边坡支护前后的差别。最后,介绍了边坡优化设计的基本思路,从方案上和细节上分别对原边坡设计进行了优化。采用理论分析方法,确定了合理的锚杆长度、锚杆锚固角;采用数值模拟分析方法,确定了合理的锚杆横纵向间距;根据ANSYS中的优化设计模块(Optimization Design)把有限元分析与优化设计相结合,确定了合理的锚杆孔口直径。
论文成果可为神龙架旅游公路边坡工程的设计和施工提供一定的依据,也可为我国中西部公路建设中类似的边坡工程问题提供参考和借鉴。
Along with the large-scale construction of mountain highway and fast development of the western part of China, problems of the stability about the slopes are standing out gradually. Bolt supporting is an effective way of slope supporting, the application of bolt supporting in the slopes becomes more and more widely. Analysis of slope stability and design of bolt supporting has become an important subject in the field of civil engineering. It is actually important to study on the problems of the slopes.
Theoretical analysis with numerical analysis is combined in the paper, the three- dimension (3-D) slope stability and optimization design are researched. First, the basic thought on the FEM research is introduced. Under the conditions of practical projects, The Elastic-Plastic FEM based on the shear strength reduction technique is adopted. With the aid of ANSYS software, 2-D and 3-D intact rock slope FEM models are established. Therefore some side slopes stress deformation charts are obtained. Compare with the 2-D and 3-D stability factor of slope. Second, with the aid of ANSYS software, 2-D and 3-D bolt supporting slope FEM models are established. Therefore some side slopes and the bolt stress deformation charts are obtained. Compare with the 2-D and 3-D differences of the slope. Third, the basic clue of slope optimization design is introduced, and the plan and detail of the original side slope are optimized. With the method of theory, reasonable anchor length and angle are got. Reasonable horizontal and vertical distance of anchor is got with numeric simulation analysis. Basis on the ANSYS of optimization design, FEM analysis and optimization design are combined, reasonable anchor diameter is got.
The achievement of the thesis can provide a basis to the design and construction of the slope engineering in ShenNongJia tourist way, and also a reference to the analogous problem of slope engineering in west express highway construction.
本文采用理论分析和数值分析相结合的手段,对边坡的稳定性以及边坡锚杆支护的优化设计问题进行了研究。首先,阐述了边坡稳定性有限元分析的基本思路,根据工程实际状况,采用强度折减弹塑性有限元法,借助于ANSYS软件,建立了均质岩体路堑边坡的二维、三维有限元模型,从而得到了边坡的应力、变形云图,比较了边坡二维、三维稳定性系数的差别。其次,借助于ANSYS软件,建立了路堑边坡锚杆支护的二维、三维有限元模型,从而得到了边坡、以及锚杆的应力、变形云图,比较了边坡支护前后的差别。最后,介绍了边坡优化设计的基本思路,从方案上和细节上分别对原边坡设计进行了优化。采用理论分析方法,确定了合理的锚杆长度、锚杆锚固角;采用数值模拟分析方法,确定了合理的锚杆横纵向间距;根据ANSYS中的优化设计模块(Optimization Design)把有限元分析与优化设计相结合,确定了合理的锚杆孔口直径。
论文成果可为神龙架旅游公路边坡工程的设计和施工提供一定的依据,也可为我国中西部公路建设中类似的边坡工程问题提供参考和借鉴。
Along with the large-scale construction of mountain highway and fast development of the western part of China, problems of the stability about the slopes are standing out gradually. Bolt supporting is an effective way of slope supporting, the application of bolt supporting in the slopes becomes more and more widely. Analysis of slope stability and design of bolt supporting has become an important subject in the field of civil engineering. It is actually important to study on the problems of the slopes.
Theoretical analysis with numerical analysis is combined in the paper, the three- dimension (3-D) slope stability and optimization design are researched. First, the basic thought on the FEM research is introduced. Under the conditions of practical projects, The Elastic-Plastic FEM based on the shear strength reduction technique is adopted. With the aid of ANSYS software, 2-D and 3-D intact rock slope FEM models are established. Therefore some side slopes stress deformation charts are obtained. Compare with the 2-D and 3-D stability factor of slope. Second, with the aid of ANSYS software, 2-D and 3-D bolt supporting slope FEM models are established. Therefore some side slopes and the bolt stress deformation charts are obtained. Compare with the 2-D and 3-D differences of the slope. Third, the basic clue of slope optimization design is introduced, and the plan and detail of the original side slope are optimized. With the method of theory, reasonable anchor length and angle are got. Reasonable horizontal and vertical distance of anchor is got with numeric simulation analysis. Basis on the ANSYS of optimization design, FEM analysis and optimization design are combined, reasonable anchor diameter is got.
The achievement of the thesis can provide a basis to the design and construction of the slope engineering in ShenNongJia tourist way, and also a reference to the analogous problem of slope engineering in west express highway construction.
引文
[1]晏鄂川,唐辉明.工程岩体稳定性评价与利用[M].武汉:中国地质大学出社, 2002
[2]陈祖煜.土质边坡稳定分析一原理、方法、程序[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2003
[3]王元汉,李丽娟,李银平.有限元基础与程序设计[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社, 2001
[4]朱大勇,李焯芬,黄茂松,钱七虎.对三种著名边坡稳定性计算方法的改进[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2005, 24(2): 183-194
[5] Lutz L, Gergeley P. Mechanics of band and slip of deformed bars in concrete[J]. Journal of American Concrete Institute.1967, 64 (11): 711-721
[6] Hansor N W. Influence of surface roughness of prestressing strand on band performance[J]. Journal of Prestressed Concrete Institute.1969, 14 (1): 32-45
[7] Goto Y. Cracks formed in concrete around deformed tension bars[J]. Journal of American Concrete Institute, 1971, 68 (4): 244-251
[8] Stillborg B. Experimental investigation of steel cables for rock reinforcement in hard rock [Doctoral thesis D]. Sweden: Lulea University of Technology, 1984
[9]杨延毅,王慎跃.加锚节理岩体的损伤增韧止裂模型研究[J].岩土工程学报, 1995, 17 (1): 9-16
[10]李术才.加锚断续节理岩体断裂损伤模型及其应用[博士学位论文].中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所, 1996
[11]杨双锁,张百胜.锚杆对岩土体作用的力学本质[J].岩土力学, 2003, 24Supp: 279-282
[12]曾宪明,陈肇元,王靖涛,杜云鹤.锚固类结构安全性与耐久性问题探讨[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2004, 23(13): 2235-2242
[13]张玉军.锚固岩体流变特性的模型试验及理论研究[博士学位论文].上海:同济大学, 1992
[14]邹志晖,汪志林.锚杆在不同岩体中的工作机理[J].岩土工程学报, 1993, 16 (5): 71-78
[15] Fuller P G., Cox R H T. Mechanics load transfer from steel tendons of cement based grouted[A], Fifth Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of structures and Materials[C]. Melbourne : Published by Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,1995
[16] Nakakyama, M Beaudoin, B B. A novel technique determining bond strength developed between cement paste and steel [J]. Cement and Concrete Research. 1987, 22 (3): 478-488
[17] Goris, J M and Conway, J P Grouted. flexible tendons and scaling Investigations[A]. Proceeding of the 13th World Mining Congress [C]. Sweden:Published by Rotterdam, Balkena, 1987
[18] Hyett A J, Bawden W F and Reichert R D. The effect of rock mass confinement on the bond strength of fully grouted cable bolts[J]. Int. J,Rock Mech. Min. Sic. and Genomic. Abstr. 1992, 29(5): 503-524
[19] Jarred D J, Haberfield C M Tendon. Grout interface performance in grouted anchors[A]. Proc. Ground Anchorages and Anchored Structures [C]. London: Thomas Telford, 1997
[20] Griffiths D V, Lane P A. Slope stability analysis by finite element [J]. Geotechnique, 1999, 49(3): 387-403
[21]郑颖人,赵尚毅,张鲁渝.用有限元强度折减法进行边坡稳定分析[J].中国工程科学, 2002, 4(10): 57-61
[22]赵尚毅,郑颖人.边坡稳定分析的有限元法[J].地下空间, 2001, 21(5) 450-454
[23]赵尚毅,郑颖人,时卫明,等.用有限元强度折减法求边坡稳定的安全系数[J].岩土工程学报, 2002, 24(3) 343-346
[24] Ugai K. A method of calculation of total factor of safety of slopes by elasto-plastic FEM[J]. Soils and Foundations, 1989, 29(2): 35-40
[25] Ugai K, Leshchinsky D. Three dimensional limit equilibrium and finite element analysis: a comparison of results[J]. Soils and Foundations, 1995, 35(4): 1-7
[26] Matsui T, San K C. Finite element slope stability analysis by shear strength reduction technique[J]. Soils and Foundations, 1992, 32(1): 43-70
[27] Dawson E M, Roth W H, Drescher A. Slope stability analysis by strength reduction[J]. Geotechnique, 1999, 49(6): 835-840
[28] Duncan J M. State of the art: limit equilibrium and finite element analysis of slopes[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE 1996, 122(7): 577-436
[29]曾宪明,黄久松,王作民等.土钉支护设计与施工手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2000
[30]苗国航.我国预应力岩土锚固技术的现状与发展[M].北京:地质与勘探, 2003
[31] [英]汉纳T H.锚固技术在岩土工程中的应用[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1987
[32] Morgenstern N R, Price. The analysis of the stability of general slip surfaces[J].Geotechnique. 1965, 15(1): 79-93
[33] Sarma, S K. Stability analysis of embankments and slopes[J]. Geotechnique,1973, 23(3): 423-433
[34]谢康和,周健.岩土工程有限元分析理论与应用[M].北京:科学出版社, 2002
[35]孙玉科,牟会宠,姚宝魁.边坡岩体稳定性分析[M].北京:科学出版社, 1988
[36] Heok E, Bray J W. Rock Slope Engineering[M]. London: The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 1981
[37]舒家华.岩土加固技术[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社, 1999
[38]邵蕴秋. ANSYS8.0有限元分析实例导航[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2004
[39]刘夏石.工程结构优化设计原理、方法和应用[M].北京:科学出版社, 1984
[40]江爱川.结构优化设计[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 1986
[41]任重. ANSYS实用分析教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2003
[42]张胜民.基于有限元软件ANSYS7.0的结构分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2003
[43]熊文林,何则干,陈胜宏.边坡加固中预应力锚索方向角的优化设计[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2005, 24(13): 2260-2265
[2]陈祖煜.土质边坡稳定分析一原理、方法、程序[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2003
[3]王元汉,李丽娟,李银平.有限元基础与程序设计[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社, 2001
[4]朱大勇,李焯芬,黄茂松,钱七虎.对三种著名边坡稳定性计算方法的改进[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2005, 24(2): 183-194
[5] Lutz L, Gergeley P. Mechanics of band and slip of deformed bars in concrete[J]. Journal of American Concrete Institute.1967, 64 (11): 711-721
[6] Hansor N W. Influence of surface roughness of prestressing strand on band performance[J]. Journal of Prestressed Concrete Institute.1969, 14 (1): 32-45
[7] Goto Y. Cracks formed in concrete around deformed tension bars[J]. Journal of American Concrete Institute, 1971, 68 (4): 244-251
[8] Stillborg B. Experimental investigation of steel cables for rock reinforcement in hard rock [Doctoral thesis D]. Sweden: Lulea University of Technology, 1984
[9]杨延毅,王慎跃.加锚节理岩体的损伤增韧止裂模型研究[J].岩土工程学报, 1995, 17 (1): 9-16
[10]李术才.加锚断续节理岩体断裂损伤模型及其应用[博士学位论文].中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所, 1996
[11]杨双锁,张百胜.锚杆对岩土体作用的力学本质[J].岩土力学, 2003, 24Supp: 279-282
[12]曾宪明,陈肇元,王靖涛,杜云鹤.锚固类结构安全性与耐久性问题探讨[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2004, 23(13): 2235-2242
[13]张玉军.锚固岩体流变特性的模型试验及理论研究[博士学位论文].上海:同济大学, 1992
[14]邹志晖,汪志林.锚杆在不同岩体中的工作机理[J].岩土工程学报, 1993, 16 (5): 71-78
[15] Fuller P G., Cox R H T. Mechanics load transfer from steel tendons of cement based grouted[A], Fifth Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of structures and Materials[C]. Melbourne : Published by Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,1995
[16] Nakakyama, M Beaudoin, B B. A novel technique determining bond strength developed between cement paste and steel [J]. Cement and Concrete Research. 1987, 22 (3): 478-488
[17] Goris, J M and Conway, J P Grouted. flexible tendons and scaling Investigations[A]. Proceeding of the 13th World Mining Congress [C]. Sweden:Published by Rotterdam, Balkena, 1987
[18] Hyett A J, Bawden W F and Reichert R D. The effect of rock mass confinement on the bond strength of fully grouted cable bolts[J]. Int. J,Rock Mech. Min. Sic. and Genomic. Abstr. 1992, 29(5): 503-524
[19] Jarred D J, Haberfield C M Tendon. Grout interface performance in grouted anchors[A]. Proc. Ground Anchorages and Anchored Structures [C]. London: Thomas Telford, 1997
[20] Griffiths D V, Lane P A. Slope stability analysis by finite element [J]. Geotechnique, 1999, 49(3): 387-403
[21]郑颖人,赵尚毅,张鲁渝.用有限元强度折减法进行边坡稳定分析[J].中国工程科学, 2002, 4(10): 57-61
[22]赵尚毅,郑颖人.边坡稳定分析的有限元法[J].地下空间, 2001, 21(5) 450-454
[23]赵尚毅,郑颖人,时卫明,等.用有限元强度折减法求边坡稳定的安全系数[J].岩土工程学报, 2002, 24(3) 343-346
[24] Ugai K. A method of calculation of total factor of safety of slopes by elasto-plastic FEM[J]. Soils and Foundations, 1989, 29(2): 35-40
[25] Ugai K, Leshchinsky D. Three dimensional limit equilibrium and finite element analysis: a comparison of results[J]. Soils and Foundations, 1995, 35(4): 1-7
[26] Matsui T, San K C. Finite element slope stability analysis by shear strength reduction technique[J]. Soils and Foundations, 1992, 32(1): 43-70
[27] Dawson E M, Roth W H, Drescher A. Slope stability analysis by strength reduction[J]. Geotechnique, 1999, 49(6): 835-840
[28] Duncan J M. State of the art: limit equilibrium and finite element analysis of slopes[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE 1996, 122(7): 577-436
[29]曾宪明,黄久松,王作民等.土钉支护设计与施工手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2000
[30]苗国航.我国预应力岩土锚固技术的现状与发展[M].北京:地质与勘探, 2003
[31] [英]汉纳T H.锚固技术在岩土工程中的应用[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1987
[32] Morgenstern N R, Price. The analysis of the stability of general slip surfaces[J].Geotechnique. 1965, 15(1): 79-93
[33] Sarma, S K. Stability analysis of embankments and slopes[J]. Geotechnique,1973, 23(3): 423-433
[34]谢康和,周健.岩土工程有限元分析理论与应用[M].北京:科学出版社, 2002
[35]孙玉科,牟会宠,姚宝魁.边坡岩体稳定性分析[M].北京:科学出版社, 1988
[36] Heok E, Bray J W. Rock Slope Engineering[M]. London: The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 1981
[37]舒家华.岩土加固技术[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社, 1999
[38]邵蕴秋. ANSYS8.0有限元分析实例导航[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2004
[39]刘夏石.工程结构优化设计原理、方法和应用[M].北京:科学出版社, 1984
[40]江爱川.结构优化设计[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 1986
[41]任重. ANSYS实用分析教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2003
[42]张胜民.基于有限元软件ANSYS7.0的结构分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2003
[43]熊文林,何则干,陈胜宏.边坡加固中预应力锚索方向角的优化设计[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2005, 24(13): 2260-2265