环洪泽湖区不同人类活动强度对湿地景观的影响
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摘要
环洪泽湖区湿地是我国东部内陆大型淡水湖泊湿地群的重要组成部分,其湿地生态系统的极度脆弱性和强烈的人类干扰并存,在强市场经济信号的作用下,人类对于湿地景观的改造、重塑甚至破坏的强度和规模都空前的提高,这就导致环洪泽湖区湿地景观面积和生态功能都发生了不同的退化甚至消失,湿地生态系统的生态完整性不断流损,湿地生态信息不断丧失,加强对环洪泽湖区湿地的动态监测和研究至关重要。
本次研究主要运用遥感和地理信息系统的空间分析和动态监测功能,对环洪泽湖区1988年～2006年间的人类活动强度的梯度演化和空间展布特征进行量化和表达,构建环洪泽湖区人类活动强度的函数表达,并从景观生态学的角度去探讨人类活动强度对环洪泽湖区湿地景观演化影响,包括湿地景观的空间构型和动态过程与人类活动强度的时空匹配性,主要集中在人类不同活动强度干扰胁迫下的湿地景观连通性、多样性和景观破碎度的变化,理解这种响应变化的内在规律及对应关系,辨识这种规律和对应关系的未来演化方向和强度,结论如下:
(1)环洪泽湖区的湿地面积广阔且类型多样,湿地总面积达2926.84 km~2(2006年),主要的湿地类型有河渠、湖泊、沼泽、滩涂、水库和坑塘。其中,湖泊景观的面积最大,主要包括洪泽湖、高邮湖西北部、白马湖西部和天岗湖的东部地区,面积达到1351.32 km~2,占全区湿地景观面积的46.17%;其次分别为:沼泽和滩涂、河渠、水库、坑塘和人工养殖场。
(2)1988～2006年环洪泽湖区湿地面积总体呈现先减后增的变动态势,1998年为2761 km~2,2000年减少到2731.32 km~2,2006年则为2926.84 km~2,这主要是由于人工湿地面积的增加,特别是人工河渠与水库、坑塘面积的增加,而湖泊、沼泽、滩涂等原生态面积则有较大幅度的减少。研究区湿地面积在未来还有进一步减少的趋势,2015年仅为2574.78 km~2,且各种湿地类型面积都有下降。
(3)环洪泽湖区湿地景观的多样性在1.3左右,但是多样性有逐渐增加的趋势;景观均匀度与1比较接近,湿地景观分布状态趋于均匀分布,少数大嵌块体(湖泊)面积虽大但分布也相对分散;优势度指数总体呈下降的趋势,表明环洪泽湖区湿地景观单元数量比例失调,少数斑块面积大,并且斑块数量较少;景观总体上较为破碎,反映出人类活动对于整体景观的改造、重塑影响呈逐渐加强趋势。
(4)不同人类活动强度样带的湿地景观表现呈现较好的规律性。随着区域人类活动强度的逐渐降低,1～10强度样区湿地面积和湿地景观嵌块体的平均面积在不断增加,湿地的密度也在不断的增加;与此同时,湿地的类型、湿地的多样性和湿地的连通性也呈增加趋势,而湿地的破碎度呈逐渐下降的趋势。
(5)未来环洪泽湖区湿地的空间构型与总量将会发生更加剧烈的变动(2015年),主要的变动区域在洪泽湖北部成子湖一带,从不同湿地景观类型上看,河渠面积的增加区域相对分散,无明显增加区域;湖泊面积的缩减区域也主要是位于北部成子湖一带,面积缩减很大;沼泽和滩涂面积减少的部分,主要集中于盱眙县境内的陡湖和金湖县塔集镇的东北部高邮湖区域;要加强对泗阳县的成子湖、以及盱眙县的陡湖与高邮湖等湿地的关注,以防止这些地区的湿地出现大面积的退化趋势。
(6)对泗洪西南部(国家级湿地保护区)、盱眙境内淮河入湖水道、三河以及二河等四个重要湿地区域的保护,是保持环洪泽湖区湿地景观连通性的重要举措,加强这些区域湿地的保护与优先整治修复,对于维持环洪泽湖区不同区域湿地间的信息交流、物质交换、能量流转以及维持区域湿地生态系统稳定性、提高湿地的自我维持能力具有重要的作用。
针对研究发现的湿地演化规律及问题,运用景观生态规划的原理和方法对湿地退化严重的区域进行集中式重建和保护性恢复,给出景观恢复斑块的优先斑块和关键动作,以服务洪泽湖的湿地生态管理,也为国家湿地保护宏观战略的制定提供科学的信息支持。
Wetland Rimmed Hongze Lake is an importance part of large fresh water lake cluster in our country eastern inland, extreme weak and mightiness of Anthropogenic Activities of Wetland eco-system is both exist. Under the function of strong market economy signal, Mankind’reformation, re-mold even destructive strength and scales are both increased, this actions lead to area and ecosystem functions of Wetland in Hongze Lake rim happened to degeneration even disappear at different degree, Wetland eco-system’s integrity expensed continuously, ecosystem information loses continuously, it is importance to strengthen dynamic monitor and study the Wetland Rimmed Hongze Lake.
This study mainly make use of the function of RS’s dynamic monitor and GIS’s space analysis to measure and express the gradient change of anthropogenic Activities and space distributes of Wetland during 1988~2006, composing function of anthropogenic Activities in Hongze Lake, discussing the Effects of anthropogenic activities on wetland landscape in Hongze Lake Rim from the angle of landscape eco-system at the same time, include space distributes, dynamic process and the degree of fit between time and space of Wetland. This study main discuss on changes of Wetland landscape connectivity, diversity, fragement, recognize the regulation and relation of this kind of changes, distinguish the evolve direction and strength in the future, the conclusion is as follows:
(1)The area of Wetland Rimmed Hongze Lake is large and its type diverse, total area reaches to 2926.84 km~2 (2006), main Wetland type contain river, the lake, marsh, reservoir and pond. Among them, the area of lake landscape is the biggest, mainly include Hongze Lake, Gao You lake's the northwest, Baima lake's western, Tiangang lake's eastern, the area reach to 1351.32 km~2, take up 46.17% of the whole wetland area; the following is Marsh, river, reservoir, pond and artificial farm.
(2) Wetland Rimmed Hongze Lake total present reduce first and increases behind in a mass during 1988~2006, 1998 is 2761 km~2, reduce to 2731.32 km~2 in 2000, 2006 is 2926.84 km~2, this mainly because is that artificial wetland is increment, especially the artificial river and reservoir, but lake and marsh trending descende.The Wetland Rimmed Hongze Lake is still trends further decrease in the future, only 2574.78 km~2 in 2015, and various wetland types are all descending.
(3)The Wetland landscape diversity Index is about 1.3, landscape diversity leve locat on inferior Medium, but landscape diversity Index has the trend of gradual increment; Evenness Index approach to 1, Wetland distributing is tended to even distribute, although few big pattern’s area(lake) is large so its distribution is adjective; preponderant Index present trend to descendent totally, indicate the wetland landscape proportion is out of tune, few pattern’s areas are big, but the number is small; wetland landscape is break up in a mass, reflect anthropogenic activities’s effection on wetland landscape is strengthen.
(4) Along with the intension of anthropogenic activities reduce gradually in district, wetland area and average area of the pattern is increasing from 1 to 10, wetland density is increasing too, Meanwhile, the type of wetland, wetland diversity index and wetland connection index are also increase, but the wetland break up degree present the trend of descendent gradually.The different strength transect present better regulation.
(5) Wetland that is rimmed Hongze Lake will take place more violent fluctuation In the future, the main fluctuation district locat in Chengzi lake which is in north of Hongze lake, from angle of all kinds Wetland, river’s area is increasing small and not concentrated; The lake area descends district mainly is be located in the north of Hongze lake; The area of marsh and pool decend a lot and mainly concentrates in Dou lake in Xuyi county and shore northeastern Gaoyou lake's district in the town at the county of Xuyi;The concern wanted to strengthen the abrupt lake to the becoming of Si sun county son lake, and the county of Xuyi and Gaoyou lake etc. wetly keeps these regions from appearing wetly the degeneration trend of big area.
(6)The southwestern of Sihong county (national wetland sanctuary), Xu yi inshore Huaihe river go into lake waterway, three and two river is important district to keep the wetland connection Hongze lake area, strengthen these the district wetland protect is important to maintenance Hongze lake rim’s information exchanges, material commutation and energy of flow to turn and maintain district wetly eco-system stability and the ego maintenance ability.
Based on the regulation and problem, make use of principle and method of landscape ecosystem programming to concentrated reconstruction and resumptive protection in the degeneration serious district, put forward to advise about spot piece and key action. This action will service Hongze lake of wetland ecosystem manage, also support information that macroscopic strategy for nation of wetland protect.
本次研究主要运用遥感和地理信息系统的空间分析和动态监测功能,对环洪泽湖区1988年～2006年间的人类活动强度的梯度演化和空间展布特征进行量化和表达,构建环洪泽湖区人类活动强度的函数表达,并从景观生态学的角度去探讨人类活动强度对环洪泽湖区湿地景观演化影响,包括湿地景观的空间构型和动态过程与人类活动强度的时空匹配性,主要集中在人类不同活动强度干扰胁迫下的湿地景观连通性、多样性和景观破碎度的变化,理解这种响应变化的内在规律及对应关系,辨识这种规律和对应关系的未来演化方向和强度,结论如下:
(1)环洪泽湖区的湿地面积广阔且类型多样,湿地总面积达2926.84 km~2(2006年),主要的湿地类型有河渠、湖泊、沼泽、滩涂、水库和坑塘。其中,湖泊景观的面积最大,主要包括洪泽湖、高邮湖西北部、白马湖西部和天岗湖的东部地区,面积达到1351.32 km~2,占全区湿地景观面积的46.17%;其次分别为:沼泽和滩涂、河渠、水库、坑塘和人工养殖场。
(2)1988～2006年环洪泽湖区湿地面积总体呈现先减后增的变动态势,1998年为2761 km~2,2000年减少到2731.32 km~2,2006年则为2926.84 km~2,这主要是由于人工湿地面积的增加,特别是人工河渠与水库、坑塘面积的增加,而湖泊、沼泽、滩涂等原生态面积则有较大幅度的减少。研究区湿地面积在未来还有进一步减少的趋势,2015年仅为2574.78 km~2,且各种湿地类型面积都有下降。
(3)环洪泽湖区湿地景观的多样性在1.3左右,但是多样性有逐渐增加的趋势;景观均匀度与1比较接近,湿地景观分布状态趋于均匀分布,少数大嵌块体(湖泊)面积虽大但分布也相对分散;优势度指数总体呈下降的趋势,表明环洪泽湖区湿地景观单元数量比例失调,少数斑块面积大,并且斑块数量较少;景观总体上较为破碎,反映出人类活动对于整体景观的改造、重塑影响呈逐渐加强趋势。
(4)不同人类活动强度样带的湿地景观表现呈现较好的规律性。随着区域人类活动强度的逐渐降低,1～10强度样区湿地面积和湿地景观嵌块体的平均面积在不断增加,湿地的密度也在不断的增加;与此同时,湿地的类型、湿地的多样性和湿地的连通性也呈增加趋势,而湿地的破碎度呈逐渐下降的趋势。
(5)未来环洪泽湖区湿地的空间构型与总量将会发生更加剧烈的变动(2015年),主要的变动区域在洪泽湖北部成子湖一带,从不同湿地景观类型上看,河渠面积的增加区域相对分散,无明显增加区域;湖泊面积的缩减区域也主要是位于北部成子湖一带,面积缩减很大;沼泽和滩涂面积减少的部分,主要集中于盱眙县境内的陡湖和金湖县塔集镇的东北部高邮湖区域;要加强对泗阳县的成子湖、以及盱眙县的陡湖与高邮湖等湿地的关注,以防止这些地区的湿地出现大面积的退化趋势。
(6)对泗洪西南部(国家级湿地保护区)、盱眙境内淮河入湖水道、三河以及二河等四个重要湿地区域的保护,是保持环洪泽湖区湿地景观连通性的重要举措,加强这些区域湿地的保护与优先整治修复,对于维持环洪泽湖区不同区域湿地间的信息交流、物质交换、能量流转以及维持区域湿地生态系统稳定性、提高湿地的自我维持能力具有重要的作用。
针对研究发现的湿地演化规律及问题,运用景观生态规划的原理和方法对湿地退化严重的区域进行集中式重建和保护性恢复,给出景观恢复斑块的优先斑块和关键动作,以服务洪泽湖的湿地生态管理,也为国家湿地保护宏观战略的制定提供科学的信息支持。
Wetland Rimmed Hongze Lake is an importance part of large fresh water lake cluster in our country eastern inland, extreme weak and mightiness of Anthropogenic Activities of Wetland eco-system is both exist. Under the function of strong market economy signal, Mankind’reformation, re-mold even destructive strength and scales are both increased, this actions lead to area and ecosystem functions of Wetland in Hongze Lake rim happened to degeneration even disappear at different degree, Wetland eco-system’s integrity expensed continuously, ecosystem information loses continuously, it is importance to strengthen dynamic monitor and study the Wetland Rimmed Hongze Lake.
This study mainly make use of the function of RS’s dynamic monitor and GIS’s space analysis to measure and express the gradient change of anthropogenic Activities and space distributes of Wetland during 1988~2006, composing function of anthropogenic Activities in Hongze Lake, discussing the Effects of anthropogenic activities on wetland landscape in Hongze Lake Rim from the angle of landscape eco-system at the same time, include space distributes, dynamic process and the degree of fit between time and space of Wetland. This study main discuss on changes of Wetland landscape connectivity, diversity, fragement, recognize the regulation and relation of this kind of changes, distinguish the evolve direction and strength in the future, the conclusion is as follows:
(1)The area of Wetland Rimmed Hongze Lake is large and its type diverse, total area reaches to 2926.84 km~2 (2006), main Wetland type contain river, the lake, marsh, reservoir and pond. Among them, the area of lake landscape is the biggest, mainly include Hongze Lake, Gao You lake's the northwest, Baima lake's western, Tiangang lake's eastern, the area reach to 1351.32 km~2, take up 46.17% of the whole wetland area; the following is Marsh, river, reservoir, pond and artificial farm.
(2) Wetland Rimmed Hongze Lake total present reduce first and increases behind in a mass during 1988~2006, 1998 is 2761 km~2, reduce to 2731.32 km~2 in 2000, 2006 is 2926.84 km~2, this mainly because is that artificial wetland is increment, especially the artificial river and reservoir, but lake and marsh trending descende.The Wetland Rimmed Hongze Lake is still trends further decrease in the future, only 2574.78 km~2 in 2015, and various wetland types are all descending.
(3)The Wetland landscape diversity Index is about 1.3, landscape diversity leve locat on inferior Medium, but landscape diversity Index has the trend of gradual increment; Evenness Index approach to 1, Wetland distributing is tended to even distribute, although few big pattern’s area(lake) is large so its distribution is adjective; preponderant Index present trend to descendent totally, indicate the wetland landscape proportion is out of tune, few pattern’s areas are big, but the number is small; wetland landscape is break up in a mass, reflect anthropogenic activities’s effection on wetland landscape is strengthen.
(4) Along with the intension of anthropogenic activities reduce gradually in district, wetland area and average area of the pattern is increasing from 1 to 10, wetland density is increasing too, Meanwhile, the type of wetland, wetland diversity index and wetland connection index are also increase, but the wetland break up degree present the trend of descendent gradually.The different strength transect present better regulation.
(5) Wetland that is rimmed Hongze Lake will take place more violent fluctuation In the future, the main fluctuation district locat in Chengzi lake which is in north of Hongze lake, from angle of all kinds Wetland, river’s area is increasing small and not concentrated; The lake area descends district mainly is be located in the north of Hongze lake; The area of marsh and pool decend a lot and mainly concentrates in Dou lake in Xuyi county and shore northeastern Gaoyou lake's district in the town at the county of Xuyi;The concern wanted to strengthen the abrupt lake to the becoming of Si sun county son lake, and the county of Xuyi and Gaoyou lake etc. wetly keeps these regions from appearing wetly the degeneration trend of big area.
(6)The southwestern of Sihong county (national wetland sanctuary), Xu yi inshore Huaihe river go into lake waterway, three and two river is important district to keep the wetland connection Hongze lake area, strengthen these the district wetland protect is important to maintenance Hongze lake rim’s information exchanges, material commutation and energy of flow to turn and maintain district wetly eco-system stability and the ego maintenance ability.
Based on the regulation and problem, make use of principle and method of landscape ecosystem programming to concentrated reconstruction and resumptive protection in the degeneration serious district, put forward to advise about spot piece and key action. This action will service Hongze lake of wetland ecosystem manage, also support information that macroscopic strategy for nation of wetland protect.
引文
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