SWDC航空数码相机的影像拼接与处理技术研究
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摘要
目前,数字航测系统特别是大面阵CCD数字航测相机系统的研制,是航空摄影测量发展的一个重要方向。
中国测绘科学院刘先林院士主持研制的SWDC航空数码相机以多镜头成像技术为基础,采用外视场拼接技术集成多个高端普通数码相机,摄影时同时曝光,事后对影像进行纠正,拼接成统一投影中心的大幅面高分辨率虚拟影像,从而实现高分辨率、大范围的地面覆盖。这对于推动我国航空摄影测量设备的数字化进程,逐步替代国外同类型进口相机,满足国内对高精度、高分辨率航空影像的迫切需求有着重大意义。
本文以摄影测量的基本理论为基础,基于SWDC的拼接模型及技术原理,推导了子相机倾角计算模型,重点探讨了SWDC虚拟影像拼接的主要原理和过程;针对多镜头成像造成的虚拟影像内部色调、亮度和反差的不一致问题,提出Mask匀光的处理方法,实验证明,该方法能够取得较好的效果;最后通过飞行试验验证了SWDC系统具有较高的作业精度,从而验证了后续多面阵影像拼接技术的正确性及可靠性,为同类型航空数码相机的影像拼接与处理提供借鉴方法。
At present, the studies of Digital aerial system, especially the Large Array CCD digital aerial camera system, has become an important direction of aerial photogrammetry development.
In order to fellow the currency, Chinese academy of surveying and mapping and other units push out a multi-CCD array digital aerial camera system,what is called SWDC.
SWDC is based on multi-camera imaging technology, integrated four ordinary high-end digital cameras by the integration technology based on field of outer view and exposed at the same time to generate unified format high-resolution virtual images to achieve high-resolution, large-scale ground cover, which has a great significance to promote digital progress of photography devices and descend the depends on foreign products of the same kind and meet the domestic high-precision, high-resolution images of the urgent needs of aviation.
Basing on digital photogrammetric theory, this paper explores the joining model of SWDC, and deduces the tilt angle calculation model of sub-camera. According to the theory joining model of SWDC, the method how to generate virtual image with integration based on field of outer view was discussed in detail. What’s more, the methods to eliminate the inconsistencies in virtual images were established. Finally, through an aerial-flying test, the high accuracy of the system's operation has been demonstrated, and the high validity and reliability of the image processing technology was indirectly proved, which provides an image joining and processing way for the same type aerial camera systems.
中国测绘科学院刘先林院士主持研制的SWDC航空数码相机以多镜头成像技术为基础,采用外视场拼接技术集成多个高端普通数码相机,摄影时同时曝光,事后对影像进行纠正,拼接成统一投影中心的大幅面高分辨率虚拟影像,从而实现高分辨率、大范围的地面覆盖。这对于推动我国航空摄影测量设备的数字化进程,逐步替代国外同类型进口相机,满足国内对高精度、高分辨率航空影像的迫切需求有着重大意义。
本文以摄影测量的基本理论为基础,基于SWDC的拼接模型及技术原理,推导了子相机倾角计算模型,重点探讨了SWDC虚拟影像拼接的主要原理和过程;针对多镜头成像造成的虚拟影像内部色调、亮度和反差的不一致问题,提出Mask匀光的处理方法,实验证明,该方法能够取得较好的效果;最后通过飞行试验验证了SWDC系统具有较高的作业精度,从而验证了后续多面阵影像拼接技术的正确性及可靠性,为同类型航空数码相机的影像拼接与处理提供借鉴方法。
At present, the studies of Digital aerial system, especially the Large Array CCD digital aerial camera system, has become an important direction of aerial photogrammetry development.
In order to fellow the currency, Chinese academy of surveying and mapping and other units push out a multi-CCD array digital aerial camera system,what is called SWDC.
SWDC is based on multi-camera imaging technology, integrated four ordinary high-end digital cameras by the integration technology based on field of outer view and exposed at the same time to generate unified format high-resolution virtual images to achieve high-resolution, large-scale ground cover, which has a great significance to promote digital progress of photography devices and descend the depends on foreign products of the same kind and meet the domestic high-precision, high-resolution images of the urgent needs of aviation.
Basing on digital photogrammetric theory, this paper explores the joining model of SWDC, and deduces the tilt angle calculation model of sub-camera. According to the theory joining model of SWDC, the method how to generate virtual image with integration based on field of outer view was discussed in detail. What’s more, the methods to eliminate the inconsistencies in virtual images were established. Finally, through an aerial-flying test, the high accuracy of the system's operation has been demonstrated, and the high validity and reliability of the image processing technology was indirectly proved, which provides an image joining and processing way for the same type aerial camera systems.
引文
[1]徐青,龚志辉.航空摄影测量学[M].郑州:解放军信息工程大学测绘学院,1999
[13] Dr. Wolfgang Zeitler, Christoph Doerstel. GEOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF THE DMC: METHOD AND RESULTS [J]. Pecora 15/Land Satellite Information IV/ISPRS Commission I/FIEOS 2002 Conference Proceedings. 2002
[3]张祖勋.航空数码相机及其有关问题[J].测绘工程,2004,13(2):1-5
[4]韩磊,蒋旭惠.几款数字航摄相机的应用与比较[J].城市勘测,2006(5):21-23
[5]余咏胜,游宁君.数码航摄像机——传统胶片航摄像机的替代者[J].测绘通报,2005(3):6-10
[6]王长进,赵东海.DMC影像在大比例尺地形测绘中的应用[J].地矿测绘,2005,21(2):26-28
[7]刘军,张永生,范永弘.ADS40机载数字传感器的摄影测量处理与应用[J].测绘学院学报,2002,14(9):102~106
[8] Rainer Sandau, Bernhard Brauneeker: Design Principles of the LH Systems ADS40 Airborne Digital Sensor [A], LAPRS[C] Vol.XXXIII, Amsterdam2000
[9] HinzA, DoerstelC. HeierH. Digital Modular Camera-System concept and data Processing Workflow [A], IAPRS [C] Vol.XXXlll, Amsterdam2000, 164~172
[10] HinzA. The Z/I Imaging Digital Aerial Camera System[A],in: Fritseh D., Spiller R. (Eds.), Photogrammetric week’99[C], Wiehlnann Verlag, Heidelbe, PP.109-115
[11] LiangTang, Christoph Dorstel, Karsten Jacobsen, Christian Heipke, Alexander Hinz: Geometric Accuracy potential of the Digital Modula rCamera[A], IApRs[C],vol.xxxlll, Amsterdam, 2000,PP.1051-1057
[12] M.Kropfl, E.Kruek, M.Gruber: Geometric Calibration of the Digital Large Format Aerial Camera UltraCamD [A], Germany, Commissionl, WGI/2
[13] Leberl, F.etal. The UltraCamD Large Format Aerial Digital Camera System [J], Proceedings of the American Society for Photograrnmetry&Remote Sensing, May, 2003, Anchorage, Alaska, PP.5-9
[14]林宗坚,宣文玲,孙杰等.由小面阵CCD组合构成宽角航空相机[J].测绘学报,2005,30(1):94-98
[15]段福洲.近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统研究:[博士学位论文].北京:首都师范大学,2007
[16]冯文灏.近景摄影测量[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2002
[17]卫征.多模态CCD相机系统_MADC_构像方式和数据处理研究:[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院遥感应用研究所,2006
[18]马莉等.普通相机镜头畸变改正数的测定及精度分析[J].铁路航测,2001,(2):1~2
[19]苗红杰,赵文吉,刘先林.数码相机检校和摄影测量的部分问题探讨[J].首都示范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,(1):117~120
[20]王留召,张建霞,王宝山.航空摄影测量数码相机检校场的建立[J].河南理工大学学报:自然科学版,2006,25(1) :46-49
[21]张剑清,潘励,王树根.摄影测量学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003
[22] Harris C G, Stephens M J. A Combined Corner and Edge Detector[C]. The 4th Alvey Vision Conference, Manchester, 1988
[23]李伟,杨坤涛.摄像机标定中的焦点提取方法及改进[J].光学精密工程,2007,28(1):36-39
[24]田伟刚,郭雷,黄雷.一种应用于图像配准中的点特征匹配算法[J].微电子学与计算机,2008,25(3):172~174
[25]彭曙蓉,王耀南,刘国才.基于边缘提取和改进型整体松弛匹配算法的InSAR复图像配准方法[J].测绘学报,2007,36(1):62~66
[26] LIAO Ming-sheng, ZHANG Li, ZHANG Zu-xun, et al. An Automatic Matching Strategy for InSAR Data [A]. Proceedings of International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE[C]. Hamburg: [s.n.], 1999. 488-490
[27]张祖勋,张剑清.数字摄影测量学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1997
[28]沈邦乐.数字图像处理[M],北京,解放军出版社,1995.
[29] Gonzalez R C.数字图像处理(第2版)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2002
[30] Pilu M, Pollard S. A light-weight text image processing method for handled embedded cameras [A]. In: Proc. British Machine Vision Conference[C], Cardiff University, UK, 2002
[31]王密,潘俊.一种数字航空影像的匀光方法[J].中国图像图形学报,2004,9(6):744~748
[32]李德仁,王密,潘俊.光学遥感影像的自动匀光处理及应用[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2006,31(96):753-756
[33]胡庆武,李清泉.基于Mask原理的遥感影像恢复技术研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2004,29(4):319-31
[34]张小红,刘经南,Rene Forsberg.基于精密单点定位技术的航空测量应用实践[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2006,31(1):19-22
[35]袁修孝,李德仁.GPS辅助空中三角测量的若干探讨[J].测绘学报,1997,26(1):14-19
[36]李德仁.GPS用于摄影测量与遥感[M].北京:测绘出版社,1996.6
[37]国家技术监督局.1:10000、1:50000地形图航空摄影测量内业规范[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1993
[38] Bruton A M, Mostafa M, Scherzinger B. Airborne DGPS Without Dedicated Base Stations for Mapping Applications[C]. ION-GPS, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2001
[39] GB7930-87, 1:500、1:1000、1:2000 Topographic Maps Specifications for Aerophotogrammetric Office Operation[S].
[40]李健,刘先林,万幼川等.SWDC-4数码航空相机虚拟影像生成[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2008,33(5):450-453
[41]王慧,吴云东,张永生.面阵CCD数字航测相机影像几何拼接误差模型与分析[J].测绘学院学报,2003,20(4):257-262
[42]胡小平,廖海洋.数字摄影测量中特征点的提取方法研究[J].光学精密工程,2005,13(增刊):236-239
[43] Liang Tang, Christoph Dorstal, Karsten Jacobsen , Christian Heipke, Alexander Hinz. Geometric accuracy potential of the digital modular camera [A]. Amsterdam: IAPRS X XXⅢ[C]. 2000.
[13] Dr. Wolfgang Zeitler, Christoph Doerstel. GEOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF THE DMC: METHOD AND RESULTS [J]. Pecora 15/Land Satellite Information IV/ISPRS Commission I/FIEOS 2002 Conference Proceedings. 2002
[3]张祖勋.航空数码相机及其有关问题[J].测绘工程,2004,13(2):1-5
[4]韩磊,蒋旭惠.几款数字航摄相机的应用与比较[J].城市勘测,2006(5):21-23
[5]余咏胜,游宁君.数码航摄像机——传统胶片航摄像机的替代者[J].测绘通报,2005(3):6-10
[6]王长进,赵东海.DMC影像在大比例尺地形测绘中的应用[J].地矿测绘,2005,21(2):26-28
[7]刘军,张永生,范永弘.ADS40机载数字传感器的摄影测量处理与应用[J].测绘学院学报,2002,14(9):102~106
[8] Rainer Sandau, Bernhard Brauneeker: Design Principles of the LH Systems ADS40 Airborne Digital Sensor [A], LAPRS[C] Vol.XXXIII, Amsterdam2000
[9] HinzA, DoerstelC. HeierH. Digital Modular Camera-System concept and data Processing Workflow [A], IAPRS [C] Vol.XXXlll, Amsterdam2000, 164~172
[10] HinzA. The Z/I Imaging Digital Aerial Camera System[A],in: Fritseh D., Spiller R. (Eds.), Photogrammetric week’99[C], Wiehlnann Verlag, Heidelbe, PP.109-115
[11] LiangTang, Christoph Dorstel, Karsten Jacobsen, Christian Heipke, Alexander Hinz: Geometric Accuracy potential of the Digital Modula rCamera[A], IApRs[C],vol.xxxlll, Amsterdam, 2000,PP.1051-1057
[12] M.Kropfl, E.Kruek, M.Gruber: Geometric Calibration of the Digital Large Format Aerial Camera UltraCamD [A], Germany, Commissionl, WGI/2
[13] Leberl, F.etal. The UltraCamD Large Format Aerial Digital Camera System [J], Proceedings of the American Society for Photograrnmetry&Remote Sensing, May, 2003, Anchorage, Alaska, PP.5-9
[14]林宗坚,宣文玲,孙杰等.由小面阵CCD组合构成宽角航空相机[J].测绘学报,2005,30(1):94-98
[15]段福洲.近地轻型数码航空摄影测量系统研究:[博士学位论文].北京:首都师范大学,2007
[16]冯文灏.近景摄影测量[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2002
[17]卫征.多模态CCD相机系统_MADC_构像方式和数据处理研究:[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院遥感应用研究所,2006
[18]马莉等.普通相机镜头畸变改正数的测定及精度分析[J].铁路航测,2001,(2):1~2
[19]苗红杰,赵文吉,刘先林.数码相机检校和摄影测量的部分问题探讨[J].首都示范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,(1):117~120
[20]王留召,张建霞,王宝山.航空摄影测量数码相机检校场的建立[J].河南理工大学学报:自然科学版,2006,25(1) :46-49
[21]张剑清,潘励,王树根.摄影测量学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003
[22] Harris C G, Stephens M J. A Combined Corner and Edge Detector[C]. The 4th Alvey Vision Conference, Manchester, 1988
[23]李伟,杨坤涛.摄像机标定中的焦点提取方法及改进[J].光学精密工程,2007,28(1):36-39
[24]田伟刚,郭雷,黄雷.一种应用于图像配准中的点特征匹配算法[J].微电子学与计算机,2008,25(3):172~174
[25]彭曙蓉,王耀南,刘国才.基于边缘提取和改进型整体松弛匹配算法的InSAR复图像配准方法[J].测绘学报,2007,36(1):62~66
[26] LIAO Ming-sheng, ZHANG Li, ZHANG Zu-xun, et al. An Automatic Matching Strategy for InSAR Data [A]. Proceedings of International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium, IEEE[C]. Hamburg: [s.n.], 1999. 488-490
[27]张祖勋,张剑清.数字摄影测量学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1997
[28]沈邦乐.数字图像处理[M],北京,解放军出版社,1995.
[29] Gonzalez R C.数字图像处理(第2版)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2002
[30] Pilu M, Pollard S. A light-weight text image processing method for handled embedded cameras [A]. In: Proc. British Machine Vision Conference[C], Cardiff University, UK, 2002
[31]王密,潘俊.一种数字航空影像的匀光方法[J].中国图像图形学报,2004,9(6):744~748
[32]李德仁,王密,潘俊.光学遥感影像的自动匀光处理及应用[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2006,31(96):753-756
[33]胡庆武,李清泉.基于Mask原理的遥感影像恢复技术研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2004,29(4):319-31
[34]张小红,刘经南,Rene Forsberg.基于精密单点定位技术的航空测量应用实践[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2006,31(1):19-22
[35]袁修孝,李德仁.GPS辅助空中三角测量的若干探讨[J].测绘学报,1997,26(1):14-19
[36]李德仁.GPS用于摄影测量与遥感[M].北京:测绘出版社,1996.6
[37]国家技术监督局.1:10000、1:50000地形图航空摄影测量内业规范[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1993
[38] Bruton A M, Mostafa M, Scherzinger B. Airborne DGPS Without Dedicated Base Stations for Mapping Applications[C]. ION-GPS, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2001
[39] GB7930-87, 1:500、1:1000、1:2000 Topographic Maps Specifications for Aerophotogrammetric Office Operation[S].
[40]李健,刘先林,万幼川等.SWDC-4数码航空相机虚拟影像生成[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2008,33(5):450-453
[41]王慧,吴云东,张永生.面阵CCD数字航测相机影像几何拼接误差模型与分析[J].测绘学院学报,2003,20(4):257-262
[42]胡小平,廖海洋.数字摄影测量中特征点的提取方法研究[J].光学精密工程,2005,13(增刊):236-239
[43] Liang Tang, Christoph Dorstal, Karsten Jacobsen , Christian Heipke, Alexander Hinz. Geometric accuracy potential of the digital modular camera [A]. Amsterdam: IAPRS X XXⅢ[C]. 2000.