宽带相控阵雷达波束控制技术研究
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摘要
宽带宽角工作是现代相控阵雷达的发展方向,而基于移相器的宽带相控阵雷达在进行宽角扫描时,由于渡越时间、孔径效应的影响,使得收发信号不能有效地同相合成,难以实现期望的波束形成和波束指向控制。
在数字基带用数字延时技术,或在射频用光纤延迟线,取代传统相控阵雷达的移相器,是相控阵雷达实现宽带宽角扫描的两种有效手段,易于实现宽带相控阵雷达的波束形成和波束指向控制。
光控相控阵雷达是将光实时延迟、光纤传输技术应用到相控阵中,在子阵上采用光实时延时线可以减小渡越时间、孔径效应的影响,使传统相控阵雷达实现宽带宽角扫描的难题得以解决。而光纤传输链路分配灵活、重量轻、体积小;抗电磁干扰;光纤的带宽很大、衰减很小,便于雷达信号的远程传输。
数字阵列雷达是一种收、发都采用数字技术的全数字化相控阵雷达,能够在数字域实现幅相加权,并通过基带数字延时实现波束指向控制,数字阵雷达容易实现低旁瓣、多波束多目标处理、自适应抗干扰、宽带宽角扫描等功能,当数字阵列雷达的发射信号和接收信号采用宽带信号时,称为宽带数字阵列雷达。
本论文研究工作针对光控相控阵雷达、宽带数字阵雷达波束指向控制技术展开,在光控相控阵雷达的构架、OTTD的设计与实现、宽带数字阵雷达T/R组件以及数字均衡和数字延时算法实现等方面进行了深入的研究。本文主要工作和贡献如下:
1、研究了L波段光控相控阵雷达技术。设计了L波段光控相控阵雷达方案,给出了其数学模型,分析了光控相控阵对孔径效应的改善;在国内首次设计实现了L波段基于磁光开关的OTTD,并在国内首次用外场试验证明了光控相控阵雷达宽带宽角工作是有效可行的。
2、研究了毫米波光控相控阵雷达技术。在前人工作基础上,完善了基于可调谐激光器和光子晶体光纤的色散延时毫米波光控相控阵完整方案;提出了基于中频延时和中频移相的毫米波光控相控阵实现方案,仿真试验证明了提出方法的有效性。
3、研究了串馈型光控相控阵雷达技术。优化了基于可调谐激光器和布拉格光栅的串馈型光控相控阵雷达实现方法。建立了串馈型光控相控阵雷达分别工作在发射模式和接收模式的数学模型,仿真结果表明串馈型光控相控阵雷达易于实现相控阵雷达的宽带宽角扫描。
4、研究了宽带数字阵通道均衡理论及高效实现方法。研究了通道均衡的频域算法,讨论并仿真分析了影响通道均衡效果的主要因素,提出了一种在FPGA中实现宽带均衡与DDC融合的高效实现方法,仿真和硬件测试结果证明了这种结构的有效性。
5、研究了宽带数字阵雷达中的T/R组件及波形产生。运用DDWS技术产生宽带数字波形;分析了DAC时钟抖动对波形性能的影响;设计了Farrow结构分数时延滤波器,并在FPAG中实现了分数延时,测试结果证明这种滤波器结构的正确可行性;最后设计实现了一个S波段宽带数字T/R组件验证模块。
本文研究了宽带相控阵雷达波束控制的相关新技术,在光控相控阵雷达和宽带数字阵雷达领域做了较为深入的研究,研究结果为今后宽带相控阵雷达的系统设计和实现提供了一定的理论依据和实践参考。
It’s an important development tendency for phased array radar to operate in wideband and wide-angle condition. However, for the phase shifters based phase array radar, it is hard to achieve desired beam forming and steering due to the transition time and aperture effect.
In order to realize wideband beam steering and beam forming, two effective methods for wideband beam steering and beam forming can be used to replace the phase shifter in traditional phased array radar. They are true time digital delay in baseband and optical true time delay (OTTD) in RF band.
In optically controlled phased array radar (OCPAR), optical real delay and optical fiber transmission technology are introduced, where the aperture transition time and aperture effects are reduced at sub-array level via OTTD, thus realize the broadband and wide-angle scanning of phased array antennas. Meanwhile, the optical fiber transmission link is flexible, light, with small size and has super anti-electromagnetism interference capability. The wideband and weak attenuation of optical fiber are suitable for long time transmission of radar signals.
Digital array radar (DAR), where the digital technique is used both in transmitting and receiving, is a fully digitized array antenna radar. It can realize beam forming and beam direction control via the use of amplitude-phase weighting and digital delay in baseband. Therefore, it’s easy to fulfill low sidelobes, multi-beam and multi-target processing, adaptive anti-jamming, wideband and wide-angle scanning for DAR. When the wideband signal waveforms are used in DAR, it is called as Wideband digital array radar (WDAR).
The beam steering technique of OCPAR and WDAR are deeply researched in this dissertation, including the structure of OCPAR, the design and realization of OTTD, digital T/R moudle, digital delay algorithm and channel digital equalization algorithm. The main work and results are as follows:
1. The L band OCPAR technique is studied. A design scheme of L band OCPAR is given, and the mathematic model is built to analyze the improvement of aperture effect. An OTTD which is based on magneto-optic switches is designed and manufactured firstly, and the far-field test results verify the improvement of wideband and wide-angle performance for the first time in China.
2. The millimeter wave OCPAR technique is studied. The methods of achieving millimeter wave OCPAR based on one tunable laser and Photonic Crystal Fiber are optimized. Furthermore, the millimeter wave OCPAR method based on intermediate frequency (IF) delay and shifter is proposed. The simulation results demonstrate the improvement of wideband and wide-angle performance.
3. The serially fed OCPAR technique is studied. The method of achieving serially fed OCPAR is optimized, the mathematic model of serially fed OCPAR based on one tunable laser and one Bragg fiber-optic grating is built. The simulation results verify that it’s easy to realize wideband and wide-angle scanning with serially fed OCPAR.
4. The channel equalization theory and effective realize methods are studied. The frequency domain equalization algorithm is investigated to compensate channel mismatch. The effects of several important parameters to digital equalizer are discussed and analyzed with simulations. A simple structure which combines channel equalization and digital down conversion (DDC) in FPGA is proposed. It is proved to be valid, feasible and highly efficient with tests.
5. The T/R module and waveform generation in WDAR are studied. The DDWS technology is used to generate wideband digital waveforms. And the effect of clock jitter error in digital-to-analog converter is analyzed. The filter based on Farrow structure is designed to achieve fractional delay. From the results on a test board, it can be seen that the fractional delay is accurate and the delay structure is efficient and simple. A digital T/R module in S band is designed and manufactured.
The work in this dissertation covers the concerned theories and key technologies of wideband phased array radar beam steering in OCPAR and WDAR. The research results provide theoretical evidence and practical experience for the development of phased array radar in the future.
在数字基带用数字延时技术,或在射频用光纤延迟线,取代传统相控阵雷达的移相器,是相控阵雷达实现宽带宽角扫描的两种有效手段,易于实现宽带相控阵雷达的波束形成和波束指向控制。
光控相控阵雷达是将光实时延迟、光纤传输技术应用到相控阵中,在子阵上采用光实时延时线可以减小渡越时间、孔径效应的影响,使传统相控阵雷达实现宽带宽角扫描的难题得以解决。而光纤传输链路分配灵活、重量轻、体积小;抗电磁干扰;光纤的带宽很大、衰减很小,便于雷达信号的远程传输。
数字阵列雷达是一种收、发都采用数字技术的全数字化相控阵雷达,能够在数字域实现幅相加权,并通过基带数字延时实现波束指向控制,数字阵雷达容易实现低旁瓣、多波束多目标处理、自适应抗干扰、宽带宽角扫描等功能,当数字阵列雷达的发射信号和接收信号采用宽带信号时,称为宽带数字阵列雷达。
本论文研究工作针对光控相控阵雷达、宽带数字阵雷达波束指向控制技术展开,在光控相控阵雷达的构架、OTTD的设计与实现、宽带数字阵雷达T/R组件以及数字均衡和数字延时算法实现等方面进行了深入的研究。本文主要工作和贡献如下:
1、研究了L波段光控相控阵雷达技术。设计了L波段光控相控阵雷达方案,给出了其数学模型,分析了光控相控阵对孔径效应的改善;在国内首次设计实现了L波段基于磁光开关的OTTD,并在国内首次用外场试验证明了光控相控阵雷达宽带宽角工作是有效可行的。
2、研究了毫米波光控相控阵雷达技术。在前人工作基础上,完善了基于可调谐激光器和光子晶体光纤的色散延时毫米波光控相控阵完整方案;提出了基于中频延时和中频移相的毫米波光控相控阵实现方案,仿真试验证明了提出方法的有效性。
3、研究了串馈型光控相控阵雷达技术。优化了基于可调谐激光器和布拉格光栅的串馈型光控相控阵雷达实现方法。建立了串馈型光控相控阵雷达分别工作在发射模式和接收模式的数学模型,仿真结果表明串馈型光控相控阵雷达易于实现相控阵雷达的宽带宽角扫描。
4、研究了宽带数字阵通道均衡理论及高效实现方法。研究了通道均衡的频域算法,讨论并仿真分析了影响通道均衡效果的主要因素,提出了一种在FPGA中实现宽带均衡与DDC融合的高效实现方法,仿真和硬件测试结果证明了这种结构的有效性。
5、研究了宽带数字阵雷达中的T/R组件及波形产生。运用DDWS技术产生宽带数字波形;分析了DAC时钟抖动对波形性能的影响;设计了Farrow结构分数时延滤波器,并在FPAG中实现了分数延时,测试结果证明这种滤波器结构的正确可行性;最后设计实现了一个S波段宽带数字T/R组件验证模块。
本文研究了宽带相控阵雷达波束控制的相关新技术,在光控相控阵雷达和宽带数字阵雷达领域做了较为深入的研究,研究结果为今后宽带相控阵雷达的系统设计和实现提供了一定的理论依据和实践参考。
It’s an important development tendency for phased array radar to operate in wideband and wide-angle condition. However, for the phase shifters based phase array radar, it is hard to achieve desired beam forming and steering due to the transition time and aperture effect.
In order to realize wideband beam steering and beam forming, two effective methods for wideband beam steering and beam forming can be used to replace the phase shifter in traditional phased array radar. They are true time digital delay in baseband and optical true time delay (OTTD) in RF band.
In optically controlled phased array radar (OCPAR), optical real delay and optical fiber transmission technology are introduced, where the aperture transition time and aperture effects are reduced at sub-array level via OTTD, thus realize the broadband and wide-angle scanning of phased array antennas. Meanwhile, the optical fiber transmission link is flexible, light, with small size and has super anti-electromagnetism interference capability. The wideband and weak attenuation of optical fiber are suitable for long time transmission of radar signals.
Digital array radar (DAR), where the digital technique is used both in transmitting and receiving, is a fully digitized array antenna radar. It can realize beam forming and beam direction control via the use of amplitude-phase weighting and digital delay in baseband. Therefore, it’s easy to fulfill low sidelobes, multi-beam and multi-target processing, adaptive anti-jamming, wideband and wide-angle scanning for DAR. When the wideband signal waveforms are used in DAR, it is called as Wideband digital array radar (WDAR).
The beam steering technique of OCPAR and WDAR are deeply researched in this dissertation, including the structure of OCPAR, the design and realization of OTTD, digital T/R moudle, digital delay algorithm and channel digital equalization algorithm. The main work and results are as follows:
1. The L band OCPAR technique is studied. A design scheme of L band OCPAR is given, and the mathematic model is built to analyze the improvement of aperture effect. An OTTD which is based on magneto-optic switches is designed and manufactured firstly, and the far-field test results verify the improvement of wideband and wide-angle performance for the first time in China.
2. The millimeter wave OCPAR technique is studied. The methods of achieving millimeter wave OCPAR based on one tunable laser and Photonic Crystal Fiber are optimized. Furthermore, the millimeter wave OCPAR method based on intermediate frequency (IF) delay and shifter is proposed. The simulation results demonstrate the improvement of wideband and wide-angle performance.
3. The serially fed OCPAR technique is studied. The method of achieving serially fed OCPAR is optimized, the mathematic model of serially fed OCPAR based on one tunable laser and one Bragg fiber-optic grating is built. The simulation results verify that it’s easy to realize wideband and wide-angle scanning with serially fed OCPAR.
4. The channel equalization theory and effective realize methods are studied. The frequency domain equalization algorithm is investigated to compensate channel mismatch. The effects of several important parameters to digital equalizer are discussed and analyzed with simulations. A simple structure which combines channel equalization and digital down conversion (DDC) in FPGA is proposed. It is proved to be valid, feasible and highly efficient with tests.
5. The T/R module and waveform generation in WDAR are studied. The DDWS technology is used to generate wideband digital waveforms. And the effect of clock jitter error in digital-to-analog converter is analyzed. The filter based on Farrow structure is designed to achieve fractional delay. From the results on a test board, it can be seen that the fractional delay is accurate and the delay structure is efficient and simple. A digital T/R module in S band is designed and manufactured.
The work in this dissertation covers the concerned theories and key technologies of wideband phased array radar beam steering in OCPAR and WDAR. The research results provide theoretical evidence and practical experience for the development of phased array radar in the future.
引文
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