智能变电站若干关键技术研究与工程应用
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摘要
21世纪初,智能电网(Smart Grid)概念的提出为全世界电力工业在安全可靠、优质高效、绿色环保等方面开辟了新的发展空间。智能变电站作为智能电网的物理基础,将贯穿智能电网建设的整个过程。本文以某220kV智能变电站工程为研究背景,分析智能变电站的技术内涵与技术特征,从应用的视角重点研究了智能变电站的过程总线、非常规互感器、高精度时钟同步、状态监测、测试验证环境建设等若干关键技术,取得的主要成果如下:
结合智能电网发展目标和基本技术特征,分析了智能变电站的技术内涵与技术特征,指出建设智能变电站应着重于三个方面:智能一次设备;信息共享;在线监测。提出了智能变电站主要支撑技术,即非常规互感器、智能开关设备、过程总线、在线监测等,为论文的后续分析奠定了基础。
分析了智能变电站通信网络架构,重点阐述了过程总线技术。定量分析了不同网络拓扑下变电站过程总线的可靠性,提出了设备冗余、链路冗余相结合的变电站过程总线可靠性方案,并采用链路聚合技术以达到过程总线网络负载平衡,增加容错能力,提高过程总线可靠性。分析了过程总线的典型安全威胁,提出了基于系统结构和基于通信数据二元安全策略的变电站过程总线安全技术。
分析了电子式互感器的工作原理,比较研究了各种类型电子式互感器的性能。对电子式电流互感器的暂态特性进行了实验研究,利用等安匝法证明了全光纤型电流互感器精度测量实验结果理论分析的正确性。结合常规互感器的配置方式,提出了智能变电站电子式互感器的配置原则、数字通信接口标准,以及在GIS站内不同的安装方式。以某220kV双母线接线的变电站为例,提出了基于间隔的电子式互感器典型配置方案。
分析了IEEE1588时钟同步原理、PTP时钟模型和对时误差,研究了基于动态自调整技术的联组网高精度级时钟同步方法。提出了过程网络与站级网络都采用IEEE 1588进行高精度对时、过程网络采用IEEE 1588对时而站级网络采用SNTP对时两种不同的全站通信网络对时方案。从全网应用的角度,提出了IEEE1588在智能变电站中的应用方案。
分析了智能变电站站控层网络、采样值传输网、GOOSE报文传输网的数据流特征和性能需求,提出了站控层网络、过程层网络、同步对时网络的组网方案和节点分布规划方法。由于星型网络兼顾了网络的安全性和扩展性,报文传输延时固定,检修某个间隔时将该间隔交换机关闭即可切断与其它间隔的联系,保证了检修时的安全性。同时考虑到220kV保护双重化配置的原则,站控层网络采用双星型拓扑。由于绝大多数的自动化功能都是面向间隔的,为了减轻网络带宽的压力和保证节点的访问安全,原则上要求过程层网络按照不同间隔划分成不同的独立子网,各子网之间可以通过汇聚交换机级联,子网内部采用星型或点对点连接拓扑;母线、变压器和低电压等级的子网可按多间隔或大间隔组建;采样值传输网与GOOSE报文传输网宜分开组网;跨间隔的应用利用VLAN技术从汇聚交换机上获得多个间隔的信息,或单独组建一个专用网络
分析智能变电站在线监测系统的架构,重点研究了智能变压器在线监测系统的功能、构成和各监测单元的工作原理。结合某220kV智能变电站工程,提出了兼顾技术发展和实际需求的变电站在线监测系统一体化应用方案,即将主变油中溶解气体状态监测,GIS SF6气体密度、微水和局部放电状态监测,断路器的机械特性状态监测、电寿命状态监测,避雷器泄漏电流、动作次数状态监测四套系统整合为一套,在变电站站端设置统一的状态监测后台系统。
基于智能变电站中绝大部分自动化功能的实施都依赖于通信,开发了与实际装置具有相同工作机制、通信接口和通信行为的保护、测控、合并单元、智能断路器等软硬件仿真模块,并通过局域网将这些仿真模块进行组合,构建了与变电站相对应的仿真测试环境。在该环境中,可对智能变电站的设计方案、自动化功能、性能测试和其它技术问题进行动态仿真和测试验证。
In the early 21st century, the proposition of Smart Grid broke new ground in the field of safety and reliability, high quality and efficiency, green environmental protection for the power industry around the world. Intelligent Substation, as the physical basis of Smart Grid, would go through the entire process of smart grid construction.
This paper analysis the technical content and characteristics of Intelligent Substation, based on certain 220kV substation projects which is being entrusted by the State Grid Corporation. Some key technologies, such as process bus, non-conventional instrument transformer, high-precision clock synchronization, state monitoring, testing and verifying environment, are all mainly studied from the viewpoint of application. The main task of this paper is as follows:
In chapter I, the technical content and characteristics of intelligent substation are analyzed based on a thorough review of the development of conventional substation automation system. And then, the key technologies of intelligent substation ,including process bus, non-conventional instrument transformer, intelligent switching equipment, on-line monitoring are proposed, which lay the foundation for following analysis.
In Chapter II, the key technologies as reliability, security of process bus are studied. The combination of equipment redundancy and link redundancy for reliability of substation is proposed. And also quantitatively analysis the reliability of different network topology. After reviewing the security threats of process bus, a safety technology of substation process bus which combined system architecture-based security policy and communication date-based security policy is proposed.
In chapter III, based on the comparative study of working principle the of Non Conventional (electronic) Instrument Transformer and the communication standards of digital interface, the transient behaviors of Rogowski coil and optical transformer were studied and compared. With this, the applications programme of electronic instrument transformer in 220kV intelligent substation was designed.
In chapter IV, the applications programme of IEEE 1588 in intelligent substation was proposed from the viewpoint of the whole station and network, based on the in-depth analysis of IEEE 1588,to make a reference for the engineering applications of IEEE 1588.
In Chapter V , the characteristics and demands of station level network, sampling transmission network and GOOSE transmission network, the network constructions and other related issues were in-depth studied. The network forming scheme and node distribution planning in station level network and process level network were offered. Synchronous setting network and Network redundancy program were all discussed.
In Chapter VI, the framework of Intelligent Substation on-line monitoring system, especially the function, structure and working principle were researched. with the certain 220kV Intelligent substation project. A typical applications programme of Intelligent Substation on-line monitoring system to reconcile both technological developments and actual needs was offered.
In Chapter VII, Considering the realization of most automation functions in Intelligent Substation rely on communication, hardware and software emulation modules, which have the same working mechanism, communication interface and communication behavior with actual equipment, were exploited. Such as protection, monitoring, merging unit, Intelligent Circuit Breaker,etc. And these emulation modules can be combined with LAN to construct simulation test environment correspond to substation. In this environment, design solutions, automation functionality, performance testing and other technical problems can be dynamically simulated and verified.
结合智能电网发展目标和基本技术特征,分析了智能变电站的技术内涵与技术特征,指出建设智能变电站应着重于三个方面:智能一次设备;信息共享;在线监测。提出了智能变电站主要支撑技术,即非常规互感器、智能开关设备、过程总线、在线监测等,为论文的后续分析奠定了基础。
分析了智能变电站通信网络架构,重点阐述了过程总线技术。定量分析了不同网络拓扑下变电站过程总线的可靠性,提出了设备冗余、链路冗余相结合的变电站过程总线可靠性方案,并采用链路聚合技术以达到过程总线网络负载平衡,增加容错能力,提高过程总线可靠性。分析了过程总线的典型安全威胁,提出了基于系统结构和基于通信数据二元安全策略的变电站过程总线安全技术。
分析了电子式互感器的工作原理,比较研究了各种类型电子式互感器的性能。对电子式电流互感器的暂态特性进行了实验研究,利用等安匝法证明了全光纤型电流互感器精度测量实验结果理论分析的正确性。结合常规互感器的配置方式,提出了智能变电站电子式互感器的配置原则、数字通信接口标准,以及在GIS站内不同的安装方式。以某220kV双母线接线的变电站为例,提出了基于间隔的电子式互感器典型配置方案。
分析了IEEE1588时钟同步原理、PTP时钟模型和对时误差,研究了基于动态自调整技术的联组网高精度级时钟同步方法。提出了过程网络与站级网络都采用IEEE 1588进行高精度对时、过程网络采用IEEE 1588对时而站级网络采用SNTP对时两种不同的全站通信网络对时方案。从全网应用的角度,提出了IEEE1588在智能变电站中的应用方案。
分析了智能变电站站控层网络、采样值传输网、GOOSE报文传输网的数据流特征和性能需求,提出了站控层网络、过程层网络、同步对时网络的组网方案和节点分布规划方法。由于星型网络兼顾了网络的安全性和扩展性,报文传输延时固定,检修某个间隔时将该间隔交换机关闭即可切断与其它间隔的联系,保证了检修时的安全性。同时考虑到220kV保护双重化配置的原则,站控层网络采用双星型拓扑。由于绝大多数的自动化功能都是面向间隔的,为了减轻网络带宽的压力和保证节点的访问安全,原则上要求过程层网络按照不同间隔划分成不同的独立子网,各子网之间可以通过汇聚交换机级联,子网内部采用星型或点对点连接拓扑;母线、变压器和低电压等级的子网可按多间隔或大间隔组建;采样值传输网与GOOSE报文传输网宜分开组网;跨间隔的应用利用VLAN技术从汇聚交换机上获得多个间隔的信息,或单独组建一个专用网络
分析智能变电站在线监测系统的架构,重点研究了智能变压器在线监测系统的功能、构成和各监测单元的工作原理。结合某220kV智能变电站工程,提出了兼顾技术发展和实际需求的变电站在线监测系统一体化应用方案,即将主变油中溶解气体状态监测,GIS SF6气体密度、微水和局部放电状态监测,断路器的机械特性状态监测、电寿命状态监测,避雷器泄漏电流、动作次数状态监测四套系统整合为一套,在变电站站端设置统一的状态监测后台系统。
基于智能变电站中绝大部分自动化功能的实施都依赖于通信,开发了与实际装置具有相同工作机制、通信接口和通信行为的保护、测控、合并单元、智能断路器等软硬件仿真模块,并通过局域网将这些仿真模块进行组合,构建了与变电站相对应的仿真测试环境。在该环境中,可对智能变电站的设计方案、自动化功能、性能测试和其它技术问题进行动态仿真和测试验证。
In the early 21st century, the proposition of Smart Grid broke new ground in the field of safety and reliability, high quality and efficiency, green environmental protection for the power industry around the world. Intelligent Substation, as the physical basis of Smart Grid, would go through the entire process of smart grid construction.
This paper analysis the technical content and characteristics of Intelligent Substation, based on certain 220kV substation projects which is being entrusted by the State Grid Corporation. Some key technologies, such as process bus, non-conventional instrument transformer, high-precision clock synchronization, state monitoring, testing and verifying environment, are all mainly studied from the viewpoint of application. The main task of this paper is as follows:
In chapter I, the technical content and characteristics of intelligent substation are analyzed based on a thorough review of the development of conventional substation automation system. And then, the key technologies of intelligent substation ,including process bus, non-conventional instrument transformer, intelligent switching equipment, on-line monitoring are proposed, which lay the foundation for following analysis.
In Chapter II, the key technologies as reliability, security of process bus are studied. The combination of equipment redundancy and link redundancy for reliability of substation is proposed. And also quantitatively analysis the reliability of different network topology. After reviewing the security threats of process bus, a safety technology of substation process bus which combined system architecture-based security policy and communication date-based security policy is proposed.
In chapter III, based on the comparative study of working principle the of Non Conventional (electronic) Instrument Transformer and the communication standards of digital interface, the transient behaviors of Rogowski coil and optical transformer were studied and compared. With this, the applications programme of electronic instrument transformer in 220kV intelligent substation was designed.
In chapter IV, the applications programme of IEEE 1588 in intelligent substation was proposed from the viewpoint of the whole station and network, based on the in-depth analysis of IEEE 1588,to make a reference for the engineering applications of IEEE 1588.
In Chapter V , the characteristics and demands of station level network, sampling transmission network and GOOSE transmission network, the network constructions and other related issues were in-depth studied. The network forming scheme and node distribution planning in station level network and process level network were offered. Synchronous setting network and Network redundancy program were all discussed.
In Chapter VI, the framework of Intelligent Substation on-line monitoring system, especially the function, structure and working principle were researched. with the certain 220kV Intelligent substation project. A typical applications programme of Intelligent Substation on-line monitoring system to reconcile both technological developments and actual needs was offered.
In Chapter VII, Considering the realization of most automation functions in Intelligent Substation rely on communication, hardware and software emulation modules, which have the same working mechanism, communication interface and communication behavior with actual equipment, were exploited. Such as protection, monitoring, merging unit, Intelligent Circuit Breaker,etc. And these emulation modules can be combined with LAN to construct simulation test environment correspond to substation. In this environment, design solutions, automation functionality, performance testing and other technical problems can be dynamically simulated and verified.
引文
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