海滩养护剖面设计的数值与实验模拟应用研究
|
摘要
海滩养护是近年来国内外备受推崇的海岸防护措施。我国十二五规划中对于海岸防护及岸线恢复工作更加重视,加强海滩养护相关理论和技术问题研究是进一步做好此项工作的关键。海滩养护剖面设计的合理性影响养护后岸滩与当地水动力环境的适应能力,从水动力角度分析影响海滩演变的设计因素是保证人工海滩稳定性的首要条件。
本文首先回顾了近年来海滩养护在国内外的开展情况,介绍了海滩平衡剖面理论、海滩演变的数值与物理模型试验方面的研究进展。探讨了海滩养护中常见的稳定岸线形态及剖面形态设计方法。重点介绍了岬湾型岸线设计方法在海滩养护中的应用,并利用抛物线岸线拟合模型进行岬湾型岸线布置和岸线稳定性预测分析,包括现存海滩岸线的稳定性分析、人工建筑物修建对原有岸线的影响等。此外,依据Dean的平衡剖面理论对白沙湾海滩养护平衡剖面进行了初步设计。
应用岸滩剖面演变模型,对不同海滩养护剖面设计方案下海滩稳定性进行数值模拟分析。利用剖面演变模型讨论补沙粒径、滩肩宽度、滩肩高程等因素对岸滩稳定性的影响,为合理选择海滩剖面设计参数提供依据。此外,进行了潜堤和护岸存在的海滩剖面演变数值实验,分析了不同堤顶高程、堤顶宽度和离岸距离的潜堤对岸滩剖面掩护作用的差异。利用岸线演变的一线模型,进行养护后新海滩岸线不同年限后岸线冲淤变化模拟,以基于岸线冲淤预测结果进行岸线布置方案的合理性评价。
物理模型实验一方面能同时考虑泥沙的横向输移和纵向输移,另一方面弥补数值模型中对于波浪的折射、绕射、反射考虑的不足,因此,通过物理模型实验进一步分析岸滩剖面稳定性和岸线稳定性。首先进行实验室模型设计和布置,开展海滩物理模型验证性试验研究。通过实验中观察岸滩侵蚀部位和侵蚀强度,与现场观测结果对比,进行物理模型实验相似性验证,验证结果较好。在保证模型与原型相似的前提下,进行人工海滩补滩剖面和岸线稳定性研究,得到了不同重现期波浪作用下海滩剖面的侵蚀和恢复形态,以及不同重现期的波浪作用下的岸线的蚀退和淤长量,在此基础上分析了不同波浪条件对海滩横向剖面和岸线稳定性的影响,进行岸滩泥沙运移规律研究。
Beach nourishment is a popular shore protection measure around the world in recent years. The Twelfth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development stresses that more emphases should be put on shore protection and coastline restoration. It is suggested that more attention should be paid on the summarization and assessment of the theories and techniques on beach nourishment. The reasonableness of design profiles for beach nourishment determines the adaptability of nourished beach to the hydrodynamic conditions of the site. It is strongly emphasized that the influence of design factors to beach stability should be analyzed from hydrodynamic view.
Firstly, the development of beach nourishment method is reviewed in and abroad China. Also, the state-of-the-art of Equilibrium beach profile model, numerical and physical experiment study in beach profile evolution are reviewed in this article. The models and design methods of shoreline and profile morphology for beach nourishment is discussed.
The response of different design proposals is simulated under various wave and tide condition to assess the influence of different design factors, such as median diameter of filled sand, beach berm width, beach berm height to profile stability. Besides, the numerical study of profile evolution with sheltering submerged breakwaters and revetments is carried out to assess the sheltering effects of breakwaters with different top elevations, top width and distance from the shore. The nourished shoreline change after several years is simulated by means of one-line model which is widely used in shoreline evolution. Based on the evolution results, the rationality of shoreline layout is evaluated.
Furthermore, the beach profile and shoreline stability is studied based on physical experiment. For one thing, both cross-shore and long shore sediment transport is included in physical model. For another thing, the wave refraction, diffraction, reflection are more close to real in physical model compared to numerical model study. The proven experiment is carried out to validate model similarity first. After this, artificial beach profile and shoreline stability experiment is carried out to study the response of nourished beach under different wave and water level conditions and the features of near shore sediment transport.
本文首先回顾了近年来海滩养护在国内外的开展情况,介绍了海滩平衡剖面理论、海滩演变的数值与物理模型试验方面的研究进展。探讨了海滩养护中常见的稳定岸线形态及剖面形态设计方法。重点介绍了岬湾型岸线设计方法在海滩养护中的应用,并利用抛物线岸线拟合模型进行岬湾型岸线布置和岸线稳定性预测分析,包括现存海滩岸线的稳定性分析、人工建筑物修建对原有岸线的影响等。此外,依据Dean的平衡剖面理论对白沙湾海滩养护平衡剖面进行了初步设计。
应用岸滩剖面演变模型,对不同海滩养护剖面设计方案下海滩稳定性进行数值模拟分析。利用剖面演变模型讨论补沙粒径、滩肩宽度、滩肩高程等因素对岸滩稳定性的影响,为合理选择海滩剖面设计参数提供依据。此外,进行了潜堤和护岸存在的海滩剖面演变数值实验,分析了不同堤顶高程、堤顶宽度和离岸距离的潜堤对岸滩剖面掩护作用的差异。利用岸线演变的一线模型,进行养护后新海滩岸线不同年限后岸线冲淤变化模拟,以基于岸线冲淤预测结果进行岸线布置方案的合理性评价。
物理模型实验一方面能同时考虑泥沙的横向输移和纵向输移,另一方面弥补数值模型中对于波浪的折射、绕射、反射考虑的不足,因此,通过物理模型实验进一步分析岸滩剖面稳定性和岸线稳定性。首先进行实验室模型设计和布置,开展海滩物理模型验证性试验研究。通过实验中观察岸滩侵蚀部位和侵蚀强度,与现场观测结果对比,进行物理模型实验相似性验证,验证结果较好。在保证模型与原型相似的前提下,进行人工海滩补滩剖面和岸线稳定性研究,得到了不同重现期波浪作用下海滩剖面的侵蚀和恢复形态,以及不同重现期的波浪作用下的岸线的蚀退和淤长量,在此基础上分析了不同波浪条件对海滩横向剖面和岸线稳定性的影响,进行岸滩泥沙运移规律研究。
Beach nourishment is a popular shore protection measure around the world in recent years. The Twelfth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development stresses that more emphases should be put on shore protection and coastline restoration. It is suggested that more attention should be paid on the summarization and assessment of the theories and techniques on beach nourishment. The reasonableness of design profiles for beach nourishment determines the adaptability of nourished beach to the hydrodynamic conditions of the site. It is strongly emphasized that the influence of design factors to beach stability should be analyzed from hydrodynamic view.
Firstly, the development of beach nourishment method is reviewed in and abroad China. Also, the state-of-the-art of Equilibrium beach profile model, numerical and physical experiment study in beach profile evolution are reviewed in this article. The models and design methods of shoreline and profile morphology for beach nourishment is discussed.
The response of different design proposals is simulated under various wave and tide condition to assess the influence of different design factors, such as median diameter of filled sand, beach berm width, beach berm height to profile stability. Besides, the numerical study of profile evolution with sheltering submerged breakwaters and revetments is carried out to assess the sheltering effects of breakwaters with different top elevations, top width and distance from the shore. The nourished shoreline change after several years is simulated by means of one-line model which is widely used in shoreline evolution. Based on the evolution results, the rationality of shoreline layout is evaluated.
Furthermore, the beach profile and shoreline stability is studied based on physical experiment. For one thing, both cross-shore and long shore sediment transport is included in physical model. For another thing, the wave refraction, diffraction, reflection are more close to real in physical model compared to numerical model study. The proven experiment is carried out to validate model similarity first. After this, artificial beach profile and shoreline stability experiment is carried out to study the response of nourished beach under different wave and water level conditions and the features of near shore sediment transport.
引文
[1]任美锷.海平面研究的最近进展[J].南京大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(3)：269-280.
[2]庄振业,王永红,包敏,等.海滩养护过程和工程技术[J].中国海洋大学学报,自然科学版,2009,39(5)：1019-1024.
[3]TODD DAVISON A, ROBERT J N, STEPHEN P L. Beach Nourishment as a Coastal Management Tool [J]. Journal of Coastal Research,1992,8 (4):984-1022.
[4]HANSON H. Beach nourishment project s, practices and objectives:a European overview [J]. Coast Engineering,2002,2(47):81-111.
[5]BRYANT C C. BEACH NOURISHMENT:Global Perspectives and Local Applications to the North Carolina Coastline [M]. Carolina, Carolina Environmental Program,2003.
[6]王广禄.海湾沙滩修复研究[D].厦门,国家海洋局第三海洋研究所,2008.
[7]宋向群,郭子坚,陈士荫.星海湾人工海滨浴场的规划设计研究[J].土木工程学报,2005,38(4)：134-140.
[8]潘毅,匡翠萍,杨燕雄,等.北戴河西海滩养护工程方案研究[J].水运工程.2008(7)：23-28.
[9]曹惠美,蔡锋,陈峰.厦门滨海沙滩的养护与海洋旅游业发展的探讨[J].海洋开发与管理.2009,26(7)：58-62.
[10]季小梅,张永战,朱大奎.三亚海岸演变与人工海滩设计研究[J].2007,27(5)：853-861.
[11]邱若峰,杨燕雄,庄振业,等.河北省沙质海岸侵蚀灾害和防治对策[J].海洋湖沼通报.2009(2)：162-167.
[12]吴宋仁,海岸动力学,北京：人民交通出版社,1988,123-144.
[14]BRUUN P. Coast erosion and the development of beach profiles [G]. US Army Corps of Engineers, Beach Erosion Board. Technical Memorandum 44,1954.
[15]DEAN R G. Equilibrim beach profile:Characteristics and application [J]. J. Coastal. Res,1991, (7):53-84.
[15]迪安R G.海滩养护理论与实践[M].北京：海洋出版社,2010.
[16]LARSON M, KRAUS N C. SBEACH:Numerical model to simulate storm-induced beach change [J].Army Coros of Engr, Waterway Experiment, Technical Report CERC-89-9,1989.
[17]DALLY W R, DEAN R G. Wave height variation across beaches of arbitrary profile [J]. Geol. Res.1985,90(C6):11917-11927.
[18]KRIEBEL D L, DEAN R G. Convolution method for time-dependent beach-profile response [J]. Wat., Port, Coast., Ocean Eng.,1993,119(2):221-225.
[19]KIT E, PELINOVSKY E. Dynamic models for cross shore transport and equilibrium bottom profile [J]. J. Wat., Port, Coast., Ocean Eng.,1998,(5):138-146.
[20]DEAN R G, Healy T R, Albert D. A blind-folded' test of equilibrium beach profile concepts with New Zealand date [J]. Mar. Geol.,1993, (109):253-266.
[21]BODGE K R. Representing equilibrium beach profile with an exponential expression [J]. J. Coastal. Res.,1992, (8):47-55.
[22]K0MAR P D, McDougal W G. The analysis of exponential beach profiles [J]. J. Coastal Res.,1994,10(1):59-69.
[23]LEE P Z. The submarine equilibrium profile:a physical model [J]. J. Coastal Res. 1994,10(1)1-17.
[24]Inman D L, Elwany H S, JENKINS S A. Shore rise and bar-berm profile on ocean beach [J]. J. Geol. Res.,1993,98(C10):18 181-18 199.
[25]LARSON M, KRAUS N C, WISE R A. Equilibrium beach profiles under breaking and non-breaking waves [J]. Coastal Engineering,1999, (36):59-85.
[26]BERNABEU A M, MEDINA R, VIDAL C. A morphological model of the beach profile integrating wave and tidal influences [J]. J. Marine Geology,2003.197:95-116.
[27]WANG P, DAVIS R A. A beach profile for a barred coast case study from Sand Key, West-central Florida [J]. J. Coastal Res.,1998,14(3):981-991.
[28]DEAN R G, HEALY T R, ALBERT D. A blind-folded'test of equilibrium beach profile concepts with New Zealand date [J]. Mar. Geol.,1993, (109):253-266.
[29]印萍,吕京福,夏东兴.海滩均衡剖面的概念及相关问题的讨论[J].黄渤海洋,2001,19(2)：39-45.
[30]SWART D H. Predictive equations regarding coastal transports[C].Proc,15th International Conference on Coastal Engineering[C]. New York:ASCE.1976. pp.1113-1132.
[31]SWAIN A, HOUSTON R J. The Nearshore Sediment Transport study [J].Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng.1984,110(1):130-133.
[32]DALLY W R, DEAN R G. Suspended sediment transport and beach profile evolution [J]. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng.,1984,110(1):15-33.
[33]BAGNOLD R A. The physics of sediment transport by wind and water [M].USA, Library of Congress Cataloging-in Public Data,1988:188-196.
[34]BAILARD J A. An Energetics Total Load Sediment Transport Model for a Plane Sloping Beach [J]. Geophysical Research,1981,86:10938-10954.
[35]STIVE M J F. A model for cross-shore sediment transport [C]. Proc,20th International Conference on Coastal Engineering [C]. New York:ASCE.1986:1550-1564.
[36]NAIM R B. Prediction of cross-shore sediment transport and beach profile evolution [D]. London:Imperial College,1990.
[37]KRIEBEL D L, DEAN R G. Numerical simulation of time-dependent beach and dune erosion [J]. Coastal Eng.,1985,9(3):221-245.
[38]DELFT HYDRAULICS. DUROSTA:Tijdafhanklijk dwarstransportmodel voor extreme condities [R]. Delft:Delft Hydraulics,1990, Part III.
[39]DHI. LITPACK:An Integrated Modelling System for Littoral Processes and Coastline Kinetics[R]. Copenhagen: Danish Hydraulic Institute,1991.
[40]LARSON M, KRAUS N C. Mathematical modeling of the fate of beach fill [J]. Coastal Engineering.1991.16(1):83-114.
[41]MARIE-HELENE G B. A Micro-Computer Based Quasi 3-D Sediment Transport Model [J]. Coastal Engineering.1993,20(1-2):101-134.
[42]SRINIVAS R, DEAN R G. Cross-shore hydrodynamics and modeling profile response modeling [J]. Coastal Engineering.1996(27):195-221.
[43]RAKHA K A, DEIGAARD R, BROKER. A phase-resolving cross shore sediment transport model for beach profile evolution [J]. Coastal Engineering.1997,31(1-4):231-261.
[44]LARSON M, KUBOTA S, ERIKSON L. A model of sediment transport and profile evolution in the swash zone[C]. Hanson H; Larson M. Coastal Dynamics'01: Proceedings [C].Lund:Coasts, Oceans, Ports & Rivers Inst,2001
[45]MEULE S, PINAZO C, DEGIOVANNI C. Numerical study of sedimentary impact of a storm on a sand beach simulated by hydrodynamic and sedimentary models[J]. OCEANOLOGICA ACTA,2001,24(5):417-424.
[46]YIN LU YOUNG, HENG XIAO, TIMOTHY M. Hydro-and morpho-dynamic modeling of breaking solitary waves over a fine sand beach. Part I:Experimental study [J]. Marine Geology 2010,269(3-4,15):107-118.
[47]戴志军等.岬间海滩剖面短期变化的动力作用分析[J].海洋科学,2001,25(11)：38-41.
[48]戴志军,陈子饺,欧素英.粤东汕尾呷间海滩剖面月内日变化过程特征分析[J].热带海洋学报,2002,1(21)：27-32.
[49]李志强,陈子燊.几种典型海滩平衡剖面模型中参数意义的探讨[J].水道港口,2008,29(4)：233-238.
[50]沈剑平,王梅芬.海岸水下剖面演变过程数值模拟的探讨[J].海岸工程,1983,2(1)：46-59.
[51]李国谦,李瑞杰,魏守林.波浪作用下沙质海滩剖面演变数值模拟[J].南昌水专学报,1994,(S1)：209-216.
[52]SEYMOUR R J, KING D B. Field comparisons of cross-shore transport models [J]. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Div. Proc.,1986,10S(WW2):163-179.
[53]BROKER H I, ROELVINK J A, SOUTHGATE H N, et al. Intercomparison of coastal profile models[C].Proc.23rd International Conf. Coastal Engineering[C]. New York: ASCE.1992. pp.2108-2121.
[54JSCHOONEES J S, THERON A K. Evaluation of 10 cross-shore sediment transport morphological models [J]. Coastal Engineering.1995,25(1):1-41.
[55]VANRIJN L C, WALSTRA D J R, GRASMEIJER B, et al. The predictability of cross-shore bed evolution of sandy beaches at the time scale of storms and seasons using process-based Profile models [J]. Coastal Engineering,2003,47(3):295-327.
[56]冯卫兵,李冰.二维沙质海滩剖面形态试验研究[J].海洋通报,2008,27(5)：110-115.
[57]李冰.厦门同安湾二维沙质海滩剖面试验研究[EB/OL].(2007-10-19).[2011.5.31].http://www. paper, edu. cn.
[58]杨燕雄,邱若峰,邹志利等.北戴河海滩养护方案实验研究[J].水运工程,2010,(4)：18-23.
[59]RISIO M D. Physical modeling of the cross-shore short-term evolution of protected and unprotected beach nourishments [J]. Ocean Engineering,2010,37(8-9):777-789.
[60]KAJIMA R, SAITO S, SHIMIZU T, et al. Sand transport experiments performed by using a large water wave tank[R]. Japanese:Central Research Inst. of Electric Power Industry, Civ. Eng. Div.,1983.
[61]KRAUS N C, LARSON M. Beach profile change measured in the Tank for Large Waves: 1956-1957 and 1962 [R]. U,S., CERC,1988.
[62]DETTE H H, ULICZKA C. Velocity and sediment concentration fields across surf zones[C].Proc,20th Coastal Eng. Conf. [C].New York:ASCE.1986. pp.1062-1076.
[63]DETTE H H. Application of prototype flume tests for beach nourishment assessment [J]. Coastal Engineering,2002,47:137-177.
[64]DHL MIKE Zero user manual Litpack part[R]. Delft:DHI,2009.
[65]BATTJES J A, JANSSEN J P F M. Energy Loss and Set-Up due to Breaking of Random Waves[C]. Proc. of the 16th Int. Conf. on Coastal Eng. [C]. Hamburg:ASCE,1978.
[66]ANDERSON 0 H, FREDSφE J. Transport of Suspended Sediment along the Coast[R]. Denmark:ISVA, Technical University of Denmark,1983.
[67]DALLY W R, BROWN C A. A modeling investigation of the breaking wave roller with application to cross-shore currents [J]. J. of Geophys. Researc,1995,100(C12): 24.873-24.883.
[68]DEIGAARD R, FREDSφE J. Shear stress distribution in dissipative water waves [J]. Coastal Engineering,1989,13:357-378.
[69]DEIGAARD R, FREDS OE J, HEDEGAARD I B. Suspended sediment in the surf zone[J] Jour. of Waterway, Port, Coast. and Ocean Eng.,1986,112(1):115-128.
[70]ENGELUND F, FREDSφE J. A sediment transport model for straight alluvial channels [J]. Nordic Hydrology,1976,7:296-306.
[71]交通部天津水运工程科学研究所.海岸与河口潮流泥沙模拟技术规程[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2010.
[72]许荣中.海岸新工法—人工岬湾与养滩综合工法[J].海下技术月刊,2002,13(2)：35-48.
[73]Hsu J. R. C., Evans C.. Parabolic bay shapes and applications [C]. Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers Part 2[C]. London:Published for the Institution of Civil Engineers 1989,87:557-570.
[74]Silvester R., Hsu J. R. C.. Coastal Stabilization:Innovative Concepts [M]. NJ, Engle wood Cliffs Prentice-Hall,1993.
[75]Silvester R., Hsu J.R. C.. Coastal Stabilization [M]. Singapore:World Scientifi c,1997.
[76]Hsu J. R. C., Uda T., Silvester R.. Shoreline protection methods—Japanese experience [M]//In:Herbich, J. B. (Ed.):Handbook of Coastal Engineering. New York:McGraw-Hill,2000:9.1-9.77.
[77]天津水运科学研究所.仙人岛总体规划报告[R].天津：天津水运科学研究所,2007.
[78]国家海洋局第三海洋研究所.厦门香山～长尾礁岸段沙滩修复工程研究报告[R].厦门：国家海洋局第三海洋研究所,2007.
[79]JAMES J R. Techniques in Evaluating.Suitability of Borrow Material for Beach Nourishment [R]. Vicksburg:Coastal Engineering Research Center,1975.
[80]SOMMERFELD B G, MASON J M, KRAUS N C, et al. BFM:Beach Fill Module, Report 1, Beach Morphology Analysis Package (BMAP)-User's Guide [R]. Vicksburg:U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,1994.
[81]国家海洋局海洋环境监测中心.营口白沙湾沙滩整治修复工程(一期)波浪推算报告[R].大连：国家海洋局海洋环境监测中心,2012.
[2]庄振业,王永红,包敏,等.海滩养护过程和工程技术[J].中国海洋大学学报,自然科学版,2009,39(5)：1019-1024.
[3]TODD DAVISON A, ROBERT J N, STEPHEN P L. Beach Nourishment as a Coastal Management Tool [J]. Journal of Coastal Research,1992,8 (4):984-1022.
[4]HANSON H. Beach nourishment project s, practices and objectives:a European overview [J]. Coast Engineering,2002,2(47):81-111.
[5]BRYANT C C. BEACH NOURISHMENT:Global Perspectives and Local Applications to the North Carolina Coastline [M]. Carolina, Carolina Environmental Program,2003.
[6]王广禄.海湾沙滩修复研究[D].厦门,国家海洋局第三海洋研究所,2008.
[7]宋向群,郭子坚,陈士荫.星海湾人工海滨浴场的规划设计研究[J].土木工程学报,2005,38(4)：134-140.
[8]潘毅,匡翠萍,杨燕雄,等.北戴河西海滩养护工程方案研究[J].水运工程.2008(7)：23-28.
[9]曹惠美,蔡锋,陈峰.厦门滨海沙滩的养护与海洋旅游业发展的探讨[J].海洋开发与管理.2009,26(7)：58-62.
[10]季小梅,张永战,朱大奎.三亚海岸演变与人工海滩设计研究[J].2007,27(5)：853-861.
[11]邱若峰,杨燕雄,庄振业,等.河北省沙质海岸侵蚀灾害和防治对策[J].海洋湖沼通报.2009(2)：162-167.
[12]吴宋仁,海岸动力学,北京：人民交通出版社,1988,123-144.
[14]BRUUN P. Coast erosion and the development of beach profiles [G]. US Army Corps of Engineers, Beach Erosion Board. Technical Memorandum 44,1954.
[15]DEAN R G. Equilibrim beach profile:Characteristics and application [J]. J. Coastal. Res,1991, (7):53-84.
[15]迪安R G.海滩养护理论与实践[M].北京：海洋出版社,2010.
[16]LARSON M, KRAUS N C. SBEACH:Numerical model to simulate storm-induced beach change [J].Army Coros of Engr, Waterway Experiment, Technical Report CERC-89-9,1989.
[17]DALLY W R, DEAN R G. Wave height variation across beaches of arbitrary profile [J]. Geol. Res.1985,90(C6):11917-11927.
[18]KRIEBEL D L, DEAN R G. Convolution method for time-dependent beach-profile response [J]. Wat., Port, Coast., Ocean Eng.,1993,119(2):221-225.
[19]KIT E, PELINOVSKY E. Dynamic models for cross shore transport and equilibrium bottom profile [J]. J. Wat., Port, Coast., Ocean Eng.,1998,(5):138-146.
[20]DEAN R G, Healy T R, Albert D. A blind-folded' test of equilibrium beach profile concepts with New Zealand date [J]. Mar. Geol.,1993, (109):253-266.
[21]BODGE K R. Representing equilibrium beach profile with an exponential expression [J]. J. Coastal. Res.,1992, (8):47-55.
[22]K0MAR P D, McDougal W G. The analysis of exponential beach profiles [J]. J. Coastal Res.,1994,10(1):59-69.
[23]LEE P Z. The submarine equilibrium profile:a physical model [J]. J. Coastal Res. 1994,10(1)1-17.
[24]Inman D L, Elwany H S, JENKINS S A. Shore rise and bar-berm profile on ocean beach [J]. J. Geol. Res.,1993,98(C10):18 181-18 199.
[25]LARSON M, KRAUS N C, WISE R A. Equilibrium beach profiles under breaking and non-breaking waves [J]. Coastal Engineering,1999, (36):59-85.
[26]BERNABEU A M, MEDINA R, VIDAL C. A morphological model of the beach profile integrating wave and tidal influences [J]. J. Marine Geology,2003.197:95-116.
[27]WANG P, DAVIS R A. A beach profile for a barred coast case study from Sand Key, West-central Florida [J]. J. Coastal Res.,1998,14(3):981-991.
[28]DEAN R G, HEALY T R, ALBERT D. A blind-folded'test of equilibrium beach profile concepts with New Zealand date [J]. Mar. Geol.,1993, (109):253-266.
[29]印萍,吕京福,夏东兴.海滩均衡剖面的概念及相关问题的讨论[J].黄渤海洋,2001,19(2)：39-45.
[30]SWART D H. Predictive equations regarding coastal transports[C].Proc,15th International Conference on Coastal Engineering[C]. New York:ASCE.1976. pp.1113-1132.
[31]SWAIN A, HOUSTON R J. The Nearshore Sediment Transport study [J].Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng.1984,110(1):130-133.
[32]DALLY W R, DEAN R G. Suspended sediment transport and beach profile evolution [J]. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng.,1984,110(1):15-33.
[33]BAGNOLD R A. The physics of sediment transport by wind and water [M].USA, Library of Congress Cataloging-in Public Data,1988:188-196.
[34]BAILARD J A. An Energetics Total Load Sediment Transport Model for a Plane Sloping Beach [J]. Geophysical Research,1981,86:10938-10954.
[35]STIVE M J F. A model for cross-shore sediment transport [C]. Proc,20th International Conference on Coastal Engineering [C]. New York:ASCE.1986:1550-1564.
[36]NAIM R B. Prediction of cross-shore sediment transport and beach profile evolution [D]. London:Imperial College,1990.
[37]KRIEBEL D L, DEAN R G. Numerical simulation of time-dependent beach and dune erosion [J]. Coastal Eng.,1985,9(3):221-245.
[38]DELFT HYDRAULICS. DUROSTA:Tijdafhanklijk dwarstransportmodel voor extreme condities [R]. Delft:Delft Hydraulics,1990, Part III.
[39]DHI. LITPACK:An Integrated Modelling System for Littoral Processes and Coastline Kinetics[R]. Copenhagen: Danish Hydraulic Institute,1991.
[40]LARSON M, KRAUS N C. Mathematical modeling of the fate of beach fill [J]. Coastal Engineering.1991.16(1):83-114.
[41]MARIE-HELENE G B. A Micro-Computer Based Quasi 3-D Sediment Transport Model [J]. Coastal Engineering.1993,20(1-2):101-134.
[42]SRINIVAS R, DEAN R G. Cross-shore hydrodynamics and modeling profile response modeling [J]. Coastal Engineering.1996(27):195-221.
[43]RAKHA K A, DEIGAARD R, BROKER. A phase-resolving cross shore sediment transport model for beach profile evolution [J]. Coastal Engineering.1997,31(1-4):231-261.
[44]LARSON M, KUBOTA S, ERIKSON L. A model of sediment transport and profile evolution in the swash zone[C]. Hanson H; Larson M. Coastal Dynamics'01: Proceedings [C].Lund:Coasts, Oceans, Ports & Rivers Inst,2001
[45]MEULE S, PINAZO C, DEGIOVANNI C. Numerical study of sedimentary impact of a storm on a sand beach simulated by hydrodynamic and sedimentary models[J]. OCEANOLOGICA ACTA,2001,24(5):417-424.
[46]YIN LU YOUNG, HENG XIAO, TIMOTHY M. Hydro-and morpho-dynamic modeling of breaking solitary waves over a fine sand beach. Part I:Experimental study [J]. Marine Geology 2010,269(3-4,15):107-118.
[47]戴志军等.岬间海滩剖面短期变化的动力作用分析[J].海洋科学,2001,25(11)：38-41.
[48]戴志军,陈子饺,欧素英.粤东汕尾呷间海滩剖面月内日变化过程特征分析[J].热带海洋学报,2002,1(21)：27-32.
[49]李志强,陈子燊.几种典型海滩平衡剖面模型中参数意义的探讨[J].水道港口,2008,29(4)：233-238.
[50]沈剑平,王梅芬.海岸水下剖面演变过程数值模拟的探讨[J].海岸工程,1983,2(1)：46-59.
[51]李国谦,李瑞杰,魏守林.波浪作用下沙质海滩剖面演变数值模拟[J].南昌水专学报,1994,(S1)：209-216.
[52]SEYMOUR R J, KING D B. Field comparisons of cross-shore transport models [J]. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Div. Proc.,1986,10S(WW2):163-179.
[53]BROKER H I, ROELVINK J A, SOUTHGATE H N, et al. Intercomparison of coastal profile models[C].Proc.23rd International Conf. Coastal Engineering[C]. New York: ASCE.1992. pp.2108-2121.
[54JSCHOONEES J S, THERON A K. Evaluation of 10 cross-shore sediment transport morphological models [J]. Coastal Engineering.1995,25(1):1-41.
[55]VANRIJN L C, WALSTRA D J R, GRASMEIJER B, et al. The predictability of cross-shore bed evolution of sandy beaches at the time scale of storms and seasons using process-based Profile models [J]. Coastal Engineering,2003,47(3):295-327.
[56]冯卫兵,李冰.二维沙质海滩剖面形态试验研究[J].海洋通报,2008,27(5)：110-115.
[57]李冰.厦门同安湾二维沙质海滩剖面试验研究[EB/OL].(2007-10-19).[2011.5.31].http://www. paper, edu. cn.
[58]杨燕雄,邱若峰,邹志利等.北戴河海滩养护方案实验研究[J].水运工程,2010,(4)：18-23.
[59]RISIO M D. Physical modeling of the cross-shore short-term evolution of protected and unprotected beach nourishments [J]. Ocean Engineering,2010,37(8-9):777-789.
[60]KAJIMA R, SAITO S, SHIMIZU T, et al. Sand transport experiments performed by using a large water wave tank[R]. Japanese:Central Research Inst. of Electric Power Industry, Civ. Eng. Div.,1983.
[61]KRAUS N C, LARSON M. Beach profile change measured in the Tank for Large Waves: 1956-1957 and 1962 [R]. U,S., CERC,1988.
[62]DETTE H H, ULICZKA C. Velocity and sediment concentration fields across surf zones[C].Proc,20th Coastal Eng. Conf. [C].New York:ASCE.1986. pp.1062-1076.
[63]DETTE H H. Application of prototype flume tests for beach nourishment assessment [J]. Coastal Engineering,2002,47:137-177.
[64]DHL MIKE Zero user manual Litpack part[R]. Delft:DHI,2009.
[65]BATTJES J A, JANSSEN J P F M. Energy Loss and Set-Up due to Breaking of Random Waves[C]. Proc. of the 16th Int. Conf. on Coastal Eng. [C]. Hamburg:ASCE,1978.
[66]ANDERSON 0 H, FREDSφE J. Transport of Suspended Sediment along the Coast[R]. Denmark:ISVA, Technical University of Denmark,1983.
[67]DALLY W R, BROWN C A. A modeling investigation of the breaking wave roller with application to cross-shore currents [J]. J. of Geophys. Researc,1995,100(C12): 24.873-24.883.
[68]DEIGAARD R, FREDSφE J. Shear stress distribution in dissipative water waves [J]. Coastal Engineering,1989,13:357-378.
[69]DEIGAARD R, FREDS OE J, HEDEGAARD I B. Suspended sediment in the surf zone[J] Jour. of Waterway, Port, Coast. and Ocean Eng.,1986,112(1):115-128.
[70]ENGELUND F, FREDSφE J. A sediment transport model for straight alluvial channels [J]. Nordic Hydrology,1976,7:296-306.
[71]交通部天津水运工程科学研究所.海岸与河口潮流泥沙模拟技术规程[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2010.
[72]许荣中.海岸新工法—人工岬湾与养滩综合工法[J].海下技术月刊,2002,13(2)：35-48.
[73]Hsu J. R. C., Evans C.. Parabolic bay shapes and applications [C]. Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers Part 2[C]. London:Published for the Institution of Civil Engineers 1989,87:557-570.
[74]Silvester R., Hsu J. R. C.. Coastal Stabilization:Innovative Concepts [M]. NJ, Engle wood Cliffs Prentice-Hall,1993.
[75]Silvester R., Hsu J.R. C.. Coastal Stabilization [M]. Singapore:World Scientifi c,1997.
[76]Hsu J. R. C., Uda T., Silvester R.. Shoreline protection methods—Japanese experience [M]//In:Herbich, J. B. (Ed.):Handbook of Coastal Engineering. New York:McGraw-Hill,2000:9.1-9.77.
[77]天津水运科学研究所.仙人岛总体规划报告[R].天津：天津水运科学研究所,2007.
[78]国家海洋局第三海洋研究所.厦门香山～长尾礁岸段沙滩修复工程研究报告[R].厦门：国家海洋局第三海洋研究所,2007.
[79]JAMES J R. Techniques in Evaluating.Suitability of Borrow Material for Beach Nourishment [R]. Vicksburg:Coastal Engineering Research Center,1975.
[80]SOMMERFELD B G, MASON J M, KRAUS N C, et al. BFM:Beach Fill Module, Report 1, Beach Morphology Analysis Package (BMAP)-User's Guide [R]. Vicksburg:U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,1994.
[81]国家海洋局海洋环境监测中心.营口白沙湾沙滩整治修复工程(一期)波浪推算报告[R].大连：国家海洋局海洋环境监测中心,2012.