出路，还是幻象：从《应许之地》、《店员》、《美国牧歌》看犹太人的美国梦寻
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摘要
“美国梦”是美国文学研究经久不衰的主题之一。对“美国梦”的理解、实践及评价随着美国社会及其价值观念的变化一直在动态发展着。追寻美国梦的人们,大多是来自世界各地的移民及其后代。其中的犹太移民,由于民族特性和历史原因,呈现出比美国其他族裔的移民更复杂更矛盾的美国梦想。自从十九世纪末犹太移民大规模进入美国至今,他们及其后代的生存和发展正好跨越了二十世纪这一“美国世纪”,见证了这期间美国社会在政治、经济、文化等方方面面的变迁。他们的梦想,也因为时代背景不同、移民年代差异而悄然起了变化。
本文选取的三部小说涵盖了四代美国犹太人的经历,而且各部小说反映的犹太移民年代是层层推进的:《应许之地》反映的是第一代犹太移民的生活,《店员》涵盖第一、第二两代移民的悲欢离合,《美国牧歌》则描绘了一个犹太家庭中,第二、第三、第四三代成员迥异的人生。围绕“犹太人的美国梦”这一主题,论文分析上述三部小说中,第一代到第四代犹太人的命运。并以这些人物命运为基础,探索不同历史时期,美国犹太人如何追寻自己的美国梦想,不同时期的移民美国梦的形式有何不同,本质有无区别,结局到底怎样。梦想实现的代价是什么,梦想破灭的原因是什么,这些因素是必然的还是偶然的。
论文主体分为三章,按时间顺序分析犹太作家玛丽·安亭的自传体小说《应许之地》,犹太作家伯纳德·马拉默德的小说《店员》以及犹太作家菲利普·罗斯的小说《美国牧歌》。第一章论述对于小说《应许之地》中安亭这样的第一代犹太移民,美国这片“应许之地”怎样成就了他们的梦想,以及梦想背后的重重困难和沉重代价。第二章探索小说《店员》中,第一代犹太移民莫里斯·鲍勃由于“过于犹太”和“不够美国”而无法实现自己的梦想。第二代移民弗兰克·阿尔品在莫里斯德行的感召下,开始了自律向善的新生活,他的美国梦从发财致富演变成了对心灵平静的渴望。美国价值和犹太规约的博弈贯穿于女儿海伦梦想的始终,她坚持凭着犹太的道德观选择生活,却因为受到美国价值的影响而郁郁寡欢。第三章分析《美国牧歌》中,利沃夫这个跨越三代的犹太家庭的寻梦遭遇。祖父娄白手起家,但他犹太式的美国梦好景不长。作为第三代的儿子“瑞典佬”则企图摆脱犹太身份来融入美国主流社会,最终付出惨重代价。第四代孙女梅丽因为在身份认同上没有归属感,而在反对越战的狂热中走向极端。
上述三部作品反映了美国犹太人在大半个世纪的时间里,历经四代,对美国梦想的追寻。由于各人物自身的差异,又身处不同的社会时代,他们梦想的发生、发展和结局也大不一样。但形形色色的犹太美国梦想在本质上并没有不同,都包含了美国犹太人对物质丰富和精神满足两方面的追求。这种双重标准也正是犹太人的美国梦想与普通白人强调致富的美国梦之间的区别所在。美国犹太人一方面盼望成为被美国主流社会所接受的多数;另一方面又想保持犹太民族的独特品性。但强调精神至上的犹太信仰与强调世俗成就的美国价值在本质上的对立,使两种愿望无法同时得到满足。因此美国犹太人既盼望融入主流文化,又希望坚持犹太身份的梦想很难实现。
This dissertation tries to address the theme of“American Dream”by concentrating on one group of the“American dreamer”—the Jews. Following the struggles of generations of the American Jews on their way to their dreams, the study attempts to find out whether the Jewish pursuit of the“American Dream”is a realistic solution or an imagined illusion, based on the exploration of the three novels written by three American Jewish writers—Mary Antin, Bernard Malamud, and Philip Roth, each representative to her or his own generation.
The three novels under discussion as a whole present four generations of American Jewish immigration, with each book one generation further into the American society: Antin’s The Promised Land describes the joys and sorrows of the first generation immigrants; Malamud’s The Assistant concentrates on both the first and second generations; Roth’s American Pastoral tells about the rise and fall of a Jewish family across its second, third, and the fourth generations of family members. The exploration of Jewish pursuit of the“American Dream”in this dissertation focuses on what happens to Jewish immigrants of different generations when they are after their“American Dream”in the above mentioned three novels. The exploration will revolve around such aspects as the contents of the Dream for different generations, the essence of the Dream, the driving force behind the Dream in different historical phrases, how and why they succeed or fail in their endeavor, the costs they pay for and the benefits they get from the Dream.
Following a chronological sequence, the dissertation in three chapters discusses the above mentioned books successively. Chapter one deals with the interpretation of The Promised Land, which gives account of how the“American Dream”comes true after a Jewish little girl settles down at this“Promised Land”, and how her spirit of regret and ambivalence runs parallel to her optimism about assimilation. Chapter two centers on the discussion of The Assistant, which tells a story of a Jewish grocer and his assistant, illustrating that the conflict between the morality-oriented Jewish principles and the success-centered American values thwarts the pursuit of the“American Dream”for both the first and second Jewish generations. Chapter three devotes its attention to American Pastoral which depicts the rise and fall of a three-generation Jewish family, focusing on the inevitability of tragedy once the Jews try to achieve the“American Dream”of becoming perfectly assimilated into the Wasp society at the cost of their Jewish roots.
Based upon these discussions, the dissertation concludes that different from the general Wasps’“American Dream”primarily built upon the desire for a richer life, the Jewish“American Dream”nurtures itself on the ideal for a better life measured not only by externally material wealth but by internally spiritual fulfillment. This spiritual satisfaction distills down to two aspirations: the Jews’wish to be seen as members in the majority, and their desire to preserve their Jewish identity as a minority. Since they are intrinsically contradictory, the answer to the title question is that the Jewish“American Dream”has to be an unreal illusion rather than a realistic solution. The incompatibility of the fundamental principles in Jewish beliefs and American values predestines the eternal perplexity that the Jews’wish to get integrated into the mainstream American culture stands at odds with their intense desire to keep intact the Jewish legacy.
本文选取的三部小说涵盖了四代美国犹太人的经历,而且各部小说反映的犹太移民年代是层层推进的:《应许之地》反映的是第一代犹太移民的生活,《店员》涵盖第一、第二两代移民的悲欢离合,《美国牧歌》则描绘了一个犹太家庭中,第二、第三、第四三代成员迥异的人生。围绕“犹太人的美国梦”这一主题,论文分析上述三部小说中,第一代到第四代犹太人的命运。并以这些人物命运为基础,探索不同历史时期,美国犹太人如何追寻自己的美国梦想,不同时期的移民美国梦的形式有何不同,本质有无区别,结局到底怎样。梦想实现的代价是什么,梦想破灭的原因是什么,这些因素是必然的还是偶然的。
论文主体分为三章,按时间顺序分析犹太作家玛丽·安亭的自传体小说《应许之地》,犹太作家伯纳德·马拉默德的小说《店员》以及犹太作家菲利普·罗斯的小说《美国牧歌》。第一章论述对于小说《应许之地》中安亭这样的第一代犹太移民,美国这片“应许之地”怎样成就了他们的梦想,以及梦想背后的重重困难和沉重代价。第二章探索小说《店员》中,第一代犹太移民莫里斯·鲍勃由于“过于犹太”和“不够美国”而无法实现自己的梦想。第二代移民弗兰克·阿尔品在莫里斯德行的感召下,开始了自律向善的新生活,他的美国梦从发财致富演变成了对心灵平静的渴望。美国价值和犹太规约的博弈贯穿于女儿海伦梦想的始终,她坚持凭着犹太的道德观选择生活,却因为受到美国价值的影响而郁郁寡欢。第三章分析《美国牧歌》中,利沃夫这个跨越三代的犹太家庭的寻梦遭遇。祖父娄白手起家,但他犹太式的美国梦好景不长。作为第三代的儿子“瑞典佬”则企图摆脱犹太身份来融入美国主流社会,最终付出惨重代价。第四代孙女梅丽因为在身份认同上没有归属感,而在反对越战的狂热中走向极端。
上述三部作品反映了美国犹太人在大半个世纪的时间里,历经四代,对美国梦想的追寻。由于各人物自身的差异,又身处不同的社会时代,他们梦想的发生、发展和结局也大不一样。但形形色色的犹太美国梦想在本质上并没有不同,都包含了美国犹太人对物质丰富和精神满足两方面的追求。这种双重标准也正是犹太人的美国梦想与普通白人强调致富的美国梦之间的区别所在。美国犹太人一方面盼望成为被美国主流社会所接受的多数;另一方面又想保持犹太民族的独特品性。但强调精神至上的犹太信仰与强调世俗成就的美国价值在本质上的对立,使两种愿望无法同时得到满足。因此美国犹太人既盼望融入主流文化,又希望坚持犹太身份的梦想很难实现。
This dissertation tries to address the theme of“American Dream”by concentrating on one group of the“American dreamer”—the Jews. Following the struggles of generations of the American Jews on their way to their dreams, the study attempts to find out whether the Jewish pursuit of the“American Dream”is a realistic solution or an imagined illusion, based on the exploration of the three novels written by three American Jewish writers—Mary Antin, Bernard Malamud, and Philip Roth, each representative to her or his own generation.
The three novels under discussion as a whole present four generations of American Jewish immigration, with each book one generation further into the American society: Antin’s The Promised Land describes the joys and sorrows of the first generation immigrants; Malamud’s The Assistant concentrates on both the first and second generations; Roth’s American Pastoral tells about the rise and fall of a Jewish family across its second, third, and the fourth generations of family members. The exploration of Jewish pursuit of the“American Dream”in this dissertation focuses on what happens to Jewish immigrants of different generations when they are after their“American Dream”in the above mentioned three novels. The exploration will revolve around such aspects as the contents of the Dream for different generations, the essence of the Dream, the driving force behind the Dream in different historical phrases, how and why they succeed or fail in their endeavor, the costs they pay for and the benefits they get from the Dream.
Following a chronological sequence, the dissertation in three chapters discusses the above mentioned books successively. Chapter one deals with the interpretation of The Promised Land, which gives account of how the“American Dream”comes true after a Jewish little girl settles down at this“Promised Land”, and how her spirit of regret and ambivalence runs parallel to her optimism about assimilation. Chapter two centers on the discussion of The Assistant, which tells a story of a Jewish grocer and his assistant, illustrating that the conflict between the morality-oriented Jewish principles and the success-centered American values thwarts the pursuit of the“American Dream”for both the first and second Jewish generations. Chapter three devotes its attention to American Pastoral which depicts the rise and fall of a three-generation Jewish family, focusing on the inevitability of tragedy once the Jews try to achieve the“American Dream”of becoming perfectly assimilated into the Wasp society at the cost of their Jewish roots.
Based upon these discussions, the dissertation concludes that different from the general Wasps’“American Dream”primarily built upon the desire for a richer life, the Jewish“American Dream”nurtures itself on the ideal for a better life measured not only by externally material wealth but by internally spiritual fulfillment. This spiritual satisfaction distills down to two aspirations: the Jews’wish to be seen as members in the majority, and their desire to preserve their Jewish identity as a minority. Since they are intrinsically contradictory, the answer to the title question is that the Jewish“American Dream”has to be an unreal illusion rather than a realistic solution. The incompatibility of the fundamental principles in Jewish beliefs and American values predestines the eternal perplexity that the Jews’wish to get integrated into the mainstream American culture stands at odds with their intense desire to keep intact the Jewish legacy.
引文
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Shostak, Debra B., Philip Roth: Countertexts, Counterlives. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2004.
Sollors ,Werner. Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1986.
Sorin, Gerald. Tradition transformed: the Jewish experience in America. London: The John Hopkins University Press. 1997.
Stanley, Sandra Kumamoto.“Mourning the‘Greatest Generation’: Myth and History in Philip Roth’s American Pastoral,”in Twentieth Century Literature: A Scholarly and Critical Journal Vol.51, No.1: 1-24.
Steinberg ,Milton. The Making of the Modern Jew. New York: Behrman House, 1948.
Susman, Warren I. Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century, Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003.
Taylor, Charles. Multiculturalism and“The Politics of Recognition.”Princeton: Princeton UP, 1992.
Tuerk, Richard.“Assimilation in Jewish-American Autobiography: Mary Antin and Ludwig Lewisohn.”in A/B: Auto/Biography Studies Vol.3. No.2. 1987: 26-33.
Verhoeven. W. M. ed. Rewriting the Dream: Reflections on the Changing American Literary Canon Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1992.
Wade, Stephen. Jewish American Literature since 1945: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999.
Walch, Timothy. Immigrant America: European ethnicity in the United States. Routledge: New York, 1994.
Wald, Priscilla. Constituting Americans: cultural anxiety and narrative form. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.
Walker, Francis A.“Restriction of Immigration”in Atlantic Monthly, June, 1896:822-830.
Waxman, Chaim Isaac. America’s Jews in transition. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983.
Wenger, Beth S. New York Jews and the Great Depression: Uncertain Promise. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
Weber, Max. The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New York: Routledge, 2001.
Winter, Molly Crumpton. American narratives: multiethnic writing in the age of realism . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 2007.
Zaborowska, Magdalena J. How we found America: reading gender through East-European immigrant narratives. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
顾晓鸣,《犹太—充满’悖论’的文化》.杭州:浙江人民出版社, 1996年。
菲利普·罗斯,罗小云译.《美国牧歌》.南京:译林出版社, 2004年。.
傅勇,“菲利普·罗斯与当代美国文学”,《外国文学》,1997年第2期,第26-33页。
—“在父辈的世界里—对马拉默德小说中‘父与子’母题的文化解读”,《当代外国文学》2008年第2期,第62-71页。
韩玉群、杨志芳,“马拉默德和《店员》”,《绥化师专学报》2004年第7期,第87-88页。
利奥·拜克,傅永军、于健译.《犹太教的本质》.济南:山东大学出版社, 2002年。
刘海平、王守仁主编:《新编美国文学史》l一4卷.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002年。
刘洪一,《走向文化诗学:美国犹太小说研究》,北京:北京大学出版社, 2002年。.—“父与子:文化母题与文学子题——论美国犹太文学的一种主题模式”,《外国文学评论》1992年第3期,第38—44页。
—“犹太文学的世界化品性”,《当代外国文学》1997年第4期,第126-137页。
林莉,“论《美国牧歌》的多重主题”,《当代外国文学》2008年第1期,第72-77页。
—论菲利普·罗思后期小说的历史解读与文学话语,厦门大学博士学位论文,2008年。
马丁·吉尔伯特,徐新、孔德芳译,《犹太史图录》,上海:上海人民出版社, 2000年。
马拉默德,杨仁敬等译.《店员》.南京:江苏人民出版社, 1980年。
摩迪凯·开普兰,《犹太教:一种文明》,黄福武、张立改译,济南:山东大学出版社, 2002年。
欧文·豪,王海良、赵立行译.《父辈的世界》.上海:三联书店, 1995年。
乔国强,《美国犹太文学》.北京:商务印书馆, 2008年。
—论伯纳德·马拉默德的犹太道德观,《东方论坛》1997年第1期,第88-92页。
—论伯纳德·马拉默德与当代美国犹太文学运动,《天津外国语学院学报》,1999年第2期,第48-55页。
—“当代美国犹太文学的文化解读”,《四川外语学院学报》2000年第1期,第23-26页。
—“后异化:菲利普·罗斯创作的新视域”,《外国文学研究》2003年第5期,第56-61页。
桑福德·施德力西特,《美国犹太文学名著》,北京:人民大学出版社, 2007年。
魏啸飞,美国犹太小说中的犹太精神中国社会科学院研究生院,博士学位论文,2001年。
伍娟,“多米诺似的主体的异化与瓦解—对《美国牧歌》拉康式的悲剧性解读”,《文化研究》,2005年,第192-193页。
夏明滇,“消逝的牧歌—《美国牧歌》对人生悲剧的深层透视”,《世界文学评论》2008年01期第125-127页。
肖宪,《谜一般的犹太人》,北京:中国工人出版社, 2007年。
徐新,《犹太文化史》,北京:北京大学出版社, 2006年。
雅各·瑞德·马库斯,杨波等译.《美国犹太人,1585—1990:一部历史》.上海:上海人民出版社, 2004年。
张倩红,《困顿与再生—犹太文化的现代化》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2003年
张现红,“当代伊甸园中的焦虑与困惑—菲利普.罗斯‘美国三部曲’的主题意蕴”,南京师范大学硕士学位论文,2007年。
周南翼,追寻一个新的理想国:索尔·贝娄、伯纳德·马拉默德与辛西娅·奥芝克小说研究厦门大学博士学位论文, 2001年。
邹智勇,“当代美国犹太文学中的异化主题及世界化品性”,《武汉大学学报(人文社会科学版))),2000年7月第4期,第572-575页。
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Antin, Mary. The Promised Land, Boston&NewYork:HoughtonMifflinCompany1912. All page references are to this edition and will appear in brackets in the text.
Avery, Evelyn Ed. The Magic Worlds of Bernard Malamud. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001.
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Bergland, Betty.“Postmodernism and the Autobiographical Subject-Reconstructing the‘Other’”, in Ashley, Kathleen M., Gilmore Leigh, Peters Gerald eds Autobiography & Postmodernism. Boston: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1994:130-145
Blair, Sara and Jonathan Freedman, eds. Jewish in America. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004.
Bloom, Harold, ed. Bernard Malamud, New York: Chelsea House, 1986.—. Modern Critical Views of Philip Roth, New York: Chelsea House, 2003.
Brauner, David. Post-War Jewish Fiction: Ambivalence, Self-Explanation and Transatlantic Connections. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave. 2001.
Buber, Martin. The Way of Man: According to the Teaching of Hasidism. New York: Citadel Press, 2000.
Budick, E. Miller. Blacks and Jews in literary conversation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1998.
Burns, Sarah. Pastoral Inventions: Rural Life in Nineteenth-Century American Art and Culture. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1989.
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Chapman, Abraham ed. Jewish-American Literature: An Anthology. New York: New American Library. 1974.
Cohen, Bernard. Socio-cultural changes in American Jewish life as reflected in selected Jewish literature. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses 1972.
Cohen, Joseph.“Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained: Reflections on Philip Roth’s Recent Fiction.”in Studies in American Jewish Literature Vol. 8 1989: 196-204.
Cooper, Alan. Philip Roth and the Jews, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1996.
Cullen, Jim. The“American Dream”: a short history of an idea that shaped a nation New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
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Danziger, Marie A. Text/Countertext: Postmodern Paranoia in Samuel Beckett, Doris Lessing, and Philip Roth by New York: P. Lang, 1996.
Delbanco Nicholas, Cheuse Alan eds. Talking Horse: Bernard Malamud on Life & Work. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
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Gaustad, Edwin S. Memoirs of the Spirit: American Religious Autobiography from Jonathan Edwards to Maya Angelou. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co, 2001.
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Howe, Irving. World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the East European Jews to America and the Life They Have Found and Made. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976.
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Hutchison, Anthony. Writing the republic: liberalism and morality in American political fiction. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
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Malamud, Bernard. The Assistant. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1957. All page references are to this edition and will appear in brackets in the text.
Malamud, Smith Janna. My Father Is a Book: A Memoir of Bernard Malamud. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.
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Shapiro, Edward S. Body. Mind & Spirit A Time for Healing: American Jewry Since World War II. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
Shaw, Martín Urdiales. Ethnic identities in Bernard Malamud’s fiction. New Brunswick, Transaction Books, 1983.
Shear, Walter.“Culture Conflict.”in Leslie A. and Joyce W. Field. eds.. BernardMalamud and the Critics New York: New York UP. 1970:207-218.
Shostak, Debra B., Philip Roth: Countertexts, Counterlives. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2004.
Sollors ,Werner. Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1986.
Sorin, Gerald. Tradition transformed: the Jewish experience in America. London: The John Hopkins University Press. 1997.
Stanley, Sandra Kumamoto.“Mourning the‘Greatest Generation’: Myth and History in Philip Roth’s American Pastoral,”in Twentieth Century Literature: A Scholarly and Critical Journal Vol.51, No.1: 1-24.
Steinberg ,Milton. The Making of the Modern Jew. New York: Behrman House, 1948.
Susman, Warren I. Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century, Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003.
Taylor, Charles. Multiculturalism and“The Politics of Recognition.”Princeton: Princeton UP, 1992.
Tuerk, Richard.“Assimilation in Jewish-American Autobiography: Mary Antin and Ludwig Lewisohn.”in A/B: Auto/Biography Studies Vol.3. No.2. 1987: 26-33.
Verhoeven. W. M. ed. Rewriting the Dream: Reflections on the Changing American Literary Canon Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1992.
Wade, Stephen. Jewish American Literature since 1945: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999.
Walch, Timothy. Immigrant America: European ethnicity in the United States. Routledge: New York, 1994.
Wald, Priscilla. Constituting Americans: cultural anxiety and narrative form. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.
Walker, Francis A.“Restriction of Immigration”in Atlantic Monthly, June, 1896:822-830.
Waxman, Chaim Isaac. America’s Jews in transition. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983.
Wenger, Beth S. New York Jews and the Great Depression: Uncertain Promise. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
Weber, Max. The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New York: Routledge, 2001.
Winter, Molly Crumpton. American narratives: multiethnic writing in the age of realism . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 2007.
Zaborowska, Magdalena J. How we found America: reading gender through East-European immigrant narratives. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
顾晓鸣,《犹太—充满’悖论’的文化》.杭州:浙江人民出版社, 1996年。
菲利普·罗斯,罗小云译.《美国牧歌》.南京:译林出版社, 2004年。.
傅勇,“菲利普·罗斯与当代美国文学”,《外国文学》,1997年第2期,第26-33页。
—“在父辈的世界里—对马拉默德小说中‘父与子’母题的文化解读”,《当代外国文学》2008年第2期,第62-71页。
韩玉群、杨志芳,“马拉默德和《店员》”,《绥化师专学报》2004年第7期,第87-88页。
利奥·拜克,傅永军、于健译.《犹太教的本质》.济南:山东大学出版社, 2002年。
刘海平、王守仁主编:《新编美国文学史》l一4卷.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2002年。
刘洪一,《走向文化诗学:美国犹太小说研究》,北京:北京大学出版社, 2002年。.—“父与子:文化母题与文学子题——论美国犹太文学的一种主题模式”,《外国文学评论》1992年第3期,第38—44页。
—“犹太文学的世界化品性”,《当代外国文学》1997年第4期,第126-137页。
林莉,“论《美国牧歌》的多重主题”,《当代外国文学》2008年第1期,第72-77页。
—论菲利普·罗思后期小说的历史解读与文学话语,厦门大学博士学位论文,2008年。
马丁·吉尔伯特,徐新、孔德芳译,《犹太史图录》,上海:上海人民出版社, 2000年。
马拉默德,杨仁敬等译.《店员》.南京:江苏人民出版社, 1980年。
摩迪凯·开普兰,《犹太教:一种文明》,黄福武、张立改译,济南:山东大学出版社, 2002年。
欧文·豪,王海良、赵立行译.《父辈的世界》.上海:三联书店, 1995年。
乔国强,《美国犹太文学》.北京:商务印书馆, 2008年。
—论伯纳德·马拉默德的犹太道德观,《东方论坛》1997年第1期,第88-92页。
—论伯纳德·马拉默德与当代美国犹太文学运动,《天津外国语学院学报》,1999年第2期,第48-55页。
—“当代美国犹太文学的文化解读”,《四川外语学院学报》2000年第1期,第23-26页。
—“后异化:菲利普·罗斯创作的新视域”,《外国文学研究》2003年第5期,第56-61页。
桑福德·施德力西特,《美国犹太文学名著》,北京:人民大学出版社, 2007年。
魏啸飞,美国犹太小说中的犹太精神中国社会科学院研究生院,博士学位论文,2001年。
伍娟,“多米诺似的主体的异化与瓦解—对《美国牧歌》拉康式的悲剧性解读”,《文化研究》,2005年,第192-193页。
夏明滇,“消逝的牧歌—《美国牧歌》对人生悲剧的深层透视”,《世界文学评论》2008年01期第125-127页。
肖宪,《谜一般的犹太人》,北京:中国工人出版社, 2007年。
徐新,《犹太文化史》,北京:北京大学出版社, 2006年。
雅各·瑞德·马库斯,杨波等译.《美国犹太人,1585—1990:一部历史》.上海:上海人民出版社, 2004年。
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