论菲利普·罗斯作品中美国化的犹太性
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摘要
在菲利普·罗斯研究中,对其作品犹太性的问题鲜有问津。原因之一是犹太性本身的定义非常含混,学术界没有统一定论;其二是罗斯本人在访谈中一再强调自己的美国立场,促使诸多研究者对犹太性的问题避而不谈。但是,虽然罗斯反对“犹太作家”这样的标签,他从未否认过自己的犹太身份,相反,在他漫长的写作生涯中,其创作主题始终紧密围绕犹太问题。因此,罗斯的作品不仅仅存在有犹太性,而且,这些犹太主题深刻地反映了当代犹太特性以及罗斯本人作为犹太人和美国作家双重身份的独特视角。本论文旨在探讨其20世纪中后期的四部作品——《波特诺伊的怨诉》、《朱克曼的束缚》(四部曲)、《反生活》与《美国牧歌》,意欲指出这些作品中所反映的犹太性是一种美国化的犹太性。
本论文针对犹太性中的性认识,民族忠诚感,犹太身份,与社会同化四个方面对美国化的犹太性进行了论述。第一章对主人公波特诺伊的性颠覆行为与心理进行了分析,说明波特诺伊自身的犹太性与其美国意识之间的冲突。第二章分析了身为作家的犹太人朱克曼所遭遇民族忠诚感与美国自由观念之间的冲突,以此说明犹太个体在民族忠诚情结与艺术独立愿望之间的两难处境。第三章着重探讨了改变犹太身份的多种可能性。通过对罗斯所描述的不同犹太身份的论述来说明在美国社会生活中,犹太身份有可能呈现出多元化的走势。最后一章对于斯韦德·莱沃夫社会同化的理想进行了分析,突出了犹太性在美国文化冲击下的演变,来说明有着强大精神内核的犹太文化对于自身演变的反省。
对于罗斯四部作品中所反映的美国化犹太性的分析表明,美国化的犹太性保留着基本的犹太精神,但同时表现出美国意识的深刻影响。这种影响首先表现在对个体犹太意识,而非传统认识上以群体为存在的犹太意识的强调;其次,美国化的犹太性期盼摆脱犹太沉重的受难历史,将自身归属美国犹太历史;最后,这一犹太性从人物意识到行为都反映出美国犹太人对个体自主权、自由意识和开明的自由主义思想的接受。但同时,由于这些新思想没有触及到犹太精神的内核,美国化犹太性的核心依旧是犹太性充满矛盾的一面,即犹太性是在过去与现在、理想与现实的矛盾中不断发展;在不同时代犹太人的反省中得以保存。
对于罗斯作品中美国化犹太性的论述,本论文采用了主题性研究的方法。在四部作品中,分别采纳了精神分析学说、伦理学,民族身份研究,社会同化问题研究,以及后现代叙事中的相关理论对罗斯作品中涉及美国犹太生活的性认识、伦理继承、身份探究和文化同化等问题进行了分析,以期对犹太性在美国文化影响下发生的演变做出深入的理解。
本论文对美国化犹太性观点的提出旨在拓展对菲利普·罗斯作品的研究。从某种程度上,对于罗斯作品中犹太性的探讨直视了美国犹太文学中的一个敏感领域,有助于非犹太裔读者深入理解罗斯作品中大量的犹太文化意味,把握罗斯独特的写作特质。本文对美国化犹太性的论述提供了研究罗斯作品的一个崭新视角,同时拓展了国内对于罗斯作品的研究,可以帮助国内读者认识美国犹太人的精神困境,澄清在罗斯研究中将美国犹太人的特有问题等同于泛化的美国问题的认识。
Among those literary studies of Philip Roth’s fiction, Jewishness is not a subject to be discussed much. One of the reasons is that as an ethnic term, Jewishness is ambiguous in perception. As Roth persists with his American stance in interviews, literary discussions on his Jewishness seems to be more ambiguous, with few critics actually touching on this subject in their studies. Nevertheless, considering the fact that Roth actually devotes his whole life writing with the subject of American Jewish life, so long as Roth does not deny his Jewish root, there is a Jewishness that exists in his fiction which best reflects his ethnic ethos as well as the characteristic position he holds as a Jew and American writer. In analyzing Roth’s literary works in late-twentieth century, namely, Portnoy’s Complaint, Zuckerman Bound (a quartet), The Counterlife and The American Pastoral, this thesis aims to put forward the idea that the Jewishness exhibited in these works is an Americanized Jewishness.
To explore this Americanized Jewishness, this thesis focuses on four aspects of Jewishness. They are Jewish notion of sex, Jewish sense of allegiance, Jewish self-identity, and Jewish social assimilation. Chapter one analyzes Portnoy’s sex adventure and sex narrative in order to explore the perplexity Portnoy feels as a Jew and an American. Chapter two deals with the contradiction in allegiance an ethnic writer encounters if he endeavors to become an autonomous artist with mature moral judgment. Chapter three argues about the possibility of a multiform of Jewish identity in testing the free spirit of living as an American Jew. While the last chapter focuses on the disillusionment of Jewish assimilation dream, which intends to reveal the introspection Swede Levov makes into his self-transformation.
As the analysis reveals, the Americanized Jewishness in Roth’s writings exhibits the evolution of Jewishness in contemporary American social context. It retains the basic elements of Jewish ethos, which simultaneously absorbs certain ideologies of American thoughts. It is individual-oriented, expressing individual self-consciousness rather than the traditional community-bound collective Jewish consciousness. It springs from the board of American Jewish history rather than from the bitter Jewish history in the past. It is also the Jewishness which demonstrates the impact of American thoughts, such as sense ofautonomy, demand for personal freedom, and pro-liberal life attitude toward theconsciousness and actual deeds of those American Jewish people. Contradictory as it is,this Americanized Jewishness develops itself in real life clashes and in American Jewishpeople’s self-introspection into American Jewish present and Jewish past.
In exploring the Americanized Jewishness as reflected in Roth’s writings, this thesistakes a thematic approach in analyzing the Jewish elements which are affected byAmerican ideologies. With the help of literary theories such as psychoanalysis criticism,ethic studies, sociological studies with regard to ethnic identity and social assimilation, aswell as postmodern narrative theories, this thesis intends to carry a thorough analysis of theAmericanized Jewishness in Roth’s literary representations and to obtain a comprehensiveunderstanding of the evolution of Jewishness in contemporary American society.
With these arguments about the Americanized Jewishness in Roth’s fiction, this thesisaims to contribute to the study of Philip Roth in terms of his ethnicity. Although theexploration of Jewishness sounds sensitive to ethnic writers like Philip Roth, this study ishelpful to readers who feel fascinated with the ethnic elements which endow Roth’s fictionwith a distinct flavor. The identification of the Americanized Jewishness in Roth’s literarywritings could not only provide a new perspective in perceiving Roth’s fiction, to someextent, it could also help to clarify the confusion among Chinese readers who misinterpretthe ethnic involvement in Roth’s depiction of American Jewish predicaments as the generalsocial problems in America. In doing so, I hope this thesis could enrich the study of Roth’sfiction in China.
本论文针对犹太性中的性认识,民族忠诚感,犹太身份,与社会同化四个方面对美国化的犹太性进行了论述。第一章对主人公波特诺伊的性颠覆行为与心理进行了分析,说明波特诺伊自身的犹太性与其美国意识之间的冲突。第二章分析了身为作家的犹太人朱克曼所遭遇民族忠诚感与美国自由观念之间的冲突,以此说明犹太个体在民族忠诚情结与艺术独立愿望之间的两难处境。第三章着重探讨了改变犹太身份的多种可能性。通过对罗斯所描述的不同犹太身份的论述来说明在美国社会生活中,犹太身份有可能呈现出多元化的走势。最后一章对于斯韦德·莱沃夫社会同化的理想进行了分析,突出了犹太性在美国文化冲击下的演变,来说明有着强大精神内核的犹太文化对于自身演变的反省。
对于罗斯四部作品中所反映的美国化犹太性的分析表明,美国化的犹太性保留着基本的犹太精神,但同时表现出美国意识的深刻影响。这种影响首先表现在对个体犹太意识,而非传统认识上以群体为存在的犹太意识的强调;其次,美国化的犹太性期盼摆脱犹太沉重的受难历史,将自身归属美国犹太历史;最后,这一犹太性从人物意识到行为都反映出美国犹太人对个体自主权、自由意识和开明的自由主义思想的接受。但同时,由于这些新思想没有触及到犹太精神的内核,美国化犹太性的核心依旧是犹太性充满矛盾的一面,即犹太性是在过去与现在、理想与现实的矛盾中不断发展;在不同时代犹太人的反省中得以保存。
对于罗斯作品中美国化犹太性的论述,本论文采用了主题性研究的方法。在四部作品中,分别采纳了精神分析学说、伦理学,民族身份研究,社会同化问题研究,以及后现代叙事中的相关理论对罗斯作品中涉及美国犹太生活的性认识、伦理继承、身份探究和文化同化等问题进行了分析,以期对犹太性在美国文化影响下发生的演变做出深入的理解。
本论文对美国化犹太性观点的提出旨在拓展对菲利普·罗斯作品的研究。从某种程度上,对于罗斯作品中犹太性的探讨直视了美国犹太文学中的一个敏感领域,有助于非犹太裔读者深入理解罗斯作品中大量的犹太文化意味,把握罗斯独特的写作特质。本文对美国化犹太性的论述提供了研究罗斯作品的一个崭新视角,同时拓展了国内对于罗斯作品的研究,可以帮助国内读者认识美国犹太人的精神困境,澄清在罗斯研究中将美国犹太人的特有问题等同于泛化的美国问题的认识。
Among those literary studies of Philip Roth’s fiction, Jewishness is not a subject to be discussed much. One of the reasons is that as an ethnic term, Jewishness is ambiguous in perception. As Roth persists with his American stance in interviews, literary discussions on his Jewishness seems to be more ambiguous, with few critics actually touching on this subject in their studies. Nevertheless, considering the fact that Roth actually devotes his whole life writing with the subject of American Jewish life, so long as Roth does not deny his Jewish root, there is a Jewishness that exists in his fiction which best reflects his ethnic ethos as well as the characteristic position he holds as a Jew and American writer. In analyzing Roth’s literary works in late-twentieth century, namely, Portnoy’s Complaint, Zuckerman Bound (a quartet), The Counterlife and The American Pastoral, this thesis aims to put forward the idea that the Jewishness exhibited in these works is an Americanized Jewishness.
To explore this Americanized Jewishness, this thesis focuses on four aspects of Jewishness. They are Jewish notion of sex, Jewish sense of allegiance, Jewish self-identity, and Jewish social assimilation. Chapter one analyzes Portnoy’s sex adventure and sex narrative in order to explore the perplexity Portnoy feels as a Jew and an American. Chapter two deals with the contradiction in allegiance an ethnic writer encounters if he endeavors to become an autonomous artist with mature moral judgment. Chapter three argues about the possibility of a multiform of Jewish identity in testing the free spirit of living as an American Jew. While the last chapter focuses on the disillusionment of Jewish assimilation dream, which intends to reveal the introspection Swede Levov makes into his self-transformation.
As the analysis reveals, the Americanized Jewishness in Roth’s writings exhibits the evolution of Jewishness in contemporary American social context. It retains the basic elements of Jewish ethos, which simultaneously absorbs certain ideologies of American thoughts. It is individual-oriented, expressing individual self-consciousness rather than the traditional community-bound collective Jewish consciousness. It springs from the board of American Jewish history rather than from the bitter Jewish history in the past. It is also the Jewishness which demonstrates the impact of American thoughts, such as sense ofautonomy, demand for personal freedom, and pro-liberal life attitude toward theconsciousness and actual deeds of those American Jewish people. Contradictory as it is,this Americanized Jewishness develops itself in real life clashes and in American Jewishpeople’s self-introspection into American Jewish present and Jewish past.
In exploring the Americanized Jewishness as reflected in Roth’s writings, this thesistakes a thematic approach in analyzing the Jewish elements which are affected byAmerican ideologies. With the help of literary theories such as psychoanalysis criticism,ethic studies, sociological studies with regard to ethnic identity and social assimilation, aswell as postmodern narrative theories, this thesis intends to carry a thorough analysis of theAmericanized Jewishness in Roth’s literary representations and to obtain a comprehensiveunderstanding of the evolution of Jewishness in contemporary American society.
With these arguments about the Americanized Jewishness in Roth’s fiction, this thesisaims to contribute to the study of Philip Roth in terms of his ethnicity. Although theexploration of Jewishness sounds sensitive to ethnic writers like Philip Roth, this study ishelpful to readers who feel fascinated with the ethnic elements which endow Roth’s fictionwith a distinct flavor. The identification of the Americanized Jewishness in Roth’s literarywritings could not only provide a new perspective in perceiving Roth’s fiction, to someextent, it could also help to clarify the confusion among Chinese readers who misinterpretthe ethnic involvement in Roth’s depiction of American Jewish predicaments as the generalsocial problems in America. In doing so, I hope this thesis could enrich the study of Roth’sfiction in China.
引文
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2008
Baumgarten, Murray and Barbara Gottfried. Understanding Philip Roth. South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1990.
Berg. Henk de. Freud’s Theory and Its Use in Literary and Cultural Studies: an Introduction. New York: Camden House, 2003.
Booth, Wayne C. The Rhetoric of Fiction. Chicago: The University of Chicago University, 1961.
Brauner, David. Post-War Jewish Fiction: Ambivalence, Self-Explanation and Transatlantic Connections. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
---.“‘Getting in Your Retaliation First’: Narrative Strategies in Portnoy’s Complaint”, in Philip Roth: New Perspectives on an American Author, Derek Parker Royal (ed.) Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2005.
---. Philip Roth. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007.
Breslauer, S. Daniel.“Modernizing American Jewish Ethics: the Liberal Dilemma”, in Contemporary Jewish Ethics and Morality: a Reader, Elliot N. Dorff and Louis E. Newman (eds.) New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Buell, Lawrence.“American Pastoral Ideology Reappraised”, American Literary History 1.1(Spring. 1989): 1-29.
Carroll, No?l.“Narrative and the Ethical Life”, in Art and Ethical Criticism, Garry L. Hagberg (ed.) Malden: Blackwell Press, 2008.
Cooper, Alan. Philip Roth and the Jews. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
Corsello, Andrew.“Icon of the Year: Last Lion Roaring”, GQ. Dec 2008
Dawidowicz, Lucy S. On Equal Terms: Jews in America 1881-1981. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982.
Dorff, Elliot N. and Louis E. Newman. Contemporary Jewish Ethics and Morality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Freud, Sigmund. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1973.
---. On Psychopathology: Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, and Other Works. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1979.
Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York: Dell Publishing C., Inc, 1963.
Fuchs, Lawrence H. Beyond Patriarchy: Jewish Fathers and Families. Hanover: University Press of New England, 2000.
Gerstenfeld, Manfred. American Jewry’s Challenge: Conversations Confronting the Twenty-first Century. Maryland: Rowman &Littlefield Press, Inc., 2005.
Gibson, Andrew. Postmodernity, Ethics and the Novel. New York: Routledge, 1999.
Gordon, Milton. Assimilation in American Life: the Role of Race, Religion and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964.
Hagberg, Garry L. ed. Art and Ethical Criticism. Malden: Blackwell Press, 2008.
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