晋唐绘画色彩观演变研究
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  • 英文题名:A Study on Transitions of Views of Colours from Jin to Tang Dynasty
  • 作者:张晶
  • 论文级别:硕士
  • 学科专业名称:美术学
  • 学位年度:2002
  • 导师:陈心懋
  • 学科代码:050403
  • 学位授予单位:华东师范大学
  • 论文提交日期:2002-05-01
摘要
本文研究了中国画色彩观念形成的过程及晋唐时期色彩观发生的两次重要的转变,并阐明了色彩转变在历史和现实中的重要意义。
     中国的色彩在晋唐以前大体经过了二个发展阶段:
     第一是萌生期,时间大致为(?)新石器时代到铜石并用时期,当时人们主要是以表现事物的形体为主,使用的色彩种类较少,色彩只是在其间起点缀作用。
     第二阶段是从商周至汉代,这其中又有前后之分,前期商至春秋,这一时期色彩主要用来表现礼仪中的等级或用于宗教求福避凶;后期从战国始,阴阳五行学说兴起,把众多的色彩归纳成五色,色彩成为一种标示性的符号。
     本文重点对晋唐时期中国色彩观的发展演变阶段作了细致的划分,在晋唐的漫长的历史发展中,绘画的色彩观念出现了二次重要的转变,这二次转变都历经了转折和过渡时期。
     第一过渡时期产生于魏晋南北朝至隋的文化由动乱的多元化走向统一的多元化时期,这一阶段的过渡标明了外来色彩观与本土文化相融合是以国家的统一和民族的团结为前提的。
     进入晋代,色彩和用笔都得到了长足的发展,但是他们最先发展起来的地区和文化背景却有所不同。中国的北方地区至十六国以后主要由少数民族政权统治,他们首先接受了佛教文化、波斯文化所传入的绘画以色彩为主的表现方法的观念,这种观念的传播路线是经由西域至甘肃的河西走廊,再传入中原内地的,从事绘画制作的主体人员是僧侣、工匠,其中一些人还是西来的。这种画法产生了以曹仲达为代表的,以色彩为主的西域画风。
     而在南方地区却率先发展了用笔的技巧,以顾恺之为代表的士大夫画家群体已经出现,由于纸张代替了简牍,使得用笔的幅度和速度都有很大的提高。在这种新的书法格局下,产生了像王羲之这样开一代书风的大书法家,同出于士大夫阶层的书画家们,他们有很高的文化素养,标榜自我的个性,把笔法提高到重要地位。
    
     魏晋南北朝时期,南北之间虽在政治、经济方面对立相峙,但宗教的往来并不隔绝,
    南方的佛教绘画同样主要以色彩来表现,像顾恺之、戴速这样的画家,他们也从事佛教
    绘画的制作,由于他们有很高的文化素养,所以并不是被动地照搬外来的色彩模式;由
    于他们在传统的线描方面有很深厚的功底,因此他们有能力把外来的以色彩为主的表现
    方法和以线条为主的表现方法结合起来,这就形成了宗炳所言的“以形写形,以色貌色”
    写实的的绘画形色观。
     第二个过渡时期,是指盛唐以后水墨画的出现。笔者亦提出画论中所谓的吴道子的
    “吴装”,它不仅仅是绘画色彩中的一个风格样式,而是反映了绘画色彩由“浓妆艳抹”
    到水墨意境的过渡形态。这种以美学形态来划分美术史的发展阶段,而不是以历史王朝
    来划分美术史的分期,是本文研究的着眼点,也算是一种探索和尝试。
     强盛繁荣的唐代社会为建立中国特有的色彩表现方法创造了条件,一种以有着粗细
    变化的线描来界定轮廓,以色彩来表现物体固有色相结合的绘画表现形式有了成熟面
    貌,也就是后人称之为的“工笔重彩”。从遗存的唐代墓室壁画和绢画来看这两者之间
    的关系是相互平衡的,这也和盛唐生活安定经济富裕,要求更高的绘画观赏性是分不开
    的。
     唐代绘画的炳焕多彩是整个社会审美的趣味的产物,这时的士大夫画家起了主导画
    坛的作用,他们具有的显赫的社会地位和诗、书、画全面的修养。但值得注意的是,这
    时期书法的变革先于绘画,并影响了绘画的发展,草书的出现直接促进了写意画的产生
    和发展,写意是工笔的对立面,形成了对工笔重彩定式的冲击。士大夫画家越来越重视
    用笔的技巧,而将傅色视作工匠们从事的末事,他们逐渐淡化绘画中具有观赏性的色彩,
    注重以笔墨抒发胸中逸气,唐朝衰落的时候,享受人生的入世思想被消极退隐的出世思
    想所代替。张藻创造的墨法日益被士大夫画家所接受,表面上看起来绘画由绚丽的色彩
    转变为单一笔墨来表现,实际上是士大夫画家的心态由开放转为内省。在文人统治的宋
    代,不断的外患内乱中,对文人画家来讲形式和色彩都开始不重要,同时也就宣告以色
    彩为主的工笔画的式微和以笔墨为主的文人画的兴起。
     两个过渡期的转变说明中国绘画色彩观的转变往往跟中西文化的交流有着莫大的
    关系,文化开放,交通便利,交流频繁的时期,色彩的地位往往被提到相对重要的位置;
    
    而交流较少,格局封闭的时期则本土文化发展更加充分,笔墨纯粹的表达则更能凸显其
    心理特征。
     通过对晋唐色彩观的转变研究,笔者认为对外来文化的引入和对传统中国画的取
    舍,都要持有科学的态度。而不是在空泛的概念和词句上来进行论争,需要对中外绘画
    流派的发生、发展的特点及其规律性进行研究,使之科学化、理论化。我国正处在前所
    未有的国内繁荣、对外积极开放的大好局面,这为我国绘画艺术兼收并蓄提供了有利的
    条件。与此同时,我们更要以科学的精神发展中外文化的精华,去取糟粕,克服阻碍中
    国绘画发展的陈腐观念,迎来中国绘画发展的灿烂辉煌的新时代。
This thesis researches on the development process of the view of colours in Chinese paintings and the two important transitions in the view of colours during the period from Jin Dynasty to Tang Dynasty, and expounds on the significance of such transitions in history and reality.
    There are two stages in respect of the view of colours before Jin Dynasty: The first is the embryonic stage, dating from the New Stone Age to the Bronze-Stone Age, when painters represented the shape of objects, using few colours.
    The second is the period from Shang and Zhou till Han Dynasties, which can be divided into the former and the latter stage. The former stage dates from Shang to the Spring and Autumn Period, when colours were used in rituals and religions; the latter stage dates from the Warring Period and onwards, when the doctrine of the Five Elements emerged and colours were divided into five, making the colour a distinctive feature of the time.
    This thesis makes a explicit explanations on the various development stages of the view of colours in China during Jin and Tang Dynasties, when two important transitions occurred, both with an interim period.
    The first interim period dates from the Kingdom of Wei, Jin, and the Southern Dynasties and Northern Dynasties till Sui Dynasty when the society was in the process of consolidation, taking the integrity of nations for the premise of the transition in use of colours, where foreign colours were well blended with local colours.
    Great development took place in the use of colours and brush pen in Jin Dynasty, but the first to have such development varied in their regions and cultural backgrounds. In the North, the period of the Sixteen Nations was dominated by the minority nationalities, where people first accepted the colour-dominated paintings from Buddhism and Persian culture. They were introduced into the mainland by the route from the Western Regions and Gansu Corridor, and the painters were mainly monks, craftsmen, some of them from the then western countries. Cao Zhongda was the representative of the Western Region style of paintings which take colours as its dominant feature.
    Whereas in the South, the technique of brush pen developed fast along with the technique of paintings, and the paintings by the scholar group appeared with Gu Kaizhi being their master.
    
    
    
    With paper taking the place of bamboo as the writing medium, the extent and speed of using the brush pen were largely improved, making it possible that great painters of the scholar group were prevailing at that time, who, like the great calligrapher Wang Xizhi, had received higher education and were free to exercise their pens and express their mentalities.
    Though the South and the North were in political and economic conflict during that period, religious communications were nevertheless blockaded. In the South, Buddhist paintings replied heavily on colours as their means of expression. Great painters like Gu Kaizhi, Dai Kui, et al were also engaged in Buddhist painting, who were well educated and never used colours without any amendments. With their profound understanding in the traditional paintings, these painters introduced the foreign views of colours by combining the foreign colours and the local lines in one, which managed to develop a realistic view of form and colour known as "lines for one's shape and colours for one's countenance".
    The second interim period dates from the time when the paintings of Chinese ink and wash emerged in the booming period of Tang Dynasty. The author mentions the famous "Wu Daozi's clothes", which is not only one of the greatest achievements in the styles of painting, but represents the transition from coloured painting to ink and wash. This may be the first trial of the author in dissertation to divide stages of aesthetic history by aesthetic modes instead of historical regimes.
    The booming period of Tang Dynasty paved the way for founding a particular system of colour representation as the characteristic features of Chinese paintings, where lines and colours are
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