中国城市住宅寿命周期研究
|
摘要
住宅产业在整个国民经济中占有重要的地位,住宅产业的持续健康发展,对国民经济和社会发展意义重大。城市住宅寿命周期的长短,不仅关系到建筑资源和社会财富节约与否的问题,而且关系到社会和谐、环境污染、产业可持续发展等问题。系统研究中国城市住宅寿命周期,不仅可为政府科学调控和管理住宅产业提供理论依据,而且可为住宅相关企业制定战略策略提供实践工具。
本文首先研究了中国城市住宅寿命周期影响因素。从住宅设计使用年限、结构设计和建筑设计三个方面研究了住宅设计对寿命周期的影响。从住宅建设和住宅管理政策分析了其对住宅寿命周期的影响,并定量分析了住宅拆迁量与新建量、销售面积和销售价格的关系。从国民经济、住宅初始投资、居住空间、土地使用制度、城市及其人口的变化、技术进步六个方面,深入探讨了其对住宅寿命周期的影响。
其次,研究了中国城市住宅的经济寿命。结合住宅特点,分别用年度收益法、劣化数值法和平均费用法构建了住宅经济寿命计算模型,通过实证分析得出了中国城市住宅经济寿命的长短及特点,并进行了敏感性分析。在住宅寿命周期成本理论分析的基础上,构建了中国城市住宅寿命周期成本计算模型。研究了基于住宅经济寿命的城市住宅更新问题,探讨了住宅更新损益的计算方法,并对城市住宅系统更新决策方法进行了研究。
再次,研究了中国城市住宅的使用寿命。从住宅结构类型入手,对既有住宅剩余使用寿命的计算进行了研究,在此基础上探讨了住宅最优剩余使用寿命的计算方法。基于模糊聚类理论建立了拟建住宅使用寿命的预测方法,并结合实例进行了分析。分别用统计分析、威布尔模型、寿命表和生存分析四种不同方法探讨了城市住宅使用寿命计算模型。通过实证分析得到了中国城市住宅使用寿命的长短及特点。
之后,对中国城市住宅寿命周期影响评价进行了研究。从家庭消费行为、生活成本、社会关系网络和社会心理四个方面分析了住宅寿命周期的社会影响。通过实证定量分析了住宅使用寿命周期的经济影响,并得出了中国城市住宅的最优使用寿命。在住宅寿命周期能耗分析的基础上,构建了中国城市住宅寿命周期能耗分析模型。结合实证研究得出住宅寿命周期能耗特点。
最后,提出了延长中国城市住宅寿命周期对策。提出通过住宅寿命周期设计以及住宅寿命周期集成化管理以延长住宅寿命周期的思路。研究了旧住宅更新改造的价值、方法和政策保障。从完善住宅质量法律规范体系和完善住宅性能认定保证住宅长寿进行了探讨。提出通过完善城市住宅拆迁制度,以尽量减少住宅短命中人为因素的设想。通过住宅过滤机制的建立使住宅的耐久性使用价值得到了充分的利用。通过自组织改建住房机制的建立消除引发的社会矛盾,实现社会和谐发展。
Housing industry has been possessing important position in the whole national economy. If housing industry develops healthily and continually, it will do huge contribution to the whole economy and the social development. The length of housing life cycle not only concerns the problem of building resource and wealth of society, and concerns the problem of social harmonious, environmental pollution and housing industry sustain development. Systematic study on Chinese city housing life cycle not only affects the adjusting and controlling of government scientific and formulating the policy of management housing industry, and affects the strategic strategy arrangement of the enterprises related to housing industry.
This paper studies the influencing factor of Chinese city housing life cycle at first. From housing design working life, structural design and architectural design, the paper studied the influence of housing designed. From housing construction and housing manage policy analysis its influence for housing life cycle. From national economy, housing initial investment, housing space and the change of land use system, city and its population to discuss its influence for housing life cycle.
Secondly, the economic life of Chinese city housing is studied. The life cycle cost theory is used to study the calculation of the housing life cycle cost analysis, and the calculation model of the housing life cycle cost is established. The calculation model of the housing economic life is set up used differently annual profit method, deterioration value method, and average cost method. Through sample analysis the length and characteristic of the economic life of Chinese city housing is gotten, and sensitivity analysis is carried out. On this foundation, refresh problem of city housing is studied, the calculation method of increasing and decreasing of housing refresh is discussed, and the decision method of city housing system refresh is studied.
Then, the service life of Chinese city housing is studied. The housing structural type is regarded as the entry; study on the calculation of housing surplus service life is carried out. On this foundation the calculation principle of housing optimum surplus service life is discussed. Based on fuzzy assemble theory the forecast method of housing to be established service life is set up, and the related example is analyzed. The paper uses statistical analysis, Weibull model, life table and survival analyse to discuss city housing service life calculate model. Through sample analysis the length and characteristic of the service life of Chinese city housing is gotten.
After it, the influential of housing life cycle are analyzed. This paper analyzed the social influential of housing life cycle from family consumer behavior, life cost and social network and social psychological. Through sample analysis the optimum service life of Chinese city housing is gotten. On the foundation of analyzing life cyle energy, the calculation model of the housing life cycle energy is established. Through sample analysis the characteristic of life cycle energy of Chinese city housing is gotten.
At final the strategy that realizes housing long life and housing life cycle goal is studied. It is suggested designed the housing of long life with housing life cycle design, and through housing life cycle integrated management guaranteed the realization of housing life cycle goal. It is suggested through perfecting the legal standard of housing quality and perfecting housing function to believe system, guaranteed housing of high quality, and realized housing long life and housing life cycle goal. On the foundation of analyzing old housing to renew policy guarantee, method and the value of transform, it is suggested that through perfect city housing removed system, reduced housing not long life in artificial factor. It is suggested establish housing filter to make housing endurance value to get ample use.The city housing refreshing housing which community organize of its own accord and carry out are studied to reduce to eliminated social contradiction, and to realize the social harmonious development.
本文首先研究了中国城市住宅寿命周期影响因素。从住宅设计使用年限、结构设计和建筑设计三个方面研究了住宅设计对寿命周期的影响。从住宅建设和住宅管理政策分析了其对住宅寿命周期的影响,并定量分析了住宅拆迁量与新建量、销售面积和销售价格的关系。从国民经济、住宅初始投资、居住空间、土地使用制度、城市及其人口的变化、技术进步六个方面,深入探讨了其对住宅寿命周期的影响。
其次,研究了中国城市住宅的经济寿命。结合住宅特点,分别用年度收益法、劣化数值法和平均费用法构建了住宅经济寿命计算模型,通过实证分析得出了中国城市住宅经济寿命的长短及特点,并进行了敏感性分析。在住宅寿命周期成本理论分析的基础上,构建了中国城市住宅寿命周期成本计算模型。研究了基于住宅经济寿命的城市住宅更新问题,探讨了住宅更新损益的计算方法,并对城市住宅系统更新决策方法进行了研究。
再次,研究了中国城市住宅的使用寿命。从住宅结构类型入手,对既有住宅剩余使用寿命的计算进行了研究,在此基础上探讨了住宅最优剩余使用寿命的计算方法。基于模糊聚类理论建立了拟建住宅使用寿命的预测方法,并结合实例进行了分析。分别用统计分析、威布尔模型、寿命表和生存分析四种不同方法探讨了城市住宅使用寿命计算模型。通过实证分析得到了中国城市住宅使用寿命的长短及特点。
之后,对中国城市住宅寿命周期影响评价进行了研究。从家庭消费行为、生活成本、社会关系网络和社会心理四个方面分析了住宅寿命周期的社会影响。通过实证定量分析了住宅使用寿命周期的经济影响,并得出了中国城市住宅的最优使用寿命。在住宅寿命周期能耗分析的基础上,构建了中国城市住宅寿命周期能耗分析模型。结合实证研究得出住宅寿命周期能耗特点。
最后,提出了延长中国城市住宅寿命周期对策。提出通过住宅寿命周期设计以及住宅寿命周期集成化管理以延长住宅寿命周期的思路。研究了旧住宅更新改造的价值、方法和政策保障。从完善住宅质量法律规范体系和完善住宅性能认定保证住宅长寿进行了探讨。提出通过完善城市住宅拆迁制度,以尽量减少住宅短命中人为因素的设想。通过住宅过滤机制的建立使住宅的耐久性使用价值得到了充分的利用。通过自组织改建住房机制的建立消除引发的社会矛盾,实现社会和谐发展。
Housing industry has been possessing important position in the whole national economy. If housing industry develops healthily and continually, it will do huge contribution to the whole economy and the social development. The length of housing life cycle not only concerns the problem of building resource and wealth of society, and concerns the problem of social harmonious, environmental pollution and housing industry sustain development. Systematic study on Chinese city housing life cycle not only affects the adjusting and controlling of government scientific and formulating the policy of management housing industry, and affects the strategic strategy arrangement of the enterprises related to housing industry.
This paper studies the influencing factor of Chinese city housing life cycle at first. From housing design working life, structural design and architectural design, the paper studied the influence of housing designed. From housing construction and housing manage policy analysis its influence for housing life cycle. From national economy, housing initial investment, housing space and the change of land use system, city and its population to discuss its influence for housing life cycle.
Secondly, the economic life of Chinese city housing is studied. The life cycle cost theory is used to study the calculation of the housing life cycle cost analysis, and the calculation model of the housing life cycle cost is established. The calculation model of the housing economic life is set up used differently annual profit method, deterioration value method, and average cost method. Through sample analysis the length and characteristic of the economic life of Chinese city housing is gotten, and sensitivity analysis is carried out. On this foundation, refresh problem of city housing is studied, the calculation method of increasing and decreasing of housing refresh is discussed, and the decision method of city housing system refresh is studied.
Then, the service life of Chinese city housing is studied. The housing structural type is regarded as the entry; study on the calculation of housing surplus service life is carried out. On this foundation the calculation principle of housing optimum surplus service life is discussed. Based on fuzzy assemble theory the forecast method of housing to be established service life is set up, and the related example is analyzed. The paper uses statistical analysis, Weibull model, life table and survival analyse to discuss city housing service life calculate model. Through sample analysis the length and characteristic of the service life of Chinese city housing is gotten.
After it, the influential of housing life cycle are analyzed. This paper analyzed the social influential of housing life cycle from family consumer behavior, life cost and social network and social psychological. Through sample analysis the optimum service life of Chinese city housing is gotten. On the foundation of analyzing life cyle energy, the calculation model of the housing life cycle energy is established. Through sample analysis the characteristic of life cycle energy of Chinese city housing is gotten.
At final the strategy that realizes housing long life and housing life cycle goal is studied. It is suggested designed the housing of long life with housing life cycle design, and through housing life cycle integrated management guaranteed the realization of housing life cycle goal. It is suggested through perfecting the legal standard of housing quality and perfecting housing function to believe system, guaranteed housing of high quality, and realized housing long life and housing life cycle goal. On the foundation of analyzing old housing to renew policy guarantee, method and the value of transform, it is suggested that through perfect city housing removed system, reduced housing not long life in artificial factor. It is suggested establish housing filter to make housing endurance value to get ample use.The city housing refreshing housing which community organize of its own accord and carry out are studied to reduce to eliminated social contradiction, and to realize the social harmonious development.
引文
1 张秋舫.21世纪中国城市住宅需求的发展趋势.经济界.2000(1):28-31
2 叶剑平,谢经荣.房地产业与社会经济协调发展研究.北京:中国人民大学出版社.2005,9:56-59
3 国家统计局编.历年中国统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社.
4 张殿军,孙轩轩.城市房屋强制拆迁制度的失范与重构.经济论坛.2006(23):42-45
5 上海统计局编.上海市统计年鉴 2006.http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/2003shtj/tjnj/nj06.htm?dl=2006tjnj/C1807.htm
6 刘晓君.工程经济学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2003,8:255
7 关柯,芦金锋,曾赛星.现代住宅经济.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2002,10:6
8 张跃庆等.城市住宅管理概论.北京:北京经济学院出版社.1989,2:202
9 秦耕.解密城市住宅寿命周期.中国地产市场.2005,1:17-23
10 R.Shiller,A.Weiss.Moral Harzard in Home Equity Conversion.Real Estate Economics.2000,28(1):1-32
11 Dias,W P.S.,Condition Assessment of a Deteriorated Cement Works.Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,2003,17:188-197
12 ACI 365.Service-life prediction,State-of-the-art report.Reported by ACl Committee,2000
13 Enright,M.P.,and Frangopol,D.M.,Condition Prediction of Deteriorating Concrete Bridges Using Bayesian Updating.Journal of Structural Engineering,1999,125(10):1118-1126
14 G.Somerville.The design life of structures.Blarkie and Son Ltd.2001
15 O.Lamont,J.Stein.Leverage and Housing-Price Dynamics in U.S.Cities.RAND Journal of Economics.1999,30(4):498-514
16 N.E.Coulson.Housing Inventory and Completion.Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics.1999,18(2):89-106
17 S.Rosenthal.Residential Buildings and the Cost of Construction:New Evidence on the Efficiency of the Housing Market.Review of Economics and Statistics.1999,81(2):288-302
18 Matthew Spiegel.Housing Return and Construction Cycles.Real Estate Economics.2001,29(4):521-551
19 P.H.Hendershott,S.Weicher.Forecasting Housing Markets:Lessons Learned.Real Estate Economics.2002,30(1):1-11
20 P.H.Hendershott,W.C.LaFayette,D.R.Haurin.Debt Usage and Mortgage Choice:The FHA-Convertional Decision.Journal of Urban Economics.1997,8(2):207-217
21 P.H.Hendershott,M.White,Taxing and Subsidizing Housing:the Rise and Fall of Housing's Favored Investment Status.Journal of Urban Economics.2000,11(2):257-275
22 J Friedman.The Demand for Rental Housing.Economics of Housing Vouchers,Chicago:Academic Press.1993.17-64
23 F M Fisher.Housing Demand.Social Economy Press.1989:45-47
24 J Cock,Housing and Housing Policy,Indianapolis:Leading Press.1988:12-16
25 H.Patric,H.George,A.Matysiak.The Workings of the London Office Market.Real Estate Economics.1999(2):115-138
26 D.Denise.C.W.Willian urban Economics and Real Estate Markets.New Jersey:Prentice-hall,1996:225
27 D L Frank.The supply of Rental Housing.American Economic Review.1990(2):806-817
28 D Johnston.Housing Rent.2~(nd)edition.Washington Social Academy Press.1994:12-15
29 黄如宝.建筑经济学.上海:同济大学出版社.2004,10:38-39
30 清家刚,秋元孝之.可持续性住宅建设.北京:机械工业出版社.2005,10:24-26
31 Orshan,O.Life Cycle Cost:A Tool for Comparing Building Alternative.In Proceeding Symposium on Quality and Cost in Building.1980,1(3):63
32 Medley,Larry G.The Life-Cycle Perspective:Managing Cost Before It Occurs.Cost Engineering.1996(10):15-18
33 Kishk,M.and AL-Hajj,A.An Integrated Framework for Life Cycle Costing in Building.Proceedings of the COBRA 1999 RICS Construction and Buildings Research Conference.1999(2):92-101
34 Kishk,M.and Al-Hajj,A.A Fuzzy Approach to Model Subjectivity In Life Cycle Costing.Proceedings of the BF2000 National Conference of Postgraduate Research in the Built and Human Environment.The University of Salford.2000(3):270-280
35 Dr.A.H.Boussabaine.A neurofuzzy model for predicting the cost and duration of construction projects. COBRA 97. RICS
36 Life cycle cost analysis handbook. State of Alaska-Department of Education & Early Development 1st Edition Education Support Services.2000:149-152
37 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Guidelines 2002. Department of Natural Resources. 2002:139
38 Jan Emblemsavg. Life cycle Costing: Using Activity-based Costing and Monte Carlo Methods to Manage Future Costs and Risks. John wiley & sons. 2003(5): 51-92
39 Gregory A. Norris. Integrating Life Cycle Cost Analysis and LCA. Int. J. LCA. 2001,6(2): 118-121
40 Sterner, E. Combining life cycle cost and environmental impact: a case study and model for tender evaluation. 2002 (5): 52
41 Wen Y K, Kang YJ. Minimum building life-cycle cost design criteria. I: methodology, II: applications J. Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE), 2001, 127(3):330-346
42 Ang A H-S, Lee J C. Cost optimal design of R/C buildings J. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 2001,73:233-238
43 Esteva L , Diaz2Lopez O, Garcia-Perez J, Sierra G, Ismael E. Life-cycle optimization in the establishment of performance acceptance parameters for seismic design J . Structural Safety. 2002,24:187-204
44 Aktas E, Moses F, Ghosn M. Cost and safety optimization of structural design specifications J . Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 2001,73: 205-212
45 Kanda J, Shah H. Engineering role in failure cost evaluation for buildings J. Structural Safety. 1997,19(1): 79-90
46 David G. Woodward, Life cycle costing-theory, information acquisition and application, International Journal of Project Management, 1997(6): 335-344.
47 Joseph Harkness and Sandra Newman, George Galster, and James Reschovsky. Life-Cycle Costs of Housing for the Mentally III. Journal of Housing Economics 1997(6): 223-247
48 M.A.Curran. Broad-based Environmental Life Cycle Assessment. Environmental Science and Technology. 1993,27(3): 430-436
49 J.A. Fava, R. Denison, B. Jones, M.A. Curran, B.W. Vigon, S.Selke, and J. Bamum. A Technical Framework for Life Cycle Assessments. The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Pensacola.Florida. USA. 1991
50 A .Fava, F.J. Cosoli, R .Denison and et al. A Conceptual Framework for Life-Cycle Impact Assessment.SETAC.Pensacola.Florida.USA.1993
51 ISO.ISO14040.1997.Life Cycle Assessment-Principle and Framework
52 ISO.ISO14041.1998.Life Cycle Assessment-Goal and Scope Definition and Inventory Analysis
53 ISO.ISO 14042.2000.Life Cycle Assessment-Life Cycle Impact Assessment
54 ISO.ISO14043.2000.Life Cycle Assessment-Life Cycle Interpretation
55 US Environmental Protection Agency.1993.Life Cycle Assessment:Inventory Guidelines and Principles.Cincinnt.Ohio.USA.Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory.1993
56 Cousins McGregor A,Specifying a Green Building,Green Building Challenge,An International Conference on the Performance Assessment of Buildings.Vancouver.Canada.1998
57 A.P.Arena,C.de Rosa.Life cycle assessment of energy and environmental implications of the implementation of conservation technologies in school buildings in Mendoza-Argentina.Building and Environment 2003(38):9-368
58 Barbara C.Lippiatt.BEES3.0(Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability)softwar.The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)Building and Fire Research Laboratory of US.2002
59 Pre Consultants.SimaPro5.0 Software.Amersfoort.The Netherlands.
60 The Athena Sustainable Materials Institute.Athena Software.Canada.
61 Wayne B,Trusty.Introducing An Assessment Tool Classification System.International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment Tools for Sustainability.Arlington.Virginia.2002
62 城乡建设环境保护部城市住宅局编,第一次中国城镇房屋普查手工汇总资料汇编.第1-7册.北京:编者.1986.12
63 万勇.旧城的和谐更新.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2006,9:41
64 长沙市居民住房现状调查分析报告.长沙楼市.2006(10):33
65 唐世定,黄杰,贾生华.房地产热点问题透视-来自浙江的调查.北京:经济科学出版社.2005:25-184
66 宋春华.全寿命高品质-坚持以人为本,实行住宅性能认定.住宅科技.2004(9):4-8
67 张润红、罗荣桂.住宅建设可持续发展的内涵、原则及层次.武汉理工大学学报.2001(1):82-85
68 鲁建平,伍江,王涌等.上海住宅建设可持续发展研究.上海城市管理职业技术学院学报.2002(3):37-38
69 孟建国.可持续发展的节能型住宅.中国住宅设施.2005(5):15-16
70 王健,吕宏生,何健敏.走住宅建设的可持续发展之路-加快发展节能型住宅.建筑经济2005(4):42-44
71 任宏、王伟.健康住宅的全寿命周期开发.住宅科技 2003(8):3-6
72 徐善初 李惠强.既有房屋建筑使用寿命、维修周期与定期检测.工程质量.2005.250(10):58
73 黄如宝 钱永峰.对《建筑法》中建筑物“合理使用寿命”相关问题的分析和探讨.建筑技术.2001.32(6):412-413
74 陈宁.推广整体化设计延长建筑寿命.城市开发.2006.1:42-43
75 王齐.推广合成纤维混凝土延长建筑寿命.建筑科技.2005.3:48-49
76 张跃松,王要武,张钟涛.建筑工程结构可靠度与使用寿命的预测及定量关系分析.建筑科学.2001.17(4):35-38
77 沈正超,韩丽川.上海住宅与房地产开发利用外资问题研究.上海房地产1998(7):12
78 薛丽,于渤.2000 年哈尔滨住宅市场顶测.决策借鉴.1999(1):39-40
79 沙磊,韩丽川.BP 神经网络在上海住宅市场需求预测中的应用.数学的实践与认识.2003(11):40-44
80 沈正超,韩丽川.入世,上海房地产业政策取向和企业的应对策略.上海大学学报.2001,8(5):103-108
81 胡雨村,沈岐平.香港住宅产业发展的系统动力学研究.系统工程理论与实践,2001,(7):32-37
82 任荣荣,张红.基于误差修正模型的北京市住宅市场分析及需求预测.建筑经济.2005(6):53-56
83 施建军,张琳.1998-2010 年城镇住宅需求总量预测.数量经济技术经济研究.1999(9):3-7
84 曹光辉.城市住宅需求总量影响因素分析-以重庆市主城区为例.改革.2002(4):71-74
85 赵黎明,钱伟荣,沈艳丰.住宅市场需求的组合预测.系统工程学报.2001(6):224-227
86 王恩茂,刘晓君,刘振奎.节能住宅全寿命周期费用研究.建筑经济.2006(6):89-92
87 罗波,辛志胜,朱长明.工程建设全寿命周期造价控制理论及其应用.华中科技大学学报(城市科学版).2006.23(S1):103-105
88 李刚,程耿东.基于模糊综合评判的结构寿命周期总费用评估.土木工程学报.2005.38(6):115-121
89 Michael Cliff.建筑部门的寿命周期成本核算.产业与环境.2004,26(2-3):37-40
90 董士波.工程造价管理理论的现状及发展趋势.工程造价管理.2003(6):19-23
91 何清华.建设项目集成化管理模式的研究.同济大学学位论文.2000.8
92 全寿命周期改造房地产业.中国环境报.2000.5
93 堵琼琦.住宅建筑的寿命周期费用.住宅科技.1998(9):42-45
94 堵琼琦.住宅寿命周期费用分析系统.住宅科技.1999(6):39-42
95 邓雪松,周继祖.关于网络计划工期规定资源均衡优化的几个问题.基建优化.2000,21(1):15-18
96 王劲,柳瑞禹.送电工程投资估算的模糊数学方法.电力建设.1996(10):2-6
97 温国锋.基于人工神经网络的煤炭建设项目投资估算系统的研究.中国煤炭.2002(7):12-14
98 荀志远,于彩华.加权灰色关联度法在工程投资估算中的应用.建筑技术开发.2001(9):46-49
99 姬晓辉,柳瑞禹.送电线路工程投资模糊估算的探讨.武汉水利电力大学学报.1996(6):87-90
100 邵良杉,高树林.工程造价人工神经网络估算系统.煤矿设计.1996(4):43-46
101 杨建新,王如松.寿命周期评价的回顾与展望,环境科学进展.1998,6(2).21-27
102 史立刚.可持续发展建筑的全寿命周期评价策略研究.中国建筑学会 2003 年学术年会暨学会成立50周年纪念:94-99
103 王增忠,柳玉杰,施建刚.建筑工程项目全寿命安全管理决策的贝叶斯方法.中国管理科学.2005.10(13):475-479
104 匙静,石立峰,王立群.“绿色建筑”全寿命周期分析.石家庄职业技术学院学报.2005,17(1):67-69
105 张丽,刘长滨.建筑产品的全寿命周期环境影响评价.北京交通大学学报(社会科学版).2005.4(4):39-42
106 胡慧琼,张卓.建筑产品全寿命周期资源优化与绿色管理原则.商业经济.2004.12:87-88
107 孙璐.从寿命周期的角度看绿色建筑设计.城市环境设计.2005(5):97-99
108 陈志波 吴贤国.建设项目全寿命周期运作模式研究.建筑经济.2006(7):61-64
109 苏康,张星.基于全寿命周期的建设项目界面管理.建筑经济.2006(7):73-75
110 刘天星,胡聃.北京住宅建设的环境影响:1949-2003 年-从寿命周期角度评价建筑材料的环境影响.中国科学院研究生院学报.2006,23(2):231-241
111 康瑾瑜.以建筑物为主体的城市建设项目环境影响评价的思考.中国环境管理.2002(6):33-35
112 张吾渝.建筑施工对环境的影响.青海大学学报(自然科学版),2000,18(2):57-58
113 蔡文富.住宅区建设应先做好环境影响评价.上海建设科技.1995(6):20-21
114 王娟,林德锋.建设项目环境影响评价因子的筛选.中国环境管理.2003,22(6):63-64
115 张智慧,吴星,龚志起.建筑工程环境影响评价理论和实施标准的研究.环境保护.2004(5):39-42
116 陈利,陈卫.建设项目环境影响因素分析.城市环境与城市生态.2003,16(6):236-237
117 龚志起,张智慧.绿色建筑材料的界定与评价.建筑管理现代化.2003(2):6-9
118 竹隰生,闫瑞娟.可持续性建筑材料及其在住宅建设中的推广应用.化学建材.2001,17(2):1-5
119 刘晶茹,王如松,杨建新.两种家庭住宅类型的环境影响比较.城市环境与城市生态.2003,16(2):34-35
120 王小兵,邓南圣.建筑物寿命周期评价初步.环境科学与技术.2002,25(4):18-20
121 黄明星,顾道金.建筑节能的全寿命周期研究.华中建筑.2006,24(8):70-71
122 李振翔,张三明.寿命周期评价与建筑.工业建筑.2004,34(3):30-32
123 Niklaus Kohler,Sebastian Idoffatt.建筑环境的寿命周期分析.产业与环境.2004,26(2-3):17-21
124 Suzy Edwards,Philip Bebbett.建筑产品与寿命周期思考.产业与环境.2004,26(2-3):57-61
125 中华人民共和国国家标准.工程结构设计基本术语和通用符号(GBJ132-90)
126 赵国藩.工程结构可靠性理论与应用.大连理工大学出版社 1996.
127 国际标准化组织第98技术委员会.陈定外译.结构可靠性总原则(ISO2394:1998)
128 吕俊华,彼得.罗,张杰.1840-2000 中国现代城市住宅.北京:清华大学出版社
129 YBJ219-90.钢铁工业建构筑物可靠性鉴定规程.
130 JGJ125-99.危险房屋鉴定标准.
131 张协奎,陈伟清,成文山,李树丞.基于模糊数学的市场比较法研究.中国管理科学,2001,(6):37-42
132 王要武.张跃松,齐宝库.基于模糊数学的工程项目安全耐久性比较法研究.木工程学报(建设工程与管理分册).2002,(1):61-65
133 许仁忠.模糊数学及其在经济管理中的应用.成都:西南财经大学出版社,1987:196-261
134 黄如宝.建筑经济学.上海:同济大学出版社.2004,10
135 J.F.Lawless 著,茆诗松等译.寿命数据中的统计模型与方法.北京:中国统计出版社.1998:52-93
136 陈家鼎.生存分析与可靠性引论.合肥:安徽教育出版社.1982:1-43
137 中国电子技术标准化研究所.可靠性试验用表(增订本).北京:国防工业出版社.1987:1-368
138 Charles D.Schewe and Reuben M.Smith.Marketing:concepts and applications McGraw-Hill,New York,193-194
139 T.Y.Chen,J.Burnett,C.K.Chau.2001,Analysis of embodied energy use in the residential building of Hong Kong,Energy,26(2001):323-340.
140 Raymond J.Cole,Paul C.Kernan.1996,Life-cycle Energy Use in Office Buildings,Building and Environment,31(4),1996,307-317.
141 Catarina Thormark.2000,Including Recycling potential in energy use into the life-cycle of buildings,Building and Environment,28(3),2000,176-183.
142 RogerFay,Graham Treloar and Usha Iyer-Raniga.2000,Life-cycle energy analysis of buildings:a case study,Building Research and Information,28(1),2000,31-34.
143 B.V.Venkatarama Reddy,K.S.Jagadish.1999,Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies,Energy and Environment,1999(34),335-348.
144 Niklaus Kohler,Sebastian Moffatt.2004,Life-cycle Analysis of Building Environment,Industry and Environment,2004,26(2-3):17-21.
145 Blanchard,S.,Reppe,P.,1996,Life cycle analysis of a residential home in Michigan,http://www.umich.edu/-css.
146 Adalberth,K.,1997,Energy use during the lifetime of single-unit dwellings:a method,Building and Environment,1997,32,317-320.
147 Scheuer,C.,Keoleian,G.,Reppe,P.,2003,Life cycle energy and environmental performance of a new university building:modeling challenges and design implications,Buildingand Environment,35(2003),1049-1064.
148 Adalberth,K.,1997,Energy use during the lifetime of single-unit dwellings:examples,Building and Environment,1997,32,321-329.
149 涂逢祥,王庆一.建筑节能研究报告-《中国能源综合发展战略与政策研究报告》摘录.建筑节能,2004,42:11-33.
150 吴贤国,李建辉等.建筑施工垃圾的产生和组成分析,建筑技术,2001(32),2:105.
151 Lang,Si-Wei.Progress in energy-efficiency standards for residential buildings in China.Energy and Buildings,36(2004),1191-1196.
152 Thormark,C.2002,A low energy building in a life-cycle-its embodied energy,energy need for operation and recycling potential,Building and Environment,3?(2002),429-435.
153 中华人民共和国国家标准:环境管理生命周期评价目的与范围的确定和清单分析.GB/T24042,2000.
154 张学兵.房地产法-案例.学理精解.北京:中国经济出版社.2004:3-16
2 叶剑平,谢经荣.房地产业与社会经济协调发展研究.北京:中国人民大学出版社.2005,9:56-59
3 国家统计局编.历年中国统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社.
4 张殿军,孙轩轩.城市房屋强制拆迁制度的失范与重构.经济论坛.2006(23):42-45
5 上海统计局编.上海市统计年鉴 2006.http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/2003shtj/tjnj/nj06.htm?dl=2006tjnj/C1807.htm
6 刘晓君.工程经济学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2003,8:255
7 关柯,芦金锋,曾赛星.现代住宅经济.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2002,10:6
8 张跃庆等.城市住宅管理概论.北京:北京经济学院出版社.1989,2:202
9 秦耕.解密城市住宅寿命周期.中国地产市场.2005,1:17-23
10 R.Shiller,A.Weiss.Moral Harzard in Home Equity Conversion.Real Estate Economics.2000,28(1):1-32
11 Dias,W P.S.,Condition Assessment of a Deteriorated Cement Works.Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,2003,17:188-197
12 ACI 365.Service-life prediction,State-of-the-art report.Reported by ACl Committee,2000
13 Enright,M.P.,and Frangopol,D.M.,Condition Prediction of Deteriorating Concrete Bridges Using Bayesian Updating.Journal of Structural Engineering,1999,125(10):1118-1126
14 G.Somerville.The design life of structures.Blarkie and Son Ltd.2001
15 O.Lamont,J.Stein.Leverage and Housing-Price Dynamics in U.S.Cities.RAND Journal of Economics.1999,30(4):498-514
16 N.E.Coulson.Housing Inventory and Completion.Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics.1999,18(2):89-106
17 S.Rosenthal.Residential Buildings and the Cost of Construction:New Evidence on the Efficiency of the Housing Market.Review of Economics and Statistics.1999,81(2):288-302
18 Matthew Spiegel.Housing Return and Construction Cycles.Real Estate Economics.2001,29(4):521-551
19 P.H.Hendershott,S.Weicher.Forecasting Housing Markets:Lessons Learned.Real Estate Economics.2002,30(1):1-11
20 P.H.Hendershott,W.C.LaFayette,D.R.Haurin.Debt Usage and Mortgage Choice:The FHA-Convertional Decision.Journal of Urban Economics.1997,8(2):207-217
21 P.H.Hendershott,M.White,Taxing and Subsidizing Housing:the Rise and Fall of Housing's Favored Investment Status.Journal of Urban Economics.2000,11(2):257-275
22 J Friedman.The Demand for Rental Housing.Economics of Housing Vouchers,Chicago:Academic Press.1993.17-64
23 F M Fisher.Housing Demand.Social Economy Press.1989:45-47
24 J Cock,Housing and Housing Policy,Indianapolis:Leading Press.1988:12-16
25 H.Patric,H.George,A.Matysiak.The Workings of the London Office Market.Real Estate Economics.1999(2):115-138
26 D.Denise.C.W.Willian urban Economics and Real Estate Markets.New Jersey:Prentice-hall,1996:225
27 D L Frank.The supply of Rental Housing.American Economic Review.1990(2):806-817
28 D Johnston.Housing Rent.2~(nd)edition.Washington Social Academy Press.1994:12-15
29 黄如宝.建筑经济学.上海:同济大学出版社.2004,10:38-39
30 清家刚,秋元孝之.可持续性住宅建设.北京:机械工业出版社.2005,10:24-26
31 Orshan,O.Life Cycle Cost:A Tool for Comparing Building Alternative.In Proceeding Symposium on Quality and Cost in Building.1980,1(3):63
32 Medley,Larry G.The Life-Cycle Perspective:Managing Cost Before It Occurs.Cost Engineering.1996(10):15-18
33 Kishk,M.and AL-Hajj,A.An Integrated Framework for Life Cycle Costing in Building.Proceedings of the COBRA 1999 RICS Construction and Buildings Research Conference.1999(2):92-101
34 Kishk,M.and Al-Hajj,A.A Fuzzy Approach to Model Subjectivity In Life Cycle Costing.Proceedings of the BF2000 National Conference of Postgraduate Research in the Built and Human Environment.The University of Salford.2000(3):270-280
35 Dr.A.H.Boussabaine.A neurofuzzy model for predicting the cost and duration of construction projects. COBRA 97. RICS
36 Life cycle cost analysis handbook. State of Alaska-Department of Education & Early Development 1st Edition Education Support Services.2000:149-152
37 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Guidelines 2002. Department of Natural Resources. 2002:139
38 Jan Emblemsavg. Life cycle Costing: Using Activity-based Costing and Monte Carlo Methods to Manage Future Costs and Risks. John wiley & sons. 2003(5): 51-92
39 Gregory A. Norris. Integrating Life Cycle Cost Analysis and LCA. Int. J. LCA. 2001,6(2): 118-121
40 Sterner, E. Combining life cycle cost and environmental impact: a case study and model for tender evaluation. 2002 (5): 52
41 Wen Y K, Kang YJ. Minimum building life-cycle cost design criteria. I: methodology, II: applications J. Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE), 2001, 127(3):330-346
42 Ang A H-S, Lee J C. Cost optimal design of R/C buildings J. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 2001,73:233-238
43 Esteva L , Diaz2Lopez O, Garcia-Perez J, Sierra G, Ismael E. Life-cycle optimization in the establishment of performance acceptance parameters for seismic design J . Structural Safety. 2002,24:187-204
44 Aktas E, Moses F, Ghosn M. Cost and safety optimization of structural design specifications J . Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 2001,73: 205-212
45 Kanda J, Shah H. Engineering role in failure cost evaluation for buildings J. Structural Safety. 1997,19(1): 79-90
46 David G. Woodward, Life cycle costing-theory, information acquisition and application, International Journal of Project Management, 1997(6): 335-344.
47 Joseph Harkness and Sandra Newman, George Galster, and James Reschovsky. Life-Cycle Costs of Housing for the Mentally III. Journal of Housing Economics 1997(6): 223-247
48 M.A.Curran. Broad-based Environmental Life Cycle Assessment. Environmental Science and Technology. 1993,27(3): 430-436
49 J.A. Fava, R. Denison, B. Jones, M.A. Curran, B.W. Vigon, S.Selke, and J. Bamum. A Technical Framework for Life Cycle Assessments. The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Pensacola.Florida. USA. 1991
50 A .Fava, F.J. Cosoli, R .Denison and et al. A Conceptual Framework for Life-Cycle Impact Assessment.SETAC.Pensacola.Florida.USA.1993
51 ISO.ISO14040.1997.Life Cycle Assessment-Principle and Framework
52 ISO.ISO14041.1998.Life Cycle Assessment-Goal and Scope Definition and Inventory Analysis
53 ISO.ISO 14042.2000.Life Cycle Assessment-Life Cycle Impact Assessment
54 ISO.ISO14043.2000.Life Cycle Assessment-Life Cycle Interpretation
55 US Environmental Protection Agency.1993.Life Cycle Assessment:Inventory Guidelines and Principles.Cincinnt.Ohio.USA.Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory.1993
56 Cousins McGregor A,Specifying a Green Building,Green Building Challenge,An International Conference on the Performance Assessment of Buildings.Vancouver.Canada.1998
57 A.P.Arena,C.de Rosa.Life cycle assessment of energy and environmental implications of the implementation of conservation technologies in school buildings in Mendoza-Argentina.Building and Environment 2003(38):9-368
58 Barbara C.Lippiatt.BEES3.0(Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability)softwar.The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)Building and Fire Research Laboratory of US.2002
59 Pre Consultants.SimaPro5.0 Software.Amersfoort.The Netherlands.
60 The Athena Sustainable Materials Institute.Athena Software.Canada.
61 Wayne B,Trusty.Introducing An Assessment Tool Classification System.International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment Tools for Sustainability.Arlington.Virginia.2002
62 城乡建设环境保护部城市住宅局编,第一次中国城镇房屋普查手工汇总资料汇编.第1-7册.北京:编者.1986.12
63 万勇.旧城的和谐更新.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.2006,9:41
64 长沙市居民住房现状调查分析报告.长沙楼市.2006(10):33
65 唐世定,黄杰,贾生华.房地产热点问题透视-来自浙江的调查.北京:经济科学出版社.2005:25-184
66 宋春华.全寿命高品质-坚持以人为本,实行住宅性能认定.住宅科技.2004(9):4-8
67 张润红、罗荣桂.住宅建设可持续发展的内涵、原则及层次.武汉理工大学学报.2001(1):82-85
68 鲁建平,伍江,王涌等.上海住宅建设可持续发展研究.上海城市管理职业技术学院学报.2002(3):37-38
69 孟建国.可持续发展的节能型住宅.中国住宅设施.2005(5):15-16
70 王健,吕宏生,何健敏.走住宅建设的可持续发展之路-加快发展节能型住宅.建筑经济2005(4):42-44
71 任宏、王伟.健康住宅的全寿命周期开发.住宅科技 2003(8):3-6
72 徐善初 李惠强.既有房屋建筑使用寿命、维修周期与定期检测.工程质量.2005.250(10):58
73 黄如宝 钱永峰.对《建筑法》中建筑物“合理使用寿命”相关问题的分析和探讨.建筑技术.2001.32(6):412-413
74 陈宁.推广整体化设计延长建筑寿命.城市开发.2006.1:42-43
75 王齐.推广合成纤维混凝土延长建筑寿命.建筑科技.2005.3:48-49
76 张跃松,王要武,张钟涛.建筑工程结构可靠度与使用寿命的预测及定量关系分析.建筑科学.2001.17(4):35-38
77 沈正超,韩丽川.上海住宅与房地产开发利用外资问题研究.上海房地产1998(7):12
78 薛丽,于渤.2000 年哈尔滨住宅市场顶测.决策借鉴.1999(1):39-40
79 沙磊,韩丽川.BP 神经网络在上海住宅市场需求预测中的应用.数学的实践与认识.2003(11):40-44
80 沈正超,韩丽川.入世,上海房地产业政策取向和企业的应对策略.上海大学学报.2001,8(5):103-108
81 胡雨村,沈岐平.香港住宅产业发展的系统动力学研究.系统工程理论与实践,2001,(7):32-37
82 任荣荣,张红.基于误差修正模型的北京市住宅市场分析及需求预测.建筑经济.2005(6):53-56
83 施建军,张琳.1998-2010 年城镇住宅需求总量预测.数量经济技术经济研究.1999(9):3-7
84 曹光辉.城市住宅需求总量影响因素分析-以重庆市主城区为例.改革.2002(4):71-74
85 赵黎明,钱伟荣,沈艳丰.住宅市场需求的组合预测.系统工程学报.2001(6):224-227
86 王恩茂,刘晓君,刘振奎.节能住宅全寿命周期费用研究.建筑经济.2006(6):89-92
87 罗波,辛志胜,朱长明.工程建设全寿命周期造价控制理论及其应用.华中科技大学学报(城市科学版).2006.23(S1):103-105
88 李刚,程耿东.基于模糊综合评判的结构寿命周期总费用评估.土木工程学报.2005.38(6):115-121
89 Michael Cliff.建筑部门的寿命周期成本核算.产业与环境.2004,26(2-3):37-40
90 董士波.工程造价管理理论的现状及发展趋势.工程造价管理.2003(6):19-23
91 何清华.建设项目集成化管理模式的研究.同济大学学位论文.2000.8
92 全寿命周期改造房地产业.中国环境报.2000.5
93 堵琼琦.住宅建筑的寿命周期费用.住宅科技.1998(9):42-45
94 堵琼琦.住宅寿命周期费用分析系统.住宅科技.1999(6):39-42
95 邓雪松,周继祖.关于网络计划工期规定资源均衡优化的几个问题.基建优化.2000,21(1):15-18
96 王劲,柳瑞禹.送电工程投资估算的模糊数学方法.电力建设.1996(10):2-6
97 温国锋.基于人工神经网络的煤炭建设项目投资估算系统的研究.中国煤炭.2002(7):12-14
98 荀志远,于彩华.加权灰色关联度法在工程投资估算中的应用.建筑技术开发.2001(9):46-49
99 姬晓辉,柳瑞禹.送电线路工程投资模糊估算的探讨.武汉水利电力大学学报.1996(6):87-90
100 邵良杉,高树林.工程造价人工神经网络估算系统.煤矿设计.1996(4):43-46
101 杨建新,王如松.寿命周期评价的回顾与展望,环境科学进展.1998,6(2).21-27
102 史立刚.可持续发展建筑的全寿命周期评价策略研究.中国建筑学会 2003 年学术年会暨学会成立50周年纪念:94-99
103 王增忠,柳玉杰,施建刚.建筑工程项目全寿命安全管理决策的贝叶斯方法.中国管理科学.2005.10(13):475-479
104 匙静,石立峰,王立群.“绿色建筑”全寿命周期分析.石家庄职业技术学院学报.2005,17(1):67-69
105 张丽,刘长滨.建筑产品的全寿命周期环境影响评价.北京交通大学学报(社会科学版).2005.4(4):39-42
106 胡慧琼,张卓.建筑产品全寿命周期资源优化与绿色管理原则.商业经济.2004.12:87-88
107 孙璐.从寿命周期的角度看绿色建筑设计.城市环境设计.2005(5):97-99
108 陈志波 吴贤国.建设项目全寿命周期运作模式研究.建筑经济.2006(7):61-64
109 苏康,张星.基于全寿命周期的建设项目界面管理.建筑经济.2006(7):73-75
110 刘天星,胡聃.北京住宅建设的环境影响:1949-2003 年-从寿命周期角度评价建筑材料的环境影响.中国科学院研究生院学报.2006,23(2):231-241
111 康瑾瑜.以建筑物为主体的城市建设项目环境影响评价的思考.中国环境管理.2002(6):33-35
112 张吾渝.建筑施工对环境的影响.青海大学学报(自然科学版),2000,18(2):57-58
113 蔡文富.住宅区建设应先做好环境影响评价.上海建设科技.1995(6):20-21
114 王娟,林德锋.建设项目环境影响评价因子的筛选.中国环境管理.2003,22(6):63-64
115 张智慧,吴星,龚志起.建筑工程环境影响评价理论和实施标准的研究.环境保护.2004(5):39-42
116 陈利,陈卫.建设项目环境影响因素分析.城市环境与城市生态.2003,16(6):236-237
117 龚志起,张智慧.绿色建筑材料的界定与评价.建筑管理现代化.2003(2):6-9
118 竹隰生,闫瑞娟.可持续性建筑材料及其在住宅建设中的推广应用.化学建材.2001,17(2):1-5
119 刘晶茹,王如松,杨建新.两种家庭住宅类型的环境影响比较.城市环境与城市生态.2003,16(2):34-35
120 王小兵,邓南圣.建筑物寿命周期评价初步.环境科学与技术.2002,25(4):18-20
121 黄明星,顾道金.建筑节能的全寿命周期研究.华中建筑.2006,24(8):70-71
122 李振翔,张三明.寿命周期评价与建筑.工业建筑.2004,34(3):30-32
123 Niklaus Kohler,Sebastian Idoffatt.建筑环境的寿命周期分析.产业与环境.2004,26(2-3):17-21
124 Suzy Edwards,Philip Bebbett.建筑产品与寿命周期思考.产业与环境.2004,26(2-3):57-61
125 中华人民共和国国家标准.工程结构设计基本术语和通用符号(GBJ132-90)
126 赵国藩.工程结构可靠性理论与应用.大连理工大学出版社 1996.
127 国际标准化组织第98技术委员会.陈定外译.结构可靠性总原则(ISO2394:1998)
128 吕俊华,彼得.罗,张杰.1840-2000 中国现代城市住宅.北京:清华大学出版社
129 YBJ219-90.钢铁工业建构筑物可靠性鉴定规程.
130 JGJ125-99.危险房屋鉴定标准.
131 张协奎,陈伟清,成文山,李树丞.基于模糊数学的市场比较法研究.中国管理科学,2001,(6):37-42
132 王要武.张跃松,齐宝库.基于模糊数学的工程项目安全耐久性比较法研究.木工程学报(建设工程与管理分册).2002,(1):61-65
133 许仁忠.模糊数学及其在经济管理中的应用.成都:西南财经大学出版社,1987:196-261
134 黄如宝.建筑经济学.上海:同济大学出版社.2004,10
135 J.F.Lawless 著,茆诗松等译.寿命数据中的统计模型与方法.北京:中国统计出版社.1998:52-93
136 陈家鼎.生存分析与可靠性引论.合肥:安徽教育出版社.1982:1-43
137 中国电子技术标准化研究所.可靠性试验用表(增订本).北京:国防工业出版社.1987:1-368
138 Charles D.Schewe and Reuben M.Smith.Marketing:concepts and applications McGraw-Hill,New York,193-194
139 T.Y.Chen,J.Burnett,C.K.Chau.2001,Analysis of embodied energy use in the residential building of Hong Kong,Energy,26(2001):323-340.
140 Raymond J.Cole,Paul C.Kernan.1996,Life-cycle Energy Use in Office Buildings,Building and Environment,31(4),1996,307-317.
141 Catarina Thormark.2000,Including Recycling potential in energy use into the life-cycle of buildings,Building and Environment,28(3),2000,176-183.
142 RogerFay,Graham Treloar and Usha Iyer-Raniga.2000,Life-cycle energy analysis of buildings:a case study,Building Research and Information,28(1),2000,31-34.
143 B.V.Venkatarama Reddy,K.S.Jagadish.1999,Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies,Energy and Environment,1999(34),335-348.
144 Niklaus Kohler,Sebastian Moffatt.2004,Life-cycle Analysis of Building Environment,Industry and Environment,2004,26(2-3):17-21.
145 Blanchard,S.,Reppe,P.,1996,Life cycle analysis of a residential home in Michigan,http://www.umich.edu/-css.
146 Adalberth,K.,1997,Energy use during the lifetime of single-unit dwellings:a method,Building and Environment,1997,32,317-320.
147 Scheuer,C.,Keoleian,G.,Reppe,P.,2003,Life cycle energy and environmental performance of a new university building:modeling challenges and design implications,Buildingand Environment,35(2003),1049-1064.
148 Adalberth,K.,1997,Energy use during the lifetime of single-unit dwellings:examples,Building and Environment,1997,32,321-329.
149 涂逢祥,王庆一.建筑节能研究报告-《中国能源综合发展战略与政策研究报告》摘录.建筑节能,2004,42:11-33.
150 吴贤国,李建辉等.建筑施工垃圾的产生和组成分析,建筑技术,2001(32),2:105.
151 Lang,Si-Wei.Progress in energy-efficiency standards for residential buildings in China.Energy and Buildings,36(2004),1191-1196.
152 Thormark,C.2002,A low energy building in a life-cycle-its embodied energy,energy need for operation and recycling potential,Building and Environment,3?(2002),429-435.
153 中华人民共和国国家标准:环境管理生命周期评价目的与范围的确定和清单分析.GB/T24042,2000.
154 张学兵.房地产法-案例.学理精解.北京:中国经济出版社.2004:3-16