农村社会阶层变迁对政治发展的影响
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摘要
改革开放加深了我国社会阶层分化的程度,同时随着市场经济体制的逐步建立健全,进一步推动了它的进程。而对于中国农村阶层而言,亦处于一个逐渐分化的过程中。由于国家农村经济政策的调整,促进了农村的阶层分化,这不仅给基层民主建设带来了一定的积极作用,有利于农村政治稳定的实现,也为农村政治发展注入了活力。但是农村利益分化的原因是来自外部因素而并非其内部自发的,故而各阶层之间表达利益诉求的水平、要求参差不齐,迫切要求原有计划经济体制的政治参与方式与之相适应。利益诉求的方式也从单一走向多样化,这加大了政治整合的难度,对实现农村政治发展带来了新的挑战。
本课题从这一现实背景出发,结合农村改革的需要,着重研究农村社会阶层分化下保持政治稳定,促进农村政治发展的途径。
第一部分,首先阐述本课题研究的意义。当前农村社会阶层分化现状与农村其他问题的联系比较少,主张从实证的角度进行研究,把社会学的研究成果与政治学的次级体系农村政治联系起来进行;其次,阐述当前农村社会阶层分化的社会背景,并对当前研究现状进行理论综述,以阶层分化理论与政治参与理论为分析方法,力求对当前农村阶层分化的状况有一个准确的把握。
第二部分,阐述阶层分化和农村阶层分化的理论内涵,力求从概念上进行区分和阐述,探求农村阶层分化的依据,认为职业的差别决定着人们的社会差别阶层分化的标准应当以职业为主要依据。
第三部分,以杞县G村为研究个案,结合国内学者对农村阶层划分的依据,通过调查分析人员构成对当前农村社会的阶层进行划分,并重点分析各个阶层的变迁过程,特征,结合国家政策对农村的影响,对基层变迁的原因进行深入剖析。
第四部分,分析当前农村社会阶层分化对巩固党在农村执政基础有利方面,对基层民主政治建设的积极作用;同时,也给党在农村执政基础地位的巩固带来了一些挑战。通过分析它的出现,对我国当前新农村建设带来的影响,用政治参与理论分析阶层分化与国家政策的相互关系,以及对如何保持我国政治稳定的重大意义。
第五部分,分析在农村社会阶层分化背景下,促进农村政治发展的对策措施:从增强农村基层党组织力量,建立和完善农民政治参与的制度体系,转变农村管理模式、扩展社会主义新农村建设范围的思路。发挥我国农村社会阶层分化积极因素,保持我国政治稳定,为实现农村社会政治发展创造良好条件。
Reform and opening have deepened the extent of stratification in our society. Accompany the system of market economy established and consummated, As for China's rural class ,which are also in a gradual process of differentiation .The adjustment of national economic policies in rural areas has promoted rural stratification, not only brought a positive role to Grassroots democracy, and conducive to the realization of political stability in rural areas, but also energized the political development in rural areas. nonetheless ,caused by external factors driving the interest of differentiation in the countryside, the demands of expressing interests among the various stratum are different and uneven, urgently requires the political participation of original planned economy way corresponding with the demands. The way of Interest demands diversify from single, which increased the difficulty of political integration, has brought new challenges to the achievement of political development in rural areas.
The subject coming from this reality background, combined with the needs of rural reform, focused on social stratification in rural areas to maintain political stability and political development ways for rural.
The first part of the Paper explains the significance of this research project. The current situation in research of social stratification in rural areas and rural areas less contact other issues, advocates researching from the perspective of empirical, linked the research results of sociology to the rural politics——the sub-system of political science; Second, elaborate the social background the current social stratification, and reviewed studies theoretically of the current status. Hierarchical the theory of differentiation and political participation for analysis, sought to have a grasp accurately to the current differentiate situation of the rural sectors.
The second part described the theory content of the rural class differentiation and stratification, and strove to distinguish and elaboration from the concept, explore the basis of rural stratification. As differences in career decides people's social differences, the standard of class differentiation should be based primarily on career
The third part, Qixian G Village case study, combined with basis of division the rural class from Chinese scholars, through investigation and analysis composition of staff, dividing current levels of rural society, and analyzed the process of the changes in all sectors, characteristics. Combined with the impact of national policies on rural areas, carried out the reasons to class changes for in-depth analysis.
The fourth part analyzes the benefits aspects of current social stratification on the basis of consolidating the party's governance in rural areas and positive role of grass-roots democracy . At the same time , the analyzes takes some challenges to consolidate the ruling party's basic position in the rural areas. By analyzing the appearance of it , to the impact of the new rural construction in our country, using theoretical participation to analysis the relationship between class polarization and national policy , and analysis on how to maintain the political stability significantly .
The fifth part of the paper , In the context of rural social stratification , the countermeasures to promot of political development in rural areas : From enhancing the strength of rural grassroots party organizations , establishing and perfecting the system of peasant political participation in the system, changing management model in rural areas, extending ideas of a new socialist countryside construction scope. Rural social stratification play a positive role in maintaining political stability in China , and creating good conditions for social and political development in rural areas .
本课题从这一现实背景出发,结合农村改革的需要,着重研究农村社会阶层分化下保持政治稳定,促进农村政治发展的途径。
第一部分,首先阐述本课题研究的意义。当前农村社会阶层分化现状与农村其他问题的联系比较少,主张从实证的角度进行研究,把社会学的研究成果与政治学的次级体系农村政治联系起来进行;其次,阐述当前农村社会阶层分化的社会背景,并对当前研究现状进行理论综述,以阶层分化理论与政治参与理论为分析方法,力求对当前农村阶层分化的状况有一个准确的把握。
第二部分,阐述阶层分化和农村阶层分化的理论内涵,力求从概念上进行区分和阐述,探求农村阶层分化的依据,认为职业的差别决定着人们的社会差别阶层分化的标准应当以职业为主要依据。
第三部分,以杞县G村为研究个案,结合国内学者对农村阶层划分的依据,通过调查分析人员构成对当前农村社会的阶层进行划分,并重点分析各个阶层的变迁过程,特征,结合国家政策对农村的影响,对基层变迁的原因进行深入剖析。
第四部分,分析当前农村社会阶层分化对巩固党在农村执政基础有利方面,对基层民主政治建设的积极作用;同时,也给党在农村执政基础地位的巩固带来了一些挑战。通过分析它的出现,对我国当前新农村建设带来的影响,用政治参与理论分析阶层分化与国家政策的相互关系,以及对如何保持我国政治稳定的重大意义。
第五部分,分析在农村社会阶层分化背景下,促进农村政治发展的对策措施:从增强农村基层党组织力量,建立和完善农民政治参与的制度体系,转变农村管理模式、扩展社会主义新农村建设范围的思路。发挥我国农村社会阶层分化积极因素,保持我国政治稳定,为实现农村社会政治发展创造良好条件。
Reform and opening have deepened the extent of stratification in our society. Accompany the system of market economy established and consummated, As for China's rural class ,which are also in a gradual process of differentiation .The adjustment of national economic policies in rural areas has promoted rural stratification, not only brought a positive role to Grassroots democracy, and conducive to the realization of political stability in rural areas, but also energized the political development in rural areas. nonetheless ,caused by external factors driving the interest of differentiation in the countryside, the demands of expressing interests among the various stratum are different and uneven, urgently requires the political participation of original planned economy way corresponding with the demands. The way of Interest demands diversify from single, which increased the difficulty of political integration, has brought new challenges to the achievement of political development in rural areas.
The subject coming from this reality background, combined with the needs of rural reform, focused on social stratification in rural areas to maintain political stability and political development ways for rural.
The first part of the Paper explains the significance of this research project. The current situation in research of social stratification in rural areas and rural areas less contact other issues, advocates researching from the perspective of empirical, linked the research results of sociology to the rural politics——the sub-system of political science; Second, elaborate the social background the current social stratification, and reviewed studies theoretically of the current status. Hierarchical the theory of differentiation and political participation for analysis, sought to have a grasp accurately to the current differentiate situation of the rural sectors.
The second part described the theory content of the rural class differentiation and stratification, and strove to distinguish and elaboration from the concept, explore the basis of rural stratification. As differences in career decides people's social differences, the standard of class differentiation should be based primarily on career
The third part, Qixian G Village case study, combined with basis of division the rural class from Chinese scholars, through investigation and analysis composition of staff, dividing current levels of rural society, and analyzed the process of the changes in all sectors, characteristics. Combined with the impact of national policies on rural areas, carried out the reasons to class changes for in-depth analysis.
The fourth part analyzes the benefits aspects of current social stratification on the basis of consolidating the party's governance in rural areas and positive role of grass-roots democracy . At the same time , the analyzes takes some challenges to consolidate the ruling party's basic position in the rural areas. By analyzing the appearance of it , to the impact of the new rural construction in our country, using theoretical participation to analysis the relationship between class polarization and national policy , and analysis on how to maintain the political stability significantly .
The fifth part of the paper , In the context of rural social stratification , the countermeasures to promot of political development in rural areas : From enhancing the strength of rural grassroots party organizations , establishing and perfecting the system of peasant political participation in the system, changing management model in rural areas, extending ideas of a new socialist countryside construction scope. Rural social stratification play a positive role in maintaining political stability in China , and creating good conditions for social and political development in rural areas .
引文
①李强《现代化与中国分层结构之变迁》【J】教学与研究,1996(03)
②贺雪峰《乡村治理的的社会基础》,中国社会科学出版社,2003,p108
③陈德顺《云南乡村政治发展:阶层分化与整合》,云南师范大学学报,2203.3
④Marx "The communist manifesto" in From Marx& Engels:English Version 1888
⑤Max Weber:"Class,Status ,and Party."(eds.)by H.H.Gerth &C.Wright Mills.New York,Oxford UniversityPress. 1946 p180-186
⑥"On the Service Class ,its Information and Future."in Giddens,A.&G.Mackenize (eds.),Social Class and the Division of Labor.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 1982
⑦Parkin,Frank.(1971)The Social Analysis of Class Structure .London:Tavistock Publication.1971
⑧David Grusky "Mobility and Inequality " by David Grusky,Stephen Morgan & Gary Fields, Stanford University Press, 2006
⑨清井和夫《社会学原理》华夏出版社,2002年版,P111
⑩富永健《社会结构与社会变迁》云南人民出版社,1998年版,P72
11《列宁全集》人民出版社,1958年版,P380
12李守经《农村社会学》高等教育出版社,2000年版,P175
13陆学艺《改革中的农村与农民》,中共中央党校出版社,1992年版,P28
14陆学艺《改革中的农村和农民》,中共中央党校出版社,1992年版,p 32
15邓正来《布莱克威尔大百科全书》中国政法大学出版社,1992年版
16王浦枸《政治学基础》北京大学出版社,1995年版,P127
17陶东明、陈明明《当代中国政治参与》,浙江人民出版社,1998,P137
[1] "The communist manifesto" in From Marx& Engels:English Version 1888
[2] Max Weber:"Class,Status ,and Party.("eds.)by H.H.Gerth &C.Wright Mills.New York,Oxford UniversityPress. 1946
[3] "On the Service Class ,its Information and Future."in Giddens,A.&G.Mackenize (eds.),Social Class and the Division of Labor.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 1982
[4] Parkin,Frank.(1971)The Social Analysis of Class Structure .London:Tavistock Publication
[5] David Grusky "Mobility and Inequality " by David Grusky,Stephen Morgan & Gary Fields, Stanford University Press, 2006
[1]阿特斯兰德.李路路,林克雷译.经验型社会研究方法[M].北京:中央文献出版社,1995年版。
[2]清井和夫.社会学原理[M].华夏出版社,2002年版。
[3] [美]戴维﹒格伦斯基.权力与特权:社会分层的理论[M].华夏出版社2006年版。
[4] [美]亨廷顿.变动中的社会秩序[M],北京:三联出版社,1989年。
[5]邓正来.布莱克威尔大百科全书[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992年版。
[6]王浦枸.政治学基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995年版。
[7]列宁全集[M].北京:人民出版社,1958年版。
[8]陶东明、陈明明.当代中国政治参与[M].浙江:浙江人民出版社,1998。
[9]贺雪峰.乡村治理的的社会基础[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003。
[10]张厚安.中国农村政治稳定与发展[M],武汉:武汉大学出版社,1995年。
[11]李守经.农村社会学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000年版,P175。
[12]陆学艺.改革中的农村与农民[M].北京:中共中央党校出版社,1992年版。
[13]陆学艺.当代中国社会阶层研究报告[R].社会科学文献出版社,2002。
[14]方向新.农村变迁论[M].北京:中共中央党校出版社,1992年。
[15]张新文.我国农民阶层分化的政治影响分析[J].华夏出版社,1988年。
[16]李培林.中国新时期阶级阶层报告[R].辽宁:辽宁人民出版社,1995年。
[17]朱光磊等.当代中国社会各阶层分析[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1998年。
[18]徐勇.乡村治理与中国政治[M],北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003年。
[19]程同顺.当代中国农村政治发展研究[M].天津:天津人民出版社,2000年。
[20]朱光磊.当代中国社会各阶层分析[M],天津人民出版社,1998牟。
[21]李培林.中国新时期阶级阶层报告[R].辽宁人民出版社,1995年。
[22]富永健.社会结构与社会变迁[M].云南:云南人民出版社,1998年版。
[1]李强.现代化与中国分层结构之变迁[J].教学与研究,1996(03)。
[2]陈德顺.云南乡村政治发展:阶层分化与整合[J].云南师范大学学报,2203.3。
[3]石成林.在改革中分化与更新的当代农民[J],社会学与现代化,1991年第4期。
[4]金榜.农村职业分化状况及其影响[J],社会学研究,1986年第5期。
[5]岳明君,中国农民阶层分化的新特点及其对策[J],社会学辑刊,2000年第5期。
[6]金太军、马骏.中国农村政治民主发展的前景及困难:制度角度的分析[J],政治学研究,1999年第1期。
[7]刘洪礼.李学广.试论现阶段我国农民队伍的构成.学术月刊[J].1983年第6期。
[8]国金榜.农村职业分化状况度其影响静[J].社会学研究.1986年第5期。
[9]何建章.我国所有制结构的调整和社会阶级结构的变化[J].社会学研究.1986年第1期。
[10]陆学艺.张厚义.重斩认识农民问题——十年来中周农民的变化[J].社会学研究..1992年第6期。
[11]王春光.我们要在城里扎根:第二代农村进城大军挑战我国城乡体制[J].中国改革.1998年第10期。
[12]李强.中国大陆城市农民工流动[J].社会学研究.1999年第3期。
②贺雪峰《乡村治理的的社会基础》,中国社会科学出版社,2003,p108
③陈德顺《云南乡村政治发展:阶层分化与整合》,云南师范大学学报,2203.3
④Marx "The communist manifesto" in From Marx& Engels:English Version 1888
⑤Max Weber:"Class,Status ,and Party."(eds.)by H.H.Gerth &C.Wright Mills.New York,Oxford UniversityPress. 1946 p180-186
⑥"On the Service Class ,its Information and Future."in Giddens,A.&G.Mackenize (eds.),Social Class and the Division of Labor.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 1982
⑦Parkin,Frank.(1971)The Social Analysis of Class Structure .London:Tavistock Publication.1971
⑧David Grusky "Mobility and Inequality " by David Grusky,Stephen Morgan & Gary Fields, Stanford University Press, 2006
⑨清井和夫《社会学原理》华夏出版社,2002年版,P111
⑩富永健《社会结构与社会变迁》云南人民出版社,1998年版,P72
11《列宁全集》人民出版社,1958年版,P380
12李守经《农村社会学》高等教育出版社,2000年版,P175
13陆学艺《改革中的农村与农民》,中共中央党校出版社,1992年版,P28
14陆学艺《改革中的农村和农民》,中共中央党校出版社,1992年版,p 32
15邓正来《布莱克威尔大百科全书》中国政法大学出版社,1992年版
16王浦枸《政治学基础》北京大学出版社,1995年版,P127
17陶东明、陈明明《当代中国政治参与》,浙江人民出版社,1998,P137
[1] "The communist manifesto" in From Marx& Engels:English Version 1888
[2] Max Weber:"Class,Status ,and Party.("eds.)by H.H.Gerth &C.Wright Mills.New York,Oxford UniversityPress. 1946
[3] "On the Service Class ,its Information and Future."in Giddens,A.&G.Mackenize (eds.),Social Class and the Division of Labor.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 1982
[4] Parkin,Frank.(1971)The Social Analysis of Class Structure .London:Tavistock Publication
[5] David Grusky "Mobility and Inequality " by David Grusky,Stephen Morgan & Gary Fields, Stanford University Press, 2006
[1]阿特斯兰德.李路路,林克雷译.经验型社会研究方法[M].北京:中央文献出版社,1995年版。
[2]清井和夫.社会学原理[M].华夏出版社,2002年版。
[3] [美]戴维﹒格伦斯基.权力与特权:社会分层的理论[M].华夏出版社2006年版。
[4] [美]亨廷顿.变动中的社会秩序[M],北京:三联出版社,1989年。
[5]邓正来.布莱克威尔大百科全书[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992年版。
[6]王浦枸.政治学基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995年版。
[7]列宁全集[M].北京:人民出版社,1958年版。
[8]陶东明、陈明明.当代中国政治参与[M].浙江:浙江人民出版社,1998。
[9]贺雪峰.乡村治理的的社会基础[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003。
[10]张厚安.中国农村政治稳定与发展[M],武汉:武汉大学出版社,1995年。
[11]李守经.农村社会学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000年版,P175。
[12]陆学艺.改革中的农村与农民[M].北京:中共中央党校出版社,1992年版。
[13]陆学艺.当代中国社会阶层研究报告[R].社会科学文献出版社,2002。
[14]方向新.农村变迁论[M].北京:中共中央党校出版社,1992年。
[15]张新文.我国农民阶层分化的政治影响分析[J].华夏出版社,1988年。
[16]李培林.中国新时期阶级阶层报告[R].辽宁:辽宁人民出版社,1995年。
[17]朱光磊等.当代中国社会各阶层分析[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1998年。
[18]徐勇.乡村治理与中国政治[M],北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003年。
[19]程同顺.当代中国农村政治发展研究[M].天津:天津人民出版社,2000年。
[20]朱光磊.当代中国社会各阶层分析[M],天津人民出版社,1998牟。
[21]李培林.中国新时期阶级阶层报告[R].辽宁人民出版社,1995年。
[22]富永健.社会结构与社会变迁[M].云南:云南人民出版社,1998年版。
[1]李强.现代化与中国分层结构之变迁[J].教学与研究,1996(03)。
[2]陈德顺.云南乡村政治发展:阶层分化与整合[J].云南师范大学学报,2203.3。
[3]石成林.在改革中分化与更新的当代农民[J],社会学与现代化,1991年第4期。
[4]金榜.农村职业分化状况及其影响[J],社会学研究,1986年第5期。
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