中美两国体育休闲产业比较分析研究
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摘要
自休闲兴起以来,体育就以其无可比拟的参与价值成为人们休闲时的首要选择,体育休闲活动融入大众的生活方式已经成为社会发展的潮流,以健身运动和休闲为特点的体育消费逐渐成为国民经济新的增长点。在美国,体育休闲产业已经成为推动国民经济发展的支柱性产业,显示了美国体育休闲产业所具备的雄厚实力。现阶段,我国以体育部门为主体,多种经济成分共同投资,社会各界广泛参与,能基本满足消费者不同档次需求的体育休闲市场已初步形成,并随着国民经济的快速发展和国家对全民健康的关注,体育休闲产业的发展势头强劲、发展潜力巨大。对中美两国体育休闲产业进行全方位的比较分析研究,借鉴和仿效美国体育休闲产业发展模式与经营管理体制的优点,构建我国体育休闲产业发展的基本思路,客观展现由计划经济向市场经济转型过程中体育休闲产业对国民经济发展所应发挥的促进效应是当前我国体育休闲产业研究领域的重要任务。
     本论文得出如下研究结果:
     1.体育休闲产业是社会各部门提供的以各类体育休闲项目为中介,以满足人们休闲需求为目的,与人们休闲行为直接相关的所有产业活动集合。
     2.美国的体育休闲产业是市场经济发展到一定阶段之后的必然产物,完全采用商业化模式运行,具有较浓的商业色彩;改革开放政策是我国体育休闲产业发生、发展的先决条件,悠久的历史文化造就了我国大众体育休闲消费的独有特征。
     3.美国体育休闲产业经历了萌芽、初步形成并快速发展与稳定运行并深入发展三个发展阶段,萌芽出现于20世纪上半叶,60~90年代是快速发展的黄金时期;中国体育休闲产业起步于改革开放之后,从改革开放到邓小平南巡讲话这一时期为体育休闲产业的萌芽和发育期,从1992年到现在为产业的快速发展期,发展时间的长短差异导致中美两国体育休闲产业在产业结构、产业成熟度、产业对国民经济GDP贡献率上存在一定差异;中美两国政府在体育休闲产业的形成和发展过程中都发挥了重要的保障与推动作用。
     4.美国体育休闲产业已经成为国民经济的主导产业,中国体育休闲产业尚未成为国民经济的主导产业;中国体育休闲产业的发展水平要落后于整个国民经济的发展水平。中美两国体育休闲产业都与国民经济其他行业有较强的关联性,对国民经济的发展都具有积极的推动与促进作用。
     5.体育休闲教育是美国学校体育的主要组成部分;近年来,我国体育休闲教育发展势头迅猛,但国内设置体育休闲管理学和体育休闲经济学专业的院校偏少;美国高尔夫产业的消费主体是社会大众,高尔夫俱乐部数量众多、俱乐部类型以非标准型为主,高尔夫消费较为普及,是美国体育休闲产业的重要组成部分;中国高尔夫产业的消费主体是处于社会最富裕阶层的极少一部分人,高尔夫消费的大众化程度较低,俱乐部数量少但设施高档、标准,经营模式以会员制为主。
     6.中国现行的体育休闲产业管理以政府管理为主,政府采用行政方式对体育休闲产业进行从宏观到微观等各个层次的全面管理;美国现行的体育休闲产业管理以社会管理为主,产业管理主要由各种社会组织或行业协会进行,政府很少介入干预。当前我国体育休闲产业管理应选择以政府管理为主导、以体育休闲行业协会自律性管理为基础的复合型管理模式。
     7.中美两国在社会经济环境以及城市化水平和产业结构上存在的差异,从根本上决定了两国体育休闲产业的业务类型结构和基本经营模式的差异;两国制度环境的差异,尤其是经济制度与经济体制、体育的相关法律体系、政府对国民经济的干预制度都对两国体育休闲产业的发展产生了深远影响。
Since the rise of recreation, sport has becoming the first choice with itsincomparable value. at the same time, sport got into people's life has becoming the trendof the social development, sport consumption has becoming a new growth point ofnational economy.Sport recreational industry in the United States has becoming thepillar industry of the national economy, displayed the strong strength of sportrecreational industry. Presently, sport recreational market in China which invested byvarious economics and participated by all walks of society, satisfied all class of basicdemand has formed.So the most important thing what we need to do is give aComparative research the sport recreational industry between China and The UnitedStates,then reference and imitate the develop pattern of sport recreational industry in theUSA, construct the basic develop route of our country’s sport recreational industry,reveal the basic function of sport recreational industry to incentive economicdevelopment in the process of transformation which from a planned economic system toa marketed leading economic system.
     The results as followed:
     Firstly. Sport industry is the total of production and business activities whichcarried out by all kind of sport related social departments. Sport recreational industryused all kinds of sport recreational projects as an intermediary, product all kinds ofcommodity to meet the demand of sport recreation.
     Secondly. Sport recreational industry in the U.S.A has a strong commercialatmosphere. The policy of opening and reforming in China decided the develop positionof Chinese sport recreational industry,Chinese long history and amazing culture hasdecided the unique characteristics of sport recreational consume.
     Thirdly. Sport recreational industry in America appeared in the prime of20th century and the era of rapid development was1960s. Chinese sport recreational industryappeared in the era of opening and reforming, so they have a different industry structure,development level and contributing ratio to the national GDP between two countries.Both two countries government has played an important role in the process of formationand development of sport recreational industry.
     Fourth. The development level of Chinese sport recreational industry was laggedbehind the development level of entire national economic. Presently, sport recreationalindustry in China belonged to the take-off stage. Both two countries sport recreationalindustry have a strong connection with other industries, and both have a positivecontribution to national economic development. Sport recreational industry in Americahave becoming a pillar industry, unfortunately, China has not reached.
     Fifth. Sport recreational education was the main content of sport education inAmerica.Chinese sport recreational education has witnessed a fast growing, collegewhich has a golf education was rarely. Common people was the mainly of golf consumegroup and non-standard golf club was the mainly of golf club pattern.golf industry wasa dominating industry in sport recreational industry in America. In contrast, the richestpeople in China was the mainly of consume group, but the penetration ratio of golf isvery low, the quantity of golf club is rarely and with a high standard, membership is themainly operating pattern now.
     Sixth. Currently, the management of Chinese sport recreational industry decidedby all level of government, and used administrative ways to manage sport recreationalindustry comprehensively.In contrast, social management was the most important wayto manage sport recreational industry in America, carried out by various socialassociation, little intervention by government. According to the development level andcurrent situation of Chinese sport recreational industry, the most suitable manage patternof Chinese sport recreational industry is complex pattern which the government play aleading role and sport recreational association play a foundational management.
     Seventh. The difference of sport recreational industry structure and operatingpattern between China and America decided by the difference of society,economicenvironment, especially the industry structure and urbanization between two countries. The difference of political system between two countries, especially economic system,the system of sport related law, industry intervened by government and sportrecreational industry management system, all of these have a huge influence which leadto exist a difference of sport recreational industry between two countries.
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