我国普通高校体育教学环境研究
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摘要
体育教学环境是体育教学系统要素之一,对体育教学产生直接或间接的影响。在以往的研究中,人们对体育教学环境关注不够,存在着体育环境的概念不够清晰、分类标准不统一、要素构成不全面、缺乏体育教学环境的评价标准等问题。随着我国教育事业的发展,人们逐步认识到体育教学环境对体育教学的影响,希望通过改善或者优化体育教学环境,更好的为体育教学服务,就此,本文提出建设或优化我国普通高校的体育教学环境的研究思路。并针对我国体育教学环境研究中存在的问题,从理论与实证两个角度,运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法、逻辑分析等方法,对我国普通高校的体育教学环境进行了较为深入的研究。取得了以下研究成果:
     一、理论性成果
     1、根据哲学的观点,将体育教学环境的定义确定为:与体育教师、学生相对的体育教学中的客体的综合。
     2、根据事物的物质性和非物质性,将体育教学环境分为体育教学硬件环境和软件环境。并特别指出,体育教师、学生互为他人环境,因此,体育教师、学生以及他们之间关系要素属于体育教学软件环境的范畴。
     3、以系统论、整体论、水桶效应理论等为基础,以课堂教学质量的评价标准、课堂有效性评价标准为理论参考,采用一定的构建策略、思路确立体育教学环境的评价标准;其主要评价指标为:师生比、体育场地、体育教师、学生以及相互关系等。并将体育环境评价标准转化为问题式的调查问卷,克服了体育教学环境评价指标不可操作、易量化的难题,为我国普通高校体育教学环境的衡量,提供了一把尺子。
     二、实证性研究成果
     对我国普通高校体育教学现状的数据进行统计、分析,得出以下结论:
     (一)我国的大部分高校的体育教学硬件环境基本上能满足体育教学的需要。仅有少数高校存在着体育场地、器材不足的情况;在部分高校存在着体育教师在数量上严重不足的现象等。
     (二)我国普通高校体育教学软件环境的诸多要素存在明显优势,于此同时,一些相关的要素也有进一步完善和提高的必要。
     三、体育教学环境的优化途径
     基于我国普通高校体育教学环境的现状,以人类活动论、人的主动性发挥、高等教育区域均衡发展理论、教育公平理论、底线公平理论等提出优化体育教学环境的优化途径。
     (一)优化体育教学硬件环境的途径
     1体育教学硬件环境的优化受到多种因素的影响与制约,但经费问题是优化体育教学环境的重中之重。
     2本文分别从经费的获得、经费的分配、经费的使用方面分别提出优化的途径。
     3体育教学硬件环境的优化需要政府、学校以及体育教师、学生的共同努力。
     (二)优化体育教学软件环境的途径
     针对体育教学软件环境存在的问题,本文采用了对体育教学软件环境中的各要素分别优化、体育教学软件环境进行整体优化两种策略。在对体育教学软件环境中各要素进行优化时,分别从个人层面、群体层面提出优化的途径,具体的优化途径如下:
     1对体育教学软件环境各要素进行优化的途径
     (1)从个体的层面优化体育教学软件环境——体育教师、学生的优化
     体育教师的优化——体育教师赋权,即外部力量(国家、学校)推动以及内部力量(体育教师自身)的努力,实现体育教师的优化。
     学生的优化——主要是通过体育教师的带动、学生自身的努力实现
     (2)从群体层面优化体育教学软件环境——体育教学软件环境中关系要素的优化
     根据群体动力学理论、共同体理论以及领导力等相关理论,逐步在各个学校内部、学校间,建立优化体育教学环境的共同体。建立优化体育教学环境共同体的步骤具体如下:
     A、确定参与人员——体育教师、学生、体育教学管理者等
     B、确定共同体的目标——优化体育教学环境
     C、为实现这一目标而努力
     2对体育教学软件环境进行整体优化的途径
     (1)通过体育教学设计,优化体育教学软件环境
     (2)根据SWOT环境分析法,找出某高校体育教学软件环境中的弱势因素,在根据其实现的难易程度等,优化弱势指标。
     (3)先优化体育教学环境中的主体——体育教师和学生,在此基础上,体育教学软件环境中的关系要素也逐步得到了优化。
     综上,本文在一定的理论研究的基础上,确立了体育教学环境的评价标准,为我国普通高校体育教学环境的衡量,提供了可操作的评价指标。并将体育教学环境评价标准转化成问答式的调查问卷(体育教师、学生),通过调查,能了解和判别我国普通高校体育教学环境的现状及存在的问题,并依据一定理论提出优化体育教学环境的途径。该研究成果能为优化学校的体育教学环境提供一定理论参考。但本文缺乏优化体育教学环境的实践研究,而这也是本文下一步要继续研究的方向。
Sports teaching and learning environment is one of the elements of the physicaleducation teaching system, direct or indirect impact on the sports teaching. Inprevious studies, People attention to environment sports teaching and learning, of ininsufficient. It has issues that the concept of the physical environment is not unclear,the classification standards are not uniform, the elements of composition are notcomprehensive, and an evaluation criterion is lack and others. With the developmentof education in our country, The people gradually realize the affection of the sportsteaching and learning environment physical education, Hope that it better services forphysical education by improving or optimizing physical education environment, Forthe above reasons, In this paper present the idea of building or optimization of collegesports teaching and learning environment. And In view of environmental studies forphysical education teaching problems, From the theoretical and empirical point ofview, The using of literature, questionnaire, the methods of mathematical statisticsand logical analysis and so on, we study on teaching and learning environment ofcollege sports More in-depth and made the following findings:
     1、Theoretical results
     1.1According to the philosophical point of view, The definition of sportsteaching and learning environment to be identified as: the comprehensive object thatopposed to physical education teachers, students in the physical education teaching.
     1.2According to the material and non-material, Sports teaching and learningenvironment is divided into sports teaching hardware environment and softwareenvironment. Noting in particular that, physical education teachers, the students areeach other's environment of others, Therefore, The physical education teacher、students and relationship between their belong to the areas of physical educationteaching software environment.
     1.3Based on systems theory, holism, and a bucket effect theory, evaluationcriteria of the quality of classroom teaching, classroom effectiveness evaluationcriteria for the theoretical reference, certain construction strategy and thinking, We have established the evaluation criteria of the sports teaching and learningenvironment; Its main evaluation indicators: Student-teacher ratio, sports venues,sports teachers, students and the relationship between them, and conversed sportsenvironmental assessment standard into problem-style questionnaire; overcome theproblem it is easy to quantified that the physical education teaching environmentevaluation operational, we provided a ruler that balanced of teaching and learningenvironment China's PE
     2、The empirical research results
     We analyzed the data of PE teaching and learning environment questionnairestatistically. The following conclusions:
     2.1The hardware environment of the majority of our college sports teaching canbasically meet the needs of physical education teaching. Only a few colleges there arethe shortage of sports grounds and equipment; at some universities there is aphenomenon of serious in the number of shortage of physical education teachers.
     2.2There are obvious advantages in the various elements of the PE teachingsoftware environment, at the same time, some elements need to further improve andenhance.
     3In accordance with the relevant theory, the ways to optimize sports teachingand learning environment
     Based on the status of PE teaching environment, with Human activities on thepeople's initiative to play, a higher education balanced regional development theory,education equity theory, the bottom line equity theory and so on, we Proposed theways to optimize the sports teaching and learning environment.
     3.1The way to optimize the physical education teaching hardware environment
     1、Teaching hardware environment of Physical Education be Impacted andconstrained by a variety of factors, But the funding is to optimize the most importantsports teaching and learning environment.
     2、In this paper, we were the way from how to obtain the funds, how to allocatefunds, how to use funding to optimize the Teaching hardware environment.
     3、The optimization of the Teaching hardware environment in Physical Educationrequires the joint efforts of the government, schools and teachers, students.
     3.2The way to optimize the physical education teaching software environment
     In this paper, for the problems of teaching software environment, we optimizedfrom the elements one by one and overall of the two strategies. Optimize the variouselements in the physical education teaching software environment, there are two Waysof optimizing by the individual level, group level, and Specific ways to optimize thefollowing:
     1、Optimize the sports software environment in individual——physicaleducation teachers, students
     (1)To optimize the development of physical education teachers——to empowerto Physical education teachers,External forces (national schools) to promote andinternal forces (PE teachers) efforts, is To achieve the optimization of the physicaleducation teachers.Optimization of the students——the way is mainly to driven by the sports teacher, toachieve the students' own efforts.
     (2) The way to optimize the relationship between the physical education teachingsoftware environments:
     According to the theory of population dynamics community theory andleadership theory, Gradually establish the optimization of sports teaching and learningenvironment of the Community, within and between schools. In the process offormation of the various Community, we not only progressive developmentrelationship of the main in sports teaching environment in the process, but alsopromote the development of the individual to achieve its own optimization; and ownoptimization must be optimize the development of groups. Fragment Set upCommunity for optimizing physical teaching environment we should do as follows:①determine participants——teachers, students, sports teaching managers.②determine the objectives of the Community——optimize physical educationenvironment.③achieve this goal.
     2、The way to the optimize sports instructional software environment overall
     (1)The way of optimizing software environment physical education sports is byinstructional design.
     (2) According to the SWOT environmental analysis, we identified vulnerable in acollege physical education software environment factors, In accordance with thedegree of difficulty of its implementation, to optimize vulnerable targets.
     (3) To optimize the subject——physical education teachers and students insports teaching and learning environment, On this basis, the relationship betweenelements of the physical education teaching software environment has beenoptimized.
     In summary, basis on some theoretical studies we established evaluation criteriaof sports teaching and learning environment, and Provides a measure to theoperational evaluation PE teaching environment. And changed this evaluation criteriainto question-answers of the questionnaire (teachers, students), Through surveys, wecan understand and distinguish the current situation and problems of the teaching andlearning environment of college sports in our country, And based on some theoreticalprovide ways to optimize physical education environment. The research resultsprovide a theoretical reference to optimize school sports teaching and learningenvironment. However, lack of the practice on optimization of sports teachingenvironment, it Is the next step to continue to study the direction.
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