基于嵌入性关系和组织间学习的产学知识联盟研究
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摘要
企业和大学是两类不同资源禀赋的异质组织,在知识经济加速、开放式创新日盛的时代背景下,双方的合作面临着新的挑战和机遇。与此同时,知识已经逐步成为组织中最重要的资产,产学知识联盟内的企业、大学通过组织间学习获得和创造知识,成为提升其核心能力的重要途径。然而,企业、大学需要的外部知识往往嵌入在社会网络、人际关系之中,正式契约关系对双方合作的规制作用是有限的,通常需要契约关系之外的“嵌入性关系”在其中扮演重要角色,才能实现良好的企业、大学创新绩效。因此,从产学知识联盟中的嵌入性关系、组织间学习入手,探究对创新绩效的作用机制具有重要的理论与现实意义。
本研究首先从系统视角比较分析了产学知识联盟的环境要素,发现:环境因素对联盟内企业、大学问形成良好的合作关系以及跨组织的高效学习机制具有不可忽视的作用和意义。然后,以我国企业、大学及相应的联盟组织为研究对象,结合产学合作、知识联盟、嵌入性关系、组织间学习等理论和相关案例,构建了影响产学知识联盟的“信任维、资源维、联结维”等三项嵌入性关系及其与企业、大学创新绩效相关性的研究模型,模型以组织间学习为中介变量,进而运用深入的理论演绎、详尽的案例研究和模型构建、数理统计等研究方法,明晰了研究模型中各要素间的关键作用机理。
本研究的主要结论如下:
(1)企业、大学在产学知识联盟中的嵌入性关系对其创新绩效有正向影响。本文通过对国内两个产学知识联盟的案例分析、对40余位企业、大学相关人员的实地访谈调研,以及对116份来自企业的调查问卷和125份来自大学的调查问卷研究均表明,产学知识联盟中企业、大学之间较强的信任维、资源维以及联结维水平均有助于企业、大学创新绩效的提升。
(2)嵌入性关系对企业创新绩效的影响通过“组织同学习”的“知识获取”和“知识创造”两条路径间接发生作用.产学知识联盟中嵌入性关系程度越高,则对于企业的知识获取、知识创造效果越好,从而对其创新绩效提升的作用越强。
(3)嵌入性关系对大学创新绩效的影响是通过“组织间学习”的“知识创造”路径间接产生作用,不同学科在联盟中的学习模式存在显著差异。“知识创造”在“信任维、资源维、联结维”与“大学创新绩效”之间起到了中介作用,但“知识获取”并未成为其中的中介。以隐性知识为主的工科研究人员在联盟中呈现出与企业高度互动的学习模式,以显性知识为主的理科的研究人员则表现出以知识单向转移为主的合作形式。
(4)要构建产学知识联盟中的良性合作机制,还需要匹配的外部支撑体系才能得以实现。产学知识联盟可通过嵌入性关系有效提升组织间学习的效果,但其间不可或缺还有环境要素,如:政府、科技中介、金融机构等,这些要素是提升联盟创新绩效的重要外部力量。
综上所述,本文研究了产学知识联盟作用机制模型中的各要素特征和作用机理,为联盟中企业、大学合作关系、学习机制的建立、维系与管理提供了理论依据和实践指导。本研究在此基础上,还进一步对我国“产学知识联盟”的完善和发展提供了相关政策建议:(1)推动产学知识联盟构建,丰富创新型国家战略举措;(2)发挥国家创新系统协同,激发知识联盟效应最大化;(3)积极重视关系资本管理,实现产学双方可持续合作;(4)根据属性差异化的知识,构建高效组织间学习模式。
Enterprises and universities are two heterogeneous organizations with different resources endowments.The cooperation of these two organizations is confronted with new challenges as well as opportunities under the historical background of knowledge economy acceleration and open innovation prosperity.Meanwhile,knowledge has already gradually become the foremost assets in organizations.For the enterprises and universities in the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance,to obtain and create knowledge through inter-organizational learning so as to upgrade the core competence has been the major approach.However,the exterior knowledge appealing to the enterprises and universities is very often embedded into the social network and personal relationships.As a result,the regulation effects of the formal contracts would be rather restricted,while the embedded relationships play an important role in order to achieve excellent innovation performances for both the enterprises and the universities during the cooperation of the parties.Therefore,it would be of great theoretical and practical significance to start with the embedded relationships and inter-organizational learning in the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance to explore the functional mechanism of the innovation performance.
The paper analyses the environmental elements of the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance from a systematical perspective:environmental elements make the significant contributing factors in the good Industry-University relationships between the heterogeneous organizations in the alliance,and also,in the inter-organizational learning mechanisms of high efficiency.targeting at the Chinese enterprises,universities as well as the corresponding alliances,the paper discusses the theories and the relevant cases of the industry-university cooperation,the knowledge alliances,the embedded relationships and the inter-organizational learning,and on top of which,the paper has constructed three embedded relationships,i.e.. "trust-dimension,resource-dimension and connection-dimension",together with the research model of their innovation performance relativity with enterprises and universities.With the inter-organizational learning as its intermediary variable,the model clarifies the key functional mechanisms of the various elements based on the research methods of theory deduction in depth,detailed case study.model construction and mathematical statistics.
The conclusions of the paper are as follows:
Ⅰ.The embedded relationship in the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance has a positive influence on the innovation performance of the enterprises and the universities.The paper examines the case study of the two Industry-University Knowledge Alliances in China,the field interview and investigation of over 40 related staff members,and 116 and 125 questionnaires from the enterprise and universities respectively,and all these indicate that a high degree of trust-dimension,resource dimension and connection dimension between the enterprises and the universities in the Knowledge Alliance would do great help to the upgrade of the innovation performance of the two parties.
Ⅱ.The influence of the embedded relationship on the enterprises innovation performance functions indirectly through the "Knowledge Acquisition" and the "Knowledge Creation" of the "Inter-organizational learning".The higher the level of the embedded relationship in the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance, the better the effect for the knowledge acquisition and knowledge creation of the enterprise,hence,a stronger influence on the upgrade of the innovation performance.
Ⅲ.The influence of the embedded relationship on the universities innovation performance functions indirectly through the "Knowledge Creation" of the "Inter-organizational learning",and there are distinct differences in the learning models of different disciplines in the alliance."Knowledge Creation" serves as the intermediary between the "trust-dimension,resource-dimension, connection-dimension" and the "university innovation performance" while the "Knowledge Acquisition" does not.The engineering disciplines mainly engaging in implicit knowledge present a learning model with a high level of interactions.While the learning model of the science disciplines mainly engaging in explicit knowledge mostly manifests a unidirectional transfer.
Ⅳ.A well-matched exterior supportive system is needed in order to construct a favorable cooperation mechanism in the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance.The embedded relationships could help to largely upgrade the inter-organizational learning efficiency in the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance.However,during the process,the environmental elements are indispensable: government,technological intermediates,financial institutions and so on.The supporting from these parties are the major exterior elements for the upgrading of the alliance innovation performance.
As a conclusion,based on the theoretical analysis,the case study and the exemplar research,the paper clarifies the elements features and their functional mechanisms of the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance,and provides theoretical base and practical guidance for the establishment,maintenance and management of the cooperation as well as the learning mechanisms between enterprises and universities in the alliance.On the basis of that,the paper also proposes related policy suggestions for the perfection and sustainable development of the "Industry-University Knowledge Alliance" in China:(1)to promote the construction of the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance so as to enrich the strategic measures for an innovative country;(2) to give a full play of the collaboration of the national innovation system to exploit the maximum efficiency for the knowledge alliance;(3) to focus on the management of relationship capital to achieve the sustainable cooperation between the enterprises and the universities;(4) to construct a highly efficient inter-organizational learning model concerning the knowledge with diversified attributes.
本研究首先从系统视角比较分析了产学知识联盟的环境要素,发现:环境因素对联盟内企业、大学问形成良好的合作关系以及跨组织的高效学习机制具有不可忽视的作用和意义。然后,以我国企业、大学及相应的联盟组织为研究对象,结合产学合作、知识联盟、嵌入性关系、组织间学习等理论和相关案例,构建了影响产学知识联盟的“信任维、资源维、联结维”等三项嵌入性关系及其与企业、大学创新绩效相关性的研究模型,模型以组织间学习为中介变量,进而运用深入的理论演绎、详尽的案例研究和模型构建、数理统计等研究方法,明晰了研究模型中各要素间的关键作用机理。
本研究的主要结论如下:
(1)企业、大学在产学知识联盟中的嵌入性关系对其创新绩效有正向影响。本文通过对国内两个产学知识联盟的案例分析、对40余位企业、大学相关人员的实地访谈调研,以及对116份来自企业的调查问卷和125份来自大学的调查问卷研究均表明,产学知识联盟中企业、大学之间较强的信任维、资源维以及联结维水平均有助于企业、大学创新绩效的提升。
(2)嵌入性关系对企业创新绩效的影响通过“组织同学习”的“知识获取”和“知识创造”两条路径间接发生作用.产学知识联盟中嵌入性关系程度越高,则对于企业的知识获取、知识创造效果越好,从而对其创新绩效提升的作用越强。
(3)嵌入性关系对大学创新绩效的影响是通过“组织间学习”的“知识创造”路径间接产生作用,不同学科在联盟中的学习模式存在显著差异。“知识创造”在“信任维、资源维、联结维”与“大学创新绩效”之间起到了中介作用,但“知识获取”并未成为其中的中介。以隐性知识为主的工科研究人员在联盟中呈现出与企业高度互动的学习模式,以显性知识为主的理科的研究人员则表现出以知识单向转移为主的合作形式。
(4)要构建产学知识联盟中的良性合作机制,还需要匹配的外部支撑体系才能得以实现。产学知识联盟可通过嵌入性关系有效提升组织间学习的效果,但其间不可或缺还有环境要素,如:政府、科技中介、金融机构等,这些要素是提升联盟创新绩效的重要外部力量。
综上所述,本文研究了产学知识联盟作用机制模型中的各要素特征和作用机理,为联盟中企业、大学合作关系、学习机制的建立、维系与管理提供了理论依据和实践指导。本研究在此基础上,还进一步对我国“产学知识联盟”的完善和发展提供了相关政策建议:(1)推动产学知识联盟构建,丰富创新型国家战略举措;(2)发挥国家创新系统协同,激发知识联盟效应最大化;(3)积极重视关系资本管理,实现产学双方可持续合作;(4)根据属性差异化的知识,构建高效组织间学习模式。
Enterprises and universities are two heterogeneous organizations with different resources endowments.The cooperation of these two organizations is confronted with new challenges as well as opportunities under the historical background of knowledge economy acceleration and open innovation prosperity.Meanwhile,knowledge has already gradually become the foremost assets in organizations.For the enterprises and universities in the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance,to obtain and create knowledge through inter-organizational learning so as to upgrade the core competence has been the major approach.However,the exterior knowledge appealing to the enterprises and universities is very often embedded into the social network and personal relationships.As a result,the regulation effects of the formal contracts would be rather restricted,while the embedded relationships play an important role in order to achieve excellent innovation performances for both the enterprises and the universities during the cooperation of the parties.Therefore,it would be of great theoretical and practical significance to start with the embedded relationships and inter-organizational learning in the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance to explore the functional mechanism of the innovation performance.
The paper analyses the environmental elements of the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance from a systematical perspective:environmental elements make the significant contributing factors in the good Industry-University relationships between the heterogeneous organizations in the alliance,and also,in the inter-organizational learning mechanisms of high efficiency.targeting at the Chinese enterprises,universities as well as the corresponding alliances,the paper discusses the theories and the relevant cases of the industry-university cooperation,the knowledge alliances,the embedded relationships and the inter-organizational learning,and on top of which,the paper has constructed three embedded relationships,i.e.. "trust-dimension,resource-dimension and connection-dimension",together with the research model of their innovation performance relativity with enterprises and universities.With the inter-organizational learning as its intermediary variable,the model clarifies the key functional mechanisms of the various elements based on the research methods of theory deduction in depth,detailed case study.model construction and mathematical statistics.
The conclusions of the paper are as follows:
Ⅰ.The embedded relationship in the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance has a positive influence on the innovation performance of the enterprises and the universities.The paper examines the case study of the two Industry-University Knowledge Alliances in China,the field interview and investigation of over 40 related staff members,and 116 and 125 questionnaires from the enterprise and universities respectively,and all these indicate that a high degree of trust-dimension,resource dimension and connection dimension between the enterprises and the universities in the Knowledge Alliance would do great help to the upgrade of the innovation performance of the two parties.
Ⅱ.The influence of the embedded relationship on the enterprises innovation performance functions indirectly through the "Knowledge Acquisition" and the "Knowledge Creation" of the "Inter-organizational learning".The higher the level of the embedded relationship in the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance, the better the effect for the knowledge acquisition and knowledge creation of the enterprise,hence,a stronger influence on the upgrade of the innovation performance.
Ⅲ.The influence of the embedded relationship on the universities innovation performance functions indirectly through the "Knowledge Creation" of the "Inter-organizational learning",and there are distinct differences in the learning models of different disciplines in the alliance."Knowledge Creation" serves as the intermediary between the "trust-dimension,resource-dimension, connection-dimension" and the "university innovation performance" while the "Knowledge Acquisition" does not.The engineering disciplines mainly engaging in implicit knowledge present a learning model with a high level of interactions.While the learning model of the science disciplines mainly engaging in explicit knowledge mostly manifests a unidirectional transfer.
Ⅳ.A well-matched exterior supportive system is needed in order to construct a favorable cooperation mechanism in the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance.The embedded relationships could help to largely upgrade the inter-organizational learning efficiency in the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance.However,during the process,the environmental elements are indispensable: government,technological intermediates,financial institutions and so on.The supporting from these parties are the major exterior elements for the upgrading of the alliance innovation performance.
As a conclusion,based on the theoretical analysis,the case study and the exemplar research,the paper clarifies the elements features and their functional mechanisms of the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance,and provides theoretical base and practical guidance for the establishment,maintenance and management of the cooperation as well as the learning mechanisms between enterprises and universities in the alliance.On the basis of that,the paper also proposes related policy suggestions for the perfection and sustainable development of the "Industry-University Knowledge Alliance" in China:(1)to promote the construction of the Industry-University Knowledge Alliance so as to enrich the strategic measures for an innovative country;(2) to give a full play of the collaboration of the national innovation system to exploit the maximum efficiency for the knowledge alliance;(3) to focus on the management of relationship capital to achieve the sustainable cooperation between the enterprises and the universities;(4) to construct a highly efficient inter-organizational learning model concerning the knowledge with diversified attributes.
引文
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