极区地基雷达电离层特性和弱小目标测量
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摘要
本论文以地基雷达观测空间弱小目标和电离层特性为出发点，利用欧洲非相干散射雷达电离层观测实验模式下保存的原始数据作为研究对象，提出了一种新的实验方案即充分利用观测数据，在电离层观测实验模式下，从A/D变换器后的原始数据中提取空间弱小目标信息。由相关领域研究现状和存在问题分析可见，非相干散射雷达具备空间弱小目标的观测能力，而主要问题和困难都集中在如何利用观测电离层的历史数据提取空间弱小目标的参数信息上。本文将工作重点放在观测电离层数据的实验模式和地基雷达观测空间弱小目标理论及方法处理方面。随着航天活动的频繁，日益增长的空间垃圾已经成为雷达领域的热点问题之一，亟待解决。作为研究工作基础，首先概要介绍了欧洲非相干散射雷达的硬件和电离层观测研究的基本实验模式。在此基础上，主要开展工作如下：
第一，提出了电离层观测模式下，观测弱小目标的实验研究方案，实验验证了EISCAT-UHF雷达观测电离层的原始数据可提取空间碎片的信息。
在欧洲非相干散射雷达电离层观测实验模式下，基于观测实验模式以及空间弱小目标轨道特点和电离层观测的基本原理，提出了电离层观测实验模式下，空间弱小目标参数提取的实验研究方案，以UHF雷达实验取得A/D变换后的原始数据为出发点，通过分析2010年3月25日10点31分05秒UHF雷达观测实验数据处理结果，利用美国公开的空间弱小目标信息和已有理论预测模型计算证实，该目标为国际标识为1965－016F的美国的报废业余通信卫星，名字为OSCAR3；使用观测电离层程序分析了电子温度，离子温度，电子密度，离子漂移速度等，数据分析结果属合理范围。该结果的意义在于，证明欧洲非相干散射雷达协会UHF雷达观测电离层的实验数据可提取空间目标的信息，从而表明电离层观测实验模式下，空间弱小目标参数提取的实验研究方案是可行的。
第二，实验验证了UHF雷达电离层观测模式下进行空间碎片探测时，时频系统精度不够，应采用具有更高频率稳定度的频率源。
根据观测目标本身固有的特点，利用非相干散射雷达观测原理，提取电离层和空间弱小目标这两个不同目标参数，从原始数据出发采用不同的信号理论分析原始数据。分析结果表明：1）根据UHF雷达设备配置，适用于电离层观测的雷达设备在观测空间弱小目标时，需运用双频雷达匹配滤波理论，其性质与单频信号处理具有类似的性质，结合2010年3月25日实验UHF雷达采用的双频发射频率差300KHz，得出发射包络自相关函数距离维剖面谐振变化规律，距离上存在500m的振荡模糊。由于发射频率的微小差异性，存在天线双频增益和距离谐振，由此雷达方程解算的RCS存在跃变，以1000km高度处的目标RCS变化为例，结果表明UHF雷达双频电离层观测工作模式下计算由于发射频率距离谐振造成的RCS大小误差可以忽略。2）指出了UHF雷达电离层实验模式下的时频系统频率源GPS和发射机双频工作模式，作为大气参数观测考虑到其固有特性而设计的，作为空间弱小目标观测有其可行性也存在不足。3）指出双频雷达存在的500米距离谐振模糊远小于此次实验有效距离分辩率1.8km，为了更精确的探知空间弱小目标高度信息，应采用具有更好距离分辩率的调制编码方式。
第三：提出了根据碎片所处雷达波束位置信息修正RCS值的方法，获得更高精度的空间碎片RCS值
通过理论计算OSCAR3卫星经过挪威Troms雷达波束位置，按照理论天线理想方向图修正目标的RCS，从定量的角度解析了目标处于雷达波束位置的不确定性，结果表明：由于目标偏离天线轴中心0.52致使Troms雷达接收信号能量存在大约22dB的损失，修正后的RCS值与美国公布的RCS值仅有3dB差异。本次实验在单站观测的同时也启用了两个遥测站，采用完全相同的电离层观测实验模式，组成了三站系统。计算了国际标识为1965－016F的美国报废名字为OSCAR3的业余通信卫星三站同时观测的RCS大小，比较了三站RCS大小；分析结果表明：三站雷达观测空间弱小目标的雷达散射截面优越性在于降低了目标相对于接收雷达天线方向图中心位置的偏差不确定性，追踪三站峰值散射截面最大程度上接近雷达接收方向图的中心位置，但无法减少目标处于雷达发射天线波束位置偏差不确定性。
非相干散射雷达以电离层观测研究而闻名，欧洲非相干散射雷达协会所有的UHF雷达具有强大的发射功率和灵敏的接收终端设备，可以获得较高的信噪比，在积分时间很短的情况下，较高的信噪比可以研究目标的快速变化特性；多频段多站雷达可以在天线波束不动的情况下，更多的获取精确的雷达频谱或自相关函数，多种实验模式可以获取高的时间分辨率和距离分辩率。正是由于非相干散射雷达具备的如此优良的特性，使其具备了开展空间弱小目标研究的潜在能力。
由于空间弱小目标对航天器的危害性以及人类社会生活对航天器依赖性的加强，使得空间弱小目标日益引起人们的关注，利用非相干散射雷达兼做空间弱小目标研究的必要性和急迫性是不言而喻的。通过本文的研究工作指出，只要在做电离层观测实验时，保存原始数据就可以从中提取空间弱小目标信息，为利用非相干散射雷达观测空间弱小目标工程化提供了实践方法。
This dissertation report that small-size target could be observated using theEurope Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Radar. On the basis of theoretical studysmall-size target and ionosphere parameter obersations with ground-based radar, tothis goal as a starting point, a special observation model for the small-size target wasdeveloped to measure small-size target. Recorded raw sample data after A/D Converterused the standard EISACT radar receiver, confirm that ionosphere observation raw datacould provide small-size target parameter. A thorough search of the relevant literaturereveals that existing incoherent scatter ionospheric radar can be used to detect andcharacterize small-size target. However, there are many difficulties and issues unsolvedin probabilistic solution for the small-size target parameters from ionosphericobservation data. Consequently, this dissertation focuses on normal ionosphericexperiments,especially on UHF radar and the mathematic method in small-size targetobservation signal processing with ground-based radar. Because of the developmentof human space activity, the increasing small-size target has become one of hot topicsin radar techniques and is in urgent need of further study. As basis, a brief review isgiven on the incoherent scatter radar hardware and the standard EISCAT ionosphericradar experiment model. The main topics and results are as follows,
First, a new observation model for the small-size target was developed to measurewith ionosphere experiment pattern. The result of the experiment confirm thationosphere observation raw data could provide small-size target parameter withEISCAT-UHF radar.
This paper report small-size target results from the standard ionospheric radarexperiment conducted with the EISCAT UHF radars. A new observation model for thesmall-size target was developed to measure. Recorded raw sample data used thestandard EISACT radar receiver after A/D device based on the conventional ionosphericspectra obtained by EISCAT radar in many experiment and the ultimate principle ofsmall-size target and ionospheric observation. Analyze the small-size target raw datafrom EISCAT radar,compared the target information at10:31:05am March252010with the theory forecast small-size target model of National AstronomicalObservatories Chinese Academy of Sciences，authenticated that target is discardcommunications satellite named OSCAR3of United States, international designatoris1965-065F.To confirm atmospheric and small-size target measurements toproceed simultaneously, we had also got the electron temperature， electron density，ion temperature， ion excursion speed by analysing the raw data using theconventional ionospheric spectra program. The result of the present work confirm that ionosphere observation raw data could provide small-size target parameter andshowed that the new observation model for the small-size target with ionosphericobservation model is feasible.
Second, the result of the experiment confirm that the precision of inherencytime-frequency system is deficient and as small-size target detection with UHF radarionospheric experiment pattern. In order to better ascertain the height information of thesmall-size target, more accurate time-frequency system should be used.
Because of the inherent characteristics of the probe target, ionospheric andsmall-size target, combined with the theory of EISCAT radar, in order to extract twodifferent target parameters from the original data using different signal theoreticalanalysis the raw data. The analysis results show that,
1) According to the small-size target detection with the EISCAT radar equipment, andthe theory of matched filtering equation, dual and single frequency the radar matchedfiltering theory has a similar nature, with transmitter frequency differential300KHz onMarch25,2010experiment with EISCAT-UHF radar, which had gived the the distancedimension regular surface-emitting envelope, that is autocorrelation function the slowresonance change and distance dimension oscillation Fuzzy is500m. there are dual bandantenna gain and distance of resonance due to the minor differences exist frequency, sothe presence of RCS jump with the the radar equation solution, the target RCS of1000km height as an example, the results show that the RCS size error caused by thefrequency and distance resonance with EISCAT UHF radar under ionospheric modelcan be ignored.
2）pointed out that the frequency source GPS and transmitter dual-frequency operationmode as ionospheric experimental model with EISCAT UHF radar system, which isused to the atmospheric inherent characteristics parameters detection, and which isdeficient as small-size target detection.
3) pointed out that500meters from the resonant fuzzy caused by the existence ofdual-frequency is much smaller than the effective distance of the experimentalresolution1.8km. In order to better ascertain the height information of the small-sizetarget, more accurate distance resolution encoding or modulation should be used.
Third,the monostatic radar observation the small-size target withsimultaneously-probely bistatic radar using the same standard ionospheric radarexperiment model, composed of a three-station system. For the purpose of analysisdiscrepancy of tristatic RCS, taking observation the amateur communications satellitewith international logo for1965-016F, named OSCAR3as an example. Analysis of thesmall-size target RCS diversity using the location of a small-size target in radarbeam.The geographical configuration of the three receivers has been exploited such thatthe common volume of the antenna beams was simultaneously viewed from disparate angles,offering a unique possibility to compare the monostatic RCS of the small-sizetarget. And the analysis results showed that the superiority in tristatic observation ofsmall-size target RCS is to reduce the uncertainty of the target position to the receivebeam center, and the peak SNR RCS target is proximal to the center of the antennabeam received.But can not be reduced to the target in the radar the transmitter antennabeam position deviation uncertainty.It is found that the actual position of the target withrespect to the radar sum beam center is a major unsolved problem.
Taking observation satellite named OSCAR3traversing the Troms radar inNoway as an example, the revised RCS from double-ways theoretical antenna idealpattern at off-axis distance0.520according to the forecast small-size target model ofNational Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences and the theoreticalantenna pattern. Which have resulted in the radar received signal energy about22dB ofloss. The revised RCS have only3dB difference than U.S. Space Surveillance Network.
The EISCAT radar is notable for being the only radar system producing truevelocity tristatic ionospheric measurement.which have powerful transmitter power andsensitivity of the reception terminal device, so a better signal-to-noise ratio can beobtained and the the fast-changing characteristics of objectives can be research in thecase of a very short integration time. The accurate radar spectrum or autocorrelationfunction can be obtained under the fixed antenna beam with multi-band andmulti-station radar, the higher time resolution and distance resolution can be obtainedwith a variety of experimental models. Because of incoherent scatter radar have suchexcellent features, it has the potential ability to small-size target research.
Small-size target is posing an increasing threat to all manned spacecraft and thereliable use of space-based services is continued. The small-size target had got thegrowing concern. And the necessity and urgency of the small-size target researchwith incoherent scatter radar is very explicit. The result of the present work confirm thationosphere observation raw data could provide small-size target parameter andprovide the practical engineered method of the small-size target observation usingincoherent scatter radar.
第一，提出了电离层观测模式下，观测弱小目标的实验研究方案，实验验证了EISCAT-UHF雷达观测电离层的原始数据可提取空间碎片的信息。
在欧洲非相干散射雷达电离层观测实验模式下，基于观测实验模式以及空间弱小目标轨道特点和电离层观测的基本原理，提出了电离层观测实验模式下，空间弱小目标参数提取的实验研究方案，以UHF雷达实验取得A/D变换后的原始数据为出发点，通过分析2010年3月25日10点31分05秒UHF雷达观测实验数据处理结果，利用美国公开的空间弱小目标信息和已有理论预测模型计算证实，该目标为国际标识为1965－016F的美国的报废业余通信卫星，名字为OSCAR3；使用观测电离层程序分析了电子温度，离子温度，电子密度，离子漂移速度等，数据分析结果属合理范围。该结果的意义在于，证明欧洲非相干散射雷达协会UHF雷达观测电离层的实验数据可提取空间目标的信息，从而表明电离层观测实验模式下，空间弱小目标参数提取的实验研究方案是可行的。
第二，实验验证了UHF雷达电离层观测模式下进行空间碎片探测时，时频系统精度不够，应采用具有更高频率稳定度的频率源。
根据观测目标本身固有的特点，利用非相干散射雷达观测原理，提取电离层和空间弱小目标这两个不同目标参数，从原始数据出发采用不同的信号理论分析原始数据。分析结果表明：1）根据UHF雷达设备配置，适用于电离层观测的雷达设备在观测空间弱小目标时，需运用双频雷达匹配滤波理论，其性质与单频信号处理具有类似的性质，结合2010年3月25日实验UHF雷达采用的双频发射频率差300KHz，得出发射包络自相关函数距离维剖面谐振变化规律，距离上存在500m的振荡模糊。由于发射频率的微小差异性，存在天线双频增益和距离谐振，由此雷达方程解算的RCS存在跃变，以1000km高度处的目标RCS变化为例，结果表明UHF雷达双频电离层观测工作模式下计算由于发射频率距离谐振造成的RCS大小误差可以忽略。2）指出了UHF雷达电离层实验模式下的时频系统频率源GPS和发射机双频工作模式，作为大气参数观测考虑到其固有特性而设计的，作为空间弱小目标观测有其可行性也存在不足。3）指出双频雷达存在的500米距离谐振模糊远小于此次实验有效距离分辩率1.8km，为了更精确的探知空间弱小目标高度信息，应采用具有更好距离分辩率的调制编码方式。
第三：提出了根据碎片所处雷达波束位置信息修正RCS值的方法，获得更高精度的空间碎片RCS值
通过理论计算OSCAR3卫星经过挪威Troms雷达波束位置，按照理论天线理想方向图修正目标的RCS，从定量的角度解析了目标处于雷达波束位置的不确定性，结果表明：由于目标偏离天线轴中心0.52致使Troms雷达接收信号能量存在大约22dB的损失，修正后的RCS值与美国公布的RCS值仅有3dB差异。本次实验在单站观测的同时也启用了两个遥测站，采用完全相同的电离层观测实验模式，组成了三站系统。计算了国际标识为1965－016F的美国报废名字为OSCAR3的业余通信卫星三站同时观测的RCS大小，比较了三站RCS大小；分析结果表明：三站雷达观测空间弱小目标的雷达散射截面优越性在于降低了目标相对于接收雷达天线方向图中心位置的偏差不确定性，追踪三站峰值散射截面最大程度上接近雷达接收方向图的中心位置，但无法减少目标处于雷达发射天线波束位置偏差不确定性。
非相干散射雷达以电离层观测研究而闻名，欧洲非相干散射雷达协会所有的UHF雷达具有强大的发射功率和灵敏的接收终端设备，可以获得较高的信噪比，在积分时间很短的情况下，较高的信噪比可以研究目标的快速变化特性；多频段多站雷达可以在天线波束不动的情况下，更多的获取精确的雷达频谱或自相关函数，多种实验模式可以获取高的时间分辨率和距离分辩率。正是由于非相干散射雷达具备的如此优良的特性，使其具备了开展空间弱小目标研究的潜在能力。
由于空间弱小目标对航天器的危害性以及人类社会生活对航天器依赖性的加强，使得空间弱小目标日益引起人们的关注，利用非相干散射雷达兼做空间弱小目标研究的必要性和急迫性是不言而喻的。通过本文的研究工作指出，只要在做电离层观测实验时，保存原始数据就可以从中提取空间弱小目标信息，为利用非相干散射雷达观测空间弱小目标工程化提供了实践方法。
This dissertation report that small-size target could be observated using theEurope Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Radar. On the basis of theoretical studysmall-size target and ionosphere parameter obersations with ground-based radar, tothis goal as a starting point, a special observation model for the small-size target wasdeveloped to measure small-size target. Recorded raw sample data after A/D Converterused the standard EISACT radar receiver, confirm that ionosphere observation raw datacould provide small-size target parameter. A thorough search of the relevant literaturereveals that existing incoherent scatter ionospheric radar can be used to detect andcharacterize small-size target. However, there are many difficulties and issues unsolvedin probabilistic solution for the small-size target parameters from ionosphericobservation data. Consequently, this dissertation focuses on normal ionosphericexperiments,especially on UHF radar and the mathematic method in small-size targetobservation signal processing with ground-based radar. Because of the developmentof human space activity, the increasing small-size target has become one of hot topicsin radar techniques and is in urgent need of further study. As basis, a brief review isgiven on the incoherent scatter radar hardware and the standard EISCAT ionosphericradar experiment model. The main topics and results are as follows,
First, a new observation model for the small-size target was developed to measurewith ionosphere experiment pattern. The result of the experiment confirm thationosphere observation raw data could provide small-size target parameter withEISCAT-UHF radar.
This paper report small-size target results from the standard ionospheric radarexperiment conducted with the EISCAT UHF radars. A new observation model for thesmall-size target was developed to measure. Recorded raw sample data used thestandard EISACT radar receiver after A/D device based on the conventional ionosphericspectra obtained by EISCAT radar in many experiment and the ultimate principle ofsmall-size target and ionospheric observation. Analyze the small-size target raw datafrom EISCAT radar,compared the target information at10:31:05am March252010with the theory forecast small-size target model of National AstronomicalObservatories Chinese Academy of Sciences，authenticated that target is discardcommunications satellite named OSCAR3of United States, international designatoris1965-065F.To confirm atmospheric and small-size target measurements toproceed simultaneously, we had also got the electron temperature， electron density，ion temperature， ion excursion speed by analysing the raw data using theconventional ionospheric spectra program. The result of the present work confirm that ionosphere observation raw data could provide small-size target parameter andshowed that the new observation model for the small-size target with ionosphericobservation model is feasible.
Second, the result of the experiment confirm that the precision of inherencytime-frequency system is deficient and as small-size target detection with UHF radarionospheric experiment pattern. In order to better ascertain the height information of thesmall-size target, more accurate time-frequency system should be used.
Because of the inherent characteristics of the probe target, ionospheric andsmall-size target, combined with the theory of EISCAT radar, in order to extract twodifferent target parameters from the original data using different signal theoreticalanalysis the raw data. The analysis results show that,
1) According to the small-size target detection with the EISCAT radar equipment, andthe theory of matched filtering equation, dual and single frequency the radar matchedfiltering theory has a similar nature, with transmitter frequency differential300KHz onMarch25,2010experiment with EISCAT-UHF radar, which had gived the the distancedimension regular surface-emitting envelope, that is autocorrelation function the slowresonance change and distance dimension oscillation Fuzzy is500m. there are dual bandantenna gain and distance of resonance due to the minor differences exist frequency, sothe presence of RCS jump with the the radar equation solution, the target RCS of1000km height as an example, the results show that the RCS size error caused by thefrequency and distance resonance with EISCAT UHF radar under ionospheric modelcan be ignored.
2）pointed out that the frequency source GPS and transmitter dual-frequency operationmode as ionospheric experimental model with EISCAT UHF radar system, which isused to the atmospheric inherent characteristics parameters detection, and which isdeficient as small-size target detection.
3) pointed out that500meters from the resonant fuzzy caused by the existence ofdual-frequency is much smaller than the effective distance of the experimentalresolution1.8km. In order to better ascertain the height information of the small-sizetarget, more accurate distance resolution encoding or modulation should be used.
Third,the monostatic radar observation the small-size target withsimultaneously-probely bistatic radar using the same standard ionospheric radarexperiment model, composed of a three-station system. For the purpose of analysisdiscrepancy of tristatic RCS, taking observation the amateur communications satellitewith international logo for1965-016F, named OSCAR3as an example. Analysis of thesmall-size target RCS diversity using the location of a small-size target in radarbeam.The geographical configuration of the three receivers has been exploited such thatthe common volume of the antenna beams was simultaneously viewed from disparate angles,offering a unique possibility to compare the monostatic RCS of the small-sizetarget. And the analysis results showed that the superiority in tristatic observation ofsmall-size target RCS is to reduce the uncertainty of the target position to the receivebeam center, and the peak SNR RCS target is proximal to the center of the antennabeam received.But can not be reduced to the target in the radar the transmitter antennabeam position deviation uncertainty.It is found that the actual position of the target withrespect to the radar sum beam center is a major unsolved problem.
Taking observation satellite named OSCAR3traversing the Troms radar inNoway as an example, the revised RCS from double-ways theoretical antenna idealpattern at off-axis distance0.520according to the forecast small-size target model ofNational Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences and the theoreticalantenna pattern. Which have resulted in the radar received signal energy about22dB ofloss. The revised RCS have only3dB difference than U.S. Space Surveillance Network.
The EISCAT radar is notable for being the only radar system producing truevelocity tristatic ionospheric measurement.which have powerful transmitter power andsensitivity of the reception terminal device, so a better signal-to-noise ratio can beobtained and the the fast-changing characteristics of objectives can be research in thecase of a very short integration time. The accurate radar spectrum or autocorrelationfunction can be obtained under the fixed antenna beam with multi-band andmulti-station radar, the higher time resolution and distance resolution can be obtainedwith a variety of experimental models. Because of incoherent scatter radar have suchexcellent features, it has the potential ability to small-size target research.
Small-size target is posing an increasing threat to all manned spacecraft and thereliable use of space-based services is continued. The small-size target had got thegrowing concern. And the necessity and urgency of the small-size target researchwith incoherent scatter radar is very explicit. The result of the present work confirm thationosphere observation raw data could provide small-size target parameter andprovide the practical engineered method of the small-size target observation usingincoherent scatter radar.
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