基于虚拟世界经济的服务贸易研究
|
摘要
虚拟世界经济是基于虚拟世界的相关经济现象和活动的总称。现阶段,社交网站与网络游戏是虚拟世界的主要载体。关于虚拟世界经济的问题是欧美学者研究的热点,在国际上属于比较前沿的领域,将其与服务贸易结合起来则对中国经济具有特殊的意义。其中,第1章和第2章是研究的前期准备和铺垫；第3章对主要概念的界定是后续研究的前提；第4章解释服务贸易的基本理论问题,是理论基础；第5章介绍了这类服务贸易发生的方式和过程；第6章在4、5章的基础上对中国的情况进行了全面分析；第7章提出了政策建议。
本文第1章介绍了论文的写作背景、思路方法及创新点等基本问题。原有理论对于虚拟世界服务贸易外部性的解释不充分,欠缺理论基础,难以对后续定量研究提供支持,因此本文创新之一是对外部性的来源进行解释。同时,对于中国虚拟世界经济的特性研究很少,而西方该领域的研究结果对中国难以适用。因此,另一个工作是对中国的情况进行了系统研究,特别是与发达国家不同的方面。从国际经济学领域对虚拟世界经济进行研究,有两个主要原因。第一,虚拟世界与现实世界的关系从经济角度看,类似于国际贸易中小国与大国的关系,国际贸易和汇率的相关理论有较好的适用性。第二,虚拟世界中的服务交换跨越国界时,只有服务贸易的相关理论能够从国家层面进行解释。从服务贸易的角度对虚拟世界经济进行研究是新的尝试。
第2章就相关文献进行了综述。由于该方向没有系统的理论成果,因此将相关的前置理论和相关理论进行了梳理。第一部分总结了对虚拟世界内部经济体系的主要研究成果,这是相关服务贸易发生的平台,是后续研究的基础。同时,介绍了虚拟世界经济与现实世界的关系,侧重于总结虚拟世界经济对现实世界的影响。这是服务贸易实现的过程,是重要的传导机制。第二部分介绍了作为虚拟世界重要物质基础的网络游戏产业的发展状况,这是中国发展相关服务贸易的基础和前提。第三部分归纳了传统国际贸易理论在服务贸易领域有效性的研究,这是工具的可获得性和有效性问题。在梳理每一部分的过程中,都随时注意与主题的关联,同时也认识到现有理论对新问题的局限性,并提出在研究中的改进方向。
第3章界定了虚拟世界经济的相关概念,并与相关概念的关系进行了初步研究。这是开展研究的基础。虚拟世界经济是相对较新的研究主题,而对相关服务贸易的研究更少,因此在初级阶段,准确界定研究范围是前期最重要的工作。在这部分中,将网络游戏、虚拟世界、虚拟世界经济的概念进行了界定,并且就虚拟世界经济与虚拟经济的关系进行了辨析,避免后续研究的混乱。由于该领域的研究较初级,因此这部分也将涉及到的虚拟物品的价值、效用工具的有效性等基础问题进行了阐释。
第4章解释了虚拟世界服务贸易的基本理论问题。在虚拟世界中,信息的获取及时、准确,信息对称程度远高于现实世界,因此人们之间的等级差别更加明显和公开,促使人们努力去提高自己在虚拟世界中的地位,而通过购买他人的服务可以有效地实现这一目标。虚拟世界服务具有外部性,而外部性的来源一直没有准确的理论描述,这对后续要就造成障碍。本章尝试建立排位模型和服务替代模型对这一状况进行解释。接着,将外部性引入原有交易模型,解释其对均衡点的影响。在引入国际服务贸易后,从美国角度分析了各方福利变化,认为虚拟世界服务贸易进口国整体福利是下降的。
第5章对基于虚拟世界服务贸易的收益模式进行了研究,目的是从中找出适合中国发展的模式。该领域的收益模式分为直接模式和间接模式。直接收益是指网络游戏运营商获取的收益,间接收益是指基于虚拟世界的第三方活动获取的收益。一般来说,和网络游戏运营商不发生直接商业联系的均为间接收益。从对两种收益模式的研究中找到适合中国的发展路径,并对潜在的发展方向进行初步的分析。
第6章对中国虚拟世界经济的发展状况进行了系统研究。通过建立2*2的比较优势模型对中国从事虚拟世界服务贸易的分工状况进行分析,认为中国的人口数量对产生正的网络效应至关重要,同时中国的劳动力价格水平处于发展该领域服务贸易的有效区间。同时,对中国参与虚拟世界服务贸易进行了福利分析,得出结论,认为中国发展虚拟世界服务贸易的福利与出口规模正相关,不存在限制外部性的问题。这部分是由于虚拟世界服务贸易外部性与消费方相关的原因。
第7章根据研究结果对中国如何发展基于虚拟世界经济的服务贸易提出了政策建议。交易平台的建设是核心,通过交易平台进行货币和服务转化的效率,类似于现实贸易中的关税和运输成本带来的影响。对现阶段的中国来说,从该领域服务贸易中的收益直接受转化效率的影响。微型服务外包是从消费角度进行的外包,是适合中国的发展方式,需要适合的发展环境。加快立法,减少行政干预可以保证虚拟世界经济有序发展。作为虚拟世界重要载体的社交网络与网络游戏带来很大社会问题,需要向发达国家学习先进经验。虚拟世界经济领域的对外直接投资应优先投入文化接近的东亚国家,逐渐向欧美和其他地区渗透。最后,对中国虚拟世界经济的整体发展前景进行了展望。
Virtual world economy is based on the virtual world of economic phenomena and activities related to general. At this stage, social networking sites and online games is the main carrier of the virtual world. Economic problems on the virtual world is a hot European and American scholars, a relatively cutting edge in the international field, will combine its service trade with China is of special significance. Of these, Chapters 1 and Chapter 2 is to study the preparation and bedding; in Chapter 3, the definition of key concepts is the premise of the follow-up study; Chapter 4 explains the basic theoretical issues of trade in services, is the theoretical basis; Chapter 5 occurrence of such services, the manner and process of trade; Chapter 6 on the situation in China conducted a comprehensive analysis; Chapter 7 policy recommendations.
Chapter 1 of this paper describes the background of writing, ideas, methods and basic issues of innovation. For the original theory of the virtual world outside the interpretation of trade in services is not adequate, the lack of theoretical foundation, it is difficult to support the follow-up quantitative research, this paper innovation is one of the sources of the externality explanation. Meanwhile, the Chinese characteristics of the virtual world economy is small, and the results of Western research in the field difficult to apply to China. Therefore, another work is the situation in China has been systematically studied, in particular, different aspects of developed countries. From the field of international economics study of the virtual world economy, there are two main reasons. First, the virtual world and the relationship between the real world from an economic point of view, similar to the small countries in international trade relations with major powers, international trade and exchange rate have better applicability of the theory. Second, the virtual world of cross-border exchange of services, only the theory of trade in services can be explained from the national level. From the perspective of trade in services of the virtual world economy is a new attempt.
Chapter 2 reviewed the literature on the relevant. Since there is no systematic theory of the direction of the results, so the relevant theory and the theory of pre-made combs. The first section summarizes the economic system within the virtual world, the main research results, this is a platform-related services trade takes place, is the follow-up research. Meanwhile, the introduction of the virtual world economy and the relationship between the real world, focusing on the summary of the virtual world economy, the impact of the real world. This is the process of implementation of trade in services is an important transmission mechanism. The second part describes the virtual world as an important material basis for the development of online game industry, which is related to China's development foundation and prerequisite for trade in services. Part III summarizes the traditional international trade theory in the effectiveness of trade in services, which is a tool availability and effectiveness. In the process of combing each section, are associated with the subject and pay attention, while recognizing the current limitations of theory to new problems and propose improvements in research direction.
Chapter 3 defines the concepts of virtual world economy, and the relationship with the concepts studied. This is a research foundation. Virtual world economy is relatively new research topic, and research on trade in services less relevant, so the initial stage, accurately define the scope of the study is the most important early work. In this section, online games, virtual worlds, virtual world defines the concept of the economy, and to the virtual world economy and the relationship between virtual economy was discrimination, to avoid confusion in future research. As research in this area than the primary, so this part will also involve the value of virtual goods, utility tools, and other basic issues of validity of interpretation.
Chapter 4 explains the virtual world, the basic theory of trade in services issues. In the virtual world, information access timely, accurate, information symmetry is much higher than the real world, so the level of difference between people is more obvious and open, prompting efforts to improve their position in the virtual world, and through the purchase of another service can effectively achieve this goal. The use of models vying for positions on this model and the conformity status of a basic description. From the utility perspective, the dual constraints of time and income, people in the real world and how to choose the virtual world of investment is worth studying. This explains China's development of trade in services in the field advantage.
Chapter 5 of the virtual world trade in services based revenue model was studied, aimed to find out for China's development model. Revenue model in this area is divided into direct mode and indirect mode. Direct benefits refers to the online game operator for the gains, the indirect income is based on the virtual world to get the benefits of third-party activities. In general, and online game operators do not have direct business contacts are indirect benefits. The pattern of benefits from the two studies find that China's development path, and the potential direction of a preliminary analysis.
Chapter 6 China's economic development situation of the virtual world has been systematically studied. Through the establishment of 2 * 2 model of the comparative advantage of China's trade in services in the virtual world analysis of the state division of labor that China's population have a positive network effect on the essential, while the price level of China's labor force in the development of trade in services in the field effective range. Meanwhile, China's participation in the virtual world trade in services in the welfare analysis, concluded that China's development benefits the virtual world trade in services is associated with the export scale, there is no limit the external issues. This is partly because the virtual world services trade and consumer side externalities related causes.
Based on the results of Chapter 7 on how China developed the virtual world economy based on trade in services policy recommendations. Construction is the core trading platform, trading platform through the conversion of currency and the efficiency of services, similar to the reality of trade tariffs and the impact of transport costs. The present stage of China, trade in services in the field from the proceeds directly affected by the conversion efficiency. Micro-services outsourcing is outsourcing from the consumer point of view, is the way for China's development requires a suitable environment for development. Speed up the legislation, reducing administrative intervention can ensure orderly development of the virtual world economy. As an important carrier of the virtual world of social networking and online games great social problems, and need to learn the advanced experience of developed countries. Virtual world Foreign Direct Investment in the economic field should give priority to investment in cultural proximity of the East Asian countries, the gradual penetration of the U.S., Europe and other regions.
Finally, China's overall economic development of the virtual world prospect.
本文第1章介绍了论文的写作背景、思路方法及创新点等基本问题。原有理论对于虚拟世界服务贸易外部性的解释不充分,欠缺理论基础,难以对后续定量研究提供支持,因此本文创新之一是对外部性的来源进行解释。同时,对于中国虚拟世界经济的特性研究很少,而西方该领域的研究结果对中国难以适用。因此,另一个工作是对中国的情况进行了系统研究,特别是与发达国家不同的方面。从国际经济学领域对虚拟世界经济进行研究,有两个主要原因。第一,虚拟世界与现实世界的关系从经济角度看,类似于国际贸易中小国与大国的关系,国际贸易和汇率的相关理论有较好的适用性。第二,虚拟世界中的服务交换跨越国界时,只有服务贸易的相关理论能够从国家层面进行解释。从服务贸易的角度对虚拟世界经济进行研究是新的尝试。
第2章就相关文献进行了综述。由于该方向没有系统的理论成果,因此将相关的前置理论和相关理论进行了梳理。第一部分总结了对虚拟世界内部经济体系的主要研究成果,这是相关服务贸易发生的平台,是后续研究的基础。同时,介绍了虚拟世界经济与现实世界的关系,侧重于总结虚拟世界经济对现实世界的影响。这是服务贸易实现的过程,是重要的传导机制。第二部分介绍了作为虚拟世界重要物质基础的网络游戏产业的发展状况,这是中国发展相关服务贸易的基础和前提。第三部分归纳了传统国际贸易理论在服务贸易领域有效性的研究,这是工具的可获得性和有效性问题。在梳理每一部分的过程中,都随时注意与主题的关联,同时也认识到现有理论对新问题的局限性,并提出在研究中的改进方向。
第3章界定了虚拟世界经济的相关概念,并与相关概念的关系进行了初步研究。这是开展研究的基础。虚拟世界经济是相对较新的研究主题,而对相关服务贸易的研究更少,因此在初级阶段,准确界定研究范围是前期最重要的工作。在这部分中,将网络游戏、虚拟世界、虚拟世界经济的概念进行了界定,并且就虚拟世界经济与虚拟经济的关系进行了辨析,避免后续研究的混乱。由于该领域的研究较初级,因此这部分也将涉及到的虚拟物品的价值、效用工具的有效性等基础问题进行了阐释。
第4章解释了虚拟世界服务贸易的基本理论问题。在虚拟世界中,信息的获取及时、准确,信息对称程度远高于现实世界,因此人们之间的等级差别更加明显和公开,促使人们努力去提高自己在虚拟世界中的地位,而通过购买他人的服务可以有效地实现这一目标。虚拟世界服务具有外部性,而外部性的来源一直没有准确的理论描述,这对后续要就造成障碍。本章尝试建立排位模型和服务替代模型对这一状况进行解释。接着,将外部性引入原有交易模型,解释其对均衡点的影响。在引入国际服务贸易后,从美国角度分析了各方福利变化,认为虚拟世界服务贸易进口国整体福利是下降的。
第5章对基于虚拟世界服务贸易的收益模式进行了研究,目的是从中找出适合中国发展的模式。该领域的收益模式分为直接模式和间接模式。直接收益是指网络游戏运营商获取的收益,间接收益是指基于虚拟世界的第三方活动获取的收益。一般来说,和网络游戏运营商不发生直接商业联系的均为间接收益。从对两种收益模式的研究中找到适合中国的发展路径,并对潜在的发展方向进行初步的分析。
第6章对中国虚拟世界经济的发展状况进行了系统研究。通过建立2*2的比较优势模型对中国从事虚拟世界服务贸易的分工状况进行分析,认为中国的人口数量对产生正的网络效应至关重要,同时中国的劳动力价格水平处于发展该领域服务贸易的有效区间。同时,对中国参与虚拟世界服务贸易进行了福利分析,得出结论,认为中国发展虚拟世界服务贸易的福利与出口规模正相关,不存在限制外部性的问题。这部分是由于虚拟世界服务贸易外部性与消费方相关的原因。
第7章根据研究结果对中国如何发展基于虚拟世界经济的服务贸易提出了政策建议。交易平台的建设是核心,通过交易平台进行货币和服务转化的效率,类似于现实贸易中的关税和运输成本带来的影响。对现阶段的中国来说,从该领域服务贸易中的收益直接受转化效率的影响。微型服务外包是从消费角度进行的外包,是适合中国的发展方式,需要适合的发展环境。加快立法,减少行政干预可以保证虚拟世界经济有序发展。作为虚拟世界重要载体的社交网络与网络游戏带来很大社会问题,需要向发达国家学习先进经验。虚拟世界经济领域的对外直接投资应优先投入文化接近的东亚国家,逐渐向欧美和其他地区渗透。最后,对中国虚拟世界经济的整体发展前景进行了展望。
Virtual world economy is based on the virtual world of economic phenomena and activities related to general. At this stage, social networking sites and online games is the main carrier of the virtual world. Economic problems on the virtual world is a hot European and American scholars, a relatively cutting edge in the international field, will combine its service trade with China is of special significance. Of these, Chapters 1 and Chapter 2 is to study the preparation and bedding; in Chapter 3, the definition of key concepts is the premise of the follow-up study; Chapter 4 explains the basic theoretical issues of trade in services, is the theoretical basis; Chapter 5 occurrence of such services, the manner and process of trade; Chapter 6 on the situation in China conducted a comprehensive analysis; Chapter 7 policy recommendations.
Chapter 1 of this paper describes the background of writing, ideas, methods and basic issues of innovation. For the original theory of the virtual world outside the interpretation of trade in services is not adequate, the lack of theoretical foundation, it is difficult to support the follow-up quantitative research, this paper innovation is one of the sources of the externality explanation. Meanwhile, the Chinese characteristics of the virtual world economy is small, and the results of Western research in the field difficult to apply to China. Therefore, another work is the situation in China has been systematically studied, in particular, different aspects of developed countries. From the field of international economics study of the virtual world economy, there are two main reasons. First, the virtual world and the relationship between the real world from an economic point of view, similar to the small countries in international trade relations with major powers, international trade and exchange rate have better applicability of the theory. Second, the virtual world of cross-border exchange of services, only the theory of trade in services can be explained from the national level. From the perspective of trade in services of the virtual world economy is a new attempt.
Chapter 2 reviewed the literature on the relevant. Since there is no systematic theory of the direction of the results, so the relevant theory and the theory of pre-made combs. The first section summarizes the economic system within the virtual world, the main research results, this is a platform-related services trade takes place, is the follow-up research. Meanwhile, the introduction of the virtual world economy and the relationship between the real world, focusing on the summary of the virtual world economy, the impact of the real world. This is the process of implementation of trade in services is an important transmission mechanism. The second part describes the virtual world as an important material basis for the development of online game industry, which is related to China's development foundation and prerequisite for trade in services. Part III summarizes the traditional international trade theory in the effectiveness of trade in services, which is a tool availability and effectiveness. In the process of combing each section, are associated with the subject and pay attention, while recognizing the current limitations of theory to new problems and propose improvements in research direction.
Chapter 3 defines the concepts of virtual world economy, and the relationship with the concepts studied. This is a research foundation. Virtual world economy is relatively new research topic, and research on trade in services less relevant, so the initial stage, accurately define the scope of the study is the most important early work. In this section, online games, virtual worlds, virtual world defines the concept of the economy, and to the virtual world economy and the relationship between virtual economy was discrimination, to avoid confusion in future research. As research in this area than the primary, so this part will also involve the value of virtual goods, utility tools, and other basic issues of validity of interpretation.
Chapter 4 explains the virtual world, the basic theory of trade in services issues. In the virtual world, information access timely, accurate, information symmetry is much higher than the real world, so the level of difference between people is more obvious and open, prompting efforts to improve their position in the virtual world, and through the purchase of another service can effectively achieve this goal. The use of models vying for positions on this model and the conformity status of a basic description. From the utility perspective, the dual constraints of time and income, people in the real world and how to choose the virtual world of investment is worth studying. This explains China's development of trade in services in the field advantage.
Chapter 5 of the virtual world trade in services based revenue model was studied, aimed to find out for China's development model. Revenue model in this area is divided into direct mode and indirect mode. Direct benefits refers to the online game operator for the gains, the indirect income is based on the virtual world to get the benefits of third-party activities. In general, and online game operators do not have direct business contacts are indirect benefits. The pattern of benefits from the two studies find that China's development path, and the potential direction of a preliminary analysis.
Chapter 6 China's economic development situation of the virtual world has been systematically studied. Through the establishment of 2 * 2 model of the comparative advantage of China's trade in services in the virtual world analysis of the state division of labor that China's population have a positive network effect on the essential, while the price level of China's labor force in the development of trade in services in the field effective range. Meanwhile, China's participation in the virtual world trade in services in the welfare analysis, concluded that China's development benefits the virtual world trade in services is associated with the export scale, there is no limit the external issues. This is partly because the virtual world services trade and consumer side externalities related causes.
Based on the results of Chapter 7 on how China developed the virtual world economy based on trade in services policy recommendations. Construction is the core trading platform, trading platform through the conversion of currency and the efficiency of services, similar to the reality of trade tariffs and the impact of transport costs. The present stage of China, trade in services in the field from the proceeds directly affected by the conversion efficiency. Micro-services outsourcing is outsourcing from the consumer point of view, is the way for China's development requires a suitable environment for development. Speed up the legislation, reducing administrative intervention can ensure orderly development of the virtual world economy. As an important carrier of the virtual world of social networking and online games great social problems, and need to learn the advanced experience of developed countries. Virtual world Foreign Direct Investment in the economic field should give priority to investment in cultural proximity of the East Asian countries, the gradual penetration of the U.S., Europe and other regions.
Finally, China's overall economic development of the virtual world prospect.
引文
①黄建忠、刘莉,《国际服务贸易教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社,2008,P217
①黄建忠、刘莉,《国际服务贸易教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社,2008,P6
②同上
① MARK W. BELL.Toward a Definition of "Virtual Worlds" [J].Journal of Virtual Worlds Research.2008, (1)
① World of Warcraft的运营商是禁止现金交易的,但是通过第三方的交易网站,如淘宝、5173,仍有大量的交易发生。
②如果仅就数字考虑,7.47亿美元的金额与国家银行的货币发行量相比非常小,对现实货币价格的影响可以忽略不计。同时,这仅仅是一款游戏,如果把所有虚拟世界中的货币供应量进行加总,数字会相当可观。
③本段数字及具体计算过程见Jesus Diaz发表于SSRN上的Determining the Money Supply of a Virtual World.
①本章部分内容己发表为论文《基于虚拟世界的服务贸易分析》,刊登于《东岳论丛》(CSSCI)2010年第9期。
①中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC)发布的《2009年度中国网络游戏市场研究报告》。
②具体数据见附录,分别为表1、表2、表3。
③根据暴雪娱乐发布的数据,
[1]A. Deardorf. (1985) "Comparative Advantage and International Trade and Investment in Service", in R. B. M. Stem(ed.), Trade and Investment in Services:Canada/US Perspectives, Toronto:Ontario Economic council.
[2]Andreoni, J.,1988. Why free ride? Strategies and learning in public goods experiments. Journal of Public Economics 37,291-304.
[3]Anderhub, V., Muller, R., Schmidt, C.,2001. Design and evaluation of an economic experiment via the internet. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 46 (2),227-247.
[4]Atkinson, A. B. (1970), "On the Measurement of Inequality, " Journal of Economic Theory,2,244-263.
[5]Andreoni, J.,1995. Cooperation in public-goods experiments:kindness or confusion? American Economic Review 85 (4),891-904.
[6]Battalio, Raymond C., Edwin B. Fisher, Jr., John H. Kagel, Robert L. Basmann, Robin C. Winkler, Leonard Krasner (1974), "An Experimental Investigation of Consumer Behavior in a Controlled Environment, " Journal of Consumer Research 1(2), pp.52-60.
[7]Battalio, Raymond C., John H. Kagel, and Morgan 0. Reynolds (1977), "Income Distributions in Two Experimental Economies, " Journal of Political Economy 85(6), pp.1259-1271.
[8]Bang, Rashmi, Bishwanath Goldar.2007. "Contribution of services to output growth and productivity in Indian manufacturing" Economic and Political Weekly, pp.2769-2777.
[8]Bornstein, G., Gneezy, U., Nagel, R.,2002. The effect of intergroup competition on group coordination:an experimental study. Games and Economic Behavior 41,1-25.
[9]Bernheim, B. Douglas (1994), "A Theory of Conformity," Journal of Political Economy 102(5), October, pp.841-877.
[10]Benjamin, N. and X. Diao.2000. "Liberalizing Services Trade in APEC:A General Equilibrium Analysis with Imperfect Competition. " Pacific Economic Review,5, pp.49-75.
[11]Beyers, William B. and David P. Linddahl.2006. "Explaining the demand for producer services:Is cost-driven externalization the major factor?" Paper in Regional Science, Vol.75(3), pp.351-374.
[12]Bhagwati, Jagdish(1986) " Economic Perspectives on Trade in Professional Services", Chicago Legal Foruml, No.1 (Mareh):45-56.
[13]Becker, Gary (1996), Accounting for Tastes, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
[14]Bainbridge, W. S.,2007. The scientific research potential of virtual worlds. Science 17,472-476.
[15]Castronova, Edward (2001), "Virtual Worlds:A First-Hand Account of Market and Society on the Cyberian Frontier, " CESifo Working Paper No.618, December 2001.
[16]Castronova, Edward (2005), Synthetic Worlds:The Business and Culture of Online Games, Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
[17]Castronova, Edward (2006), "On the Research Value of Large Games: Natural Experiments in Norrath and Camelot. " Games and Culture. Vol. 1(2), pp 163-186.
[18]Castronova, Edward (2007), Exodus to the Virtual World:How Online Fun is Changing Reality, New York:Palgrave/MacMillan.
[19]Chesney, Thomas, Swee-Hoon Chuah, and Robert Hoffman (2007) "Virtual World Experimentation:An Exploratory Study, " Nottingham University Business School Occasional Paper Series, No.2007-21.
[20]Camerer, C. F.,1987. Do biases in probability judgment matter in markets? American Economic Review 77 (5),981-997.
[21]Camerer, C. F.,1997. Progress in behavioral game theory. Journal of Economic Perspectives 11 (4),167-188.
[22]Camerer, C.F.,2003. Behavioral Game Theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
[23]Carpenter, J. P., Burks, S., Verhoogen, E.,2005. Comparing students to workers:the effect of social framing on behavior in distribution games. In:Carpenter, J. P. (Ed.), Field Experiments in Economics, vol. 10. Elsevier, pp.261-290, (Ch. 7).
[24]Cason, T. N., Mui, V. L.,1998. Social influence and the strategy method in the sequential dictator game. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 42,248-265.
[25]Chuah, S. H., Hoffmann, R., Jones, M. K., Williams, G. A.,2007. Do culture clash? Evidence from cross-national ultimatum game experiments. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 64, 35-48.
[26]Cheng, W., Liu, M. and Yang, X.2000. "A Ricardo Model with Endogenous Comparative Advantage and Endogenous Trade Policy Regime. " Economic Record,172-82.
[27]Crawford, V. P.,1995. Adaptive dynamics in coordination games. Econometric 63 (1),103-143.
[28]Lucas, Jr. Robert E. (1986), "The Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory," The Journal of Business,59(4), pp. S401-S426.
[29]Devetag, G.,2005. Precedent transfer in coordination games:an experiment. Economics Letters 89,227-232.
[30]Daniel, B., McCalla, G., Schwier, R.2002. A process model for building social capital in virtual learning communities, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Computers in Education, Vols. I and II, pp.574-575.
[31]Duffy, J., Nagel, R.,1997. On the robustness of behavior in experimental'beauty contest'games. Economic Journal 107, 1684-1700.
[32]Erev, I., Roth, A.E.,1998. Predicting how people play games: reinforcement learning in experimental games with unique, mixed strategy equilibria. American Economic Review 88 (4),848-881.
[33]Frankel, Jeffrey A and Romer, David.1999. "Does trade cause growth?" The American Economic Review, Vol.89, No.3, pp.379-399.
[34]Freund, C. L. and D. Weinhold.2002. The Internet and International Trade in Services, American Economic Review, Vol.92, No.2, pp. 236-240.
[35]Fehr, E., Gachter, S.,2000. Cooperation and punishment in public goods experiments. American Economic Review 90 (4),980-994.
[36]Forsythe, R., Horowitz, J. L., Savin, N. E., Sefton, M.,1994. Fairness in simple bargaining experiments. Games and Economic Behavior 6, 347-369.
[37]Grossman, G. and Helpman, E.1990. "Comparative Advantage and Long-Run Growth", American Economic Review, 80, 796-815.
[38]Grubel, Herbert G.1987. All Traded Services are Embodied in Materials or People The World Economy 10(3), pp.319-330.
[39]Kullman, P. (2000), January 31st-February 3rd. China's Broadband Buildout and Services. Paper presented at the Pacific Telecommunications Council, Honolulu, Hawaii.
[40]Harrison, G. W., List, J. A.,2004. Field experiments. Journal of Economic Literature 42 (4),1009-1055.
[41]Harberger, Arnold C. (1971), "Three Basic Postulates for Applied Welfare Economics:An Interpretive Essay, " Journal of Economic Literature 9(3),785-797.
[42]Healy, P. J.,2006. Learning dynamics for mechanism design:an experimental comparison of public goods mechanisms. Journal of Economic Theory 129 (1),114-149.
[43]Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., Gintis, H. (Eds.),2004. Foundations of Human Sociality:Economic Experiments and Ethnographic Evidence from Fifteen Small-Scale Societies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
[44]Ho, T., Camerer, C., Weigelt, K.,1998. Iterated dominance and iterated best response in experimental'p-beauty contests' American Economic Review 88 (4),947-969.
[45]Hoffman, E., McCabe, K., Shachat, K., Smith, V. L.,1994. Preferences, property rights and anonymity in bargaining games. Games and Economic Behavior 7,346-380.
[46]Hoffman, E., McCabe, K., Smith, V. L.,1996. Social distance and other-regarding behavior in dictator games. American Economic Review 86 (3),653-660.
[47]Knez, M., Camerer, C.,1994. Creating expectational assets in the laboratory:coordination in'weakest-link'games. Strategic Management Journal 15,101-119.
[48]Kovalchik, S., Camerer, C. F., Grether, D. M., Plott, C. R., Allman, J.M.,2005. Age and decision making:a comparison between neurologically healthy elderly and young individuals. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 58,79-94.
[49]Kurz, M.,2008. Beauty contests under private information and diverse beliefs:how different? Journal of Mathematical Economics 44 (7-8), 762-784.
[50]Lueg, C., (2001). Information dissemination in virtual communities as challenge to real world companies. Towards the E-Society: E-Commerce, E-Business, and E-Government 74,261-270.
[51]Lastowka, F. Greg and Dan Hunter (2004), "The Laws of the Virtual Worlds," California Law Review 92(1),1-74.
[52]Lueg, C.,2001. Information dissemination in virtual communities as challenge to real world companies. Towards the E-Society:E-Commerce, E-Business, and E-Government 74,261-270.
[53]Malaby, Thomas H. (2006), "Parlaying Value:Capital in and Beyond Virtual Worlds," Games and Culture 1(2), pp.141-162.
[54]MacInnes, I.,2004a. Dynamic Business Model Framework for Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Services Technology and Management.
[55]Nagel, R.,1995. Unraveling in guessing games:an experimental study. American Economic Review 85 (5),1313-1326.
[56]Roth, A. E., Prasnikar, V., Okuno-Fujiwara, M., Zamir, S.,1991. Bargaining andmarket behavior in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh and Tokyo:an experimental study. American Economic Review 81 (5), 1068-1095.
[57]Romer, Paul M.1987. "Growth based on increasing returns due to specialization. " American Economic Review, pp.56-62.
[58]Schwartz, S. H.,2001. Value hierarchies across cultures:taking a similarities perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 32 (3),268-290.
[59]Samuelson, Paul A.1948. International Trade and the Equalisation of Factor Prices. Economic Journal,58(230), pp.163-84.
[60]Smythe, D.1994. Book Review:Specialization and Economic Organization:A New Classical Microeconomic Framework, Journal of Economic Literature,32,691-92.
[61]Tarr, David G. (1976), "Experiments in Token Economies:A Review of the Evidence Relating to Assumptions and Implications of Economic Theory, " Southern Economic Journal,43(2) pp.1136-1143.
[62]VanHuyck, J., Battalio, R., Beil, R.,1990. Tacit coordination games, strategic uncertainty, and coordination failure. American Economic Review 80,234-248.
[63]Williams, R., Cothrel, J.,2000. Four Smart Ways To Run Online Communities. Sloan Management Review 41 (4),81-91.
[64]Williams, Arlington W. and James M. Walker (1993), Computerized Laboratory Exercises for Microeconomics Education:Three Applications Motivated by Experimental Economics, Journal of Economic Education 24(4), pp.291-315.
[65]Young, H. Peyton (1993), The Evolution of Conventions, Econometrica 61(1), January.
[66]毕芳,“虚拟经济研究综述” [J],《生产力研究》,2005年第5期。
[67]成思危,“虚拟经济与货币市场”[J], 《经济界》,2002年第6期。
[68]陈宪、程大中, “国际服务贸易中的政府行为” [J], 《国际贸易问题》,1999年第12期。
[69]陈柳、刘志彪,“本土创新能力、FDI技术外溢与经济增长”[J], 《南开经济研究》,2006年第3期.
[70]程大中,“服务业就业与服务贸易出口：关于中国和美国的对比分析”[J],《世界经济》,2000年第11期。
[71]蔡洁、蒙英华,“贸易自由化福利收益模型和我国服务贸易发展的现实选择”[J], 《国际贸易问题》,2007年第5期。
[72]曹自强, “美国服务贸易出口现状及战略”[J], 《国际贸易》,1996年第3期。
[73]陈国荣,“韩国的服务贸易及其促进政策”[J], 《浙江统计》,2009年第5期。
[74]程南洋、杨红强、聂影,“中国服务贸易出口结构变动的实证分析”[J],《国际贸易问题》,2006年第8期。
[75]崔日明、刘利民,“加大开放力度—中国服务贸易面临的矛盾和问题”[J],《国际贸易》,2005年第12期。
[76]丁平, “中国服务贸易问题国际竞争力的影响因素分析与对策研究”[J],《世界经济研究》,2007年第9期。
[77]佟贺丰, “关于我国网络游戏产业的SWOT分析”[J], 《科技管理研究》,2006年第8期。
[78]范爱军,“新的国际分工与中国的选择”[J],《国际贸易》,1992年第4期。
[79]傅钧文,“当代美国竞争优势分析”[J],《世界经济研究》,2003年第7期。
[80]关松立,“中外文化产业集群发展模式比较及启示”[J],《发展研究》,2007年第5期。
[81]洪银兴,“从比较优势到竞争优势一一兼论国际贸易的比较利益理论的缺陷”[J], 《经济研究》,1997年第6期。
[82]黄启镖,“下一代互联网游戏形态研究”[J],《数字通信世界》,2009年第5期。
[83]黄漫宇,“从盛大看网络游戏运营企业的主要商业模式”[J],《中南财经政法大学学报》,2005年第4期。
[84]江小涓、李辉,“服务业与中国经济：相关性和加快增长的潜力”[J],《经济研究》,2004年第1期。
[85]江小涓,“服务全球化的发展趋势和理论分析”[J],《经济研究》,2008年第2期。
[86]江小涓,“服务外包：合约形态变革及其理论蕴意——人力资本市场配置与劳务活动企业配置的统一”[J],《经济研究》,2008年第7期。
[87]江需、王述英,“外包生产模式及其对市场结构影响的分析”[J],《中国工业经济》,2005年第6期。
[88]孔庆峰、王冬,“中国外贸发展战略的演变及其动因分析”[J],《山东大学学报》,2009年第11期。
[89]李慧中,“为什么发达国家服务价格高于发展中国家”[J],《国际经济评论》,2002年第5期。
[90]李慧中,“比较优势与国际服务贸易动因：一个区分不同贸易模式的新研究”[J],《学术月刊》,2008年第9期。
[91]刘庆林,“国际服务业外包理论研究综述”[J],《山东社会科学》,2008年第6期。
[92]刘庆林,“服务业国际转移经济效应分析：中国数据的验证”[J],《产业经济 评论》,2009年第1期。
[93]刘庆林,“基于网络外部性的产品扩散模型分析”[J],《中国工业经济》,2004年第4期。
[94]赖志迢,“虚拟经济中的虚拟企业”[J],《中国信息界》,2008年第6期。
[95]刘冠军、刘刚,“虚拟经济与实物经济互动的文献综述及逻辑辨析”[J],《山东社会科学》,2010年第11期。
[96]李宝翼,“虚拟经济和虚拟财富的内涵”[J],《南开经济研究》,2005年第2期。
[97]刘骏民,“虚拟经济的理论框架及其命题”[J],《南开学报》,2003年02期。
[98]李静萍,“影响国际服务贸易的宏观因素”[J],《经济理论与经济管理》,2002年第12期。
[99]李怀政,“中国服务贸易结构与竞争力的国际比较研究”[J],《商业经济与管理》,2002年第12期。
[100]刘莉、黄建忠,“亚洲地区服务贸易的发展及竞争力研究”[J], 《国际贸易问题》,2006年第6期。
[101]李运强、吴秋明,“虚拟产业集群一种新型的产业集群发展模式”[J],《华东经济管理》,2006年第12期。
[102]刘丹鹤,“网络空间、网际互动与符号异化”[J],《上海大学学报》,2003年第8期。
[103]吕玉平,“网络交往：信息时代的新交往观”[J],《理论观察》,2000年第4期。
[104]鲁明勇,“我国虚拟网络资产市场现状及特征研究”[J],《中国管理信息化》,2005年第9期。
[105]刘晓东,“论网络游戏的外部性及其监管”[J],《华中师范大学学报》,2007年第1期。
[106]马先林,“协同工作的人与人交互界面”[J],《计算机研究与发展》,1997年第9期。
[107]倪鹏飞,“中国城市服务业发展二假设与验证”[J],《财贸经济》,2004年第7期。
[108]倪娜、王布衣,“网络虚拟币的现实归属”[J],《武汉金融》,2007年第7期。
[109]曲如晓、颜莹,“创意产业：从‘中国制造’向‘中国创造’飞跃”[J],《国际经济合作,2008年第9期。
[110]沈明伟,“网络游戏政策作用机制”,《山东师范大学学报》[J],2005年第6期。
[111]沈明伟,“虚拟世界经济发展状况分析”,《山东师范大学学报》[J],2010年第2期。
[112]沈明伟,“基于虚拟世界的服务贸易分析”[J],《东岳论丛》,2010年第9期。
[113]沈明伟,“虚拟世界经济相关概念的界定与解析”[J],《齐鲁学刊》,2011年第1期。
[114]沈丹阳,“构建我国服务贸易促进体制的必要性及基本思路”[J],《国际贸易》,2007年第8期。
[115]宋瑛,“竞争优势理论及其对我国服务贸易的启示”[J],《国际贸易问题》,2005年第1期。
[116]申朴,“服务贸易中的动态比较优势研究” [M],复旦大学出版社,2005年出版。
[117]孙高洁,“产业‘雁阵范式’理论对我国网络游戏产业发展的启示”[J],《管理世界》,2007年第10期。
[118]谭晶荣,“中日韩三国服务贸易的比较研究”[J],《国际贸易问题》,2006年第7期。
[119]陶洋、裴广信,“虚拟物品的价值解析及经济学定价”[J],《商业时代》,2007年第26期。
[120]万红先,“入世以来我国服务贸易国际竞争力变动分析”[J],《国际贸易问题》,2005年第5期。
[121]吴解生,“中国制造业的全球价值链融入及其区位优势的提升”[J],《国际贸易问题》,2005年第4期。
[122]文元章、刘宇峰,“网络游戏虚拟世界交易的经济分析”[J],《商业时代》, 2009年第30期。
[123]王萌、李向民,“虚拟世界的经济学研究综述”[J],《南京航空航天大学学报》,2009年第1期。
[124]王卓铭,“网络游戏中虚拟物品交易浅析”[J],《新闻界》,2006年第3期。
[125]吴怀琴,“网络虚拟货币的电子商务分析”[J],《商业时代》,2007年第10期。
[126]徐剑明,“我国外贸企业低价竞销行为的特征及博弈对策[J],《改革》,2003年第2期。
[127]邢毓静,“权衡成败——中国对外直接投资的比较优势原则”[J],《国际贸易》,2002年第4期。
[128]王立夫、周侠,“虚拟工厂中的设计新动向”[J],《经济研究导刊》,2006年第1期。
[129]徐光耀,“进口服务贸易对我国不同服务行业发展的影响力分析”[J],《财经论丛》,2008年第6期。
[130]夏勇峰,“虚拟世界的经济系统”[J],《IT经理世界》,2008年第12期。
[131]夏晴、郑吉昌、姜红,“论服务业发展与分工的演进”[J],《中国软科学》,2004年第10期。
[132]薛求知,“中国市场化进程中的外部影响因素”[J],《学术月刊》,2001年第10期。
[133]谢伟凯、申瑞民,“一种基于虚拟世界和社交网络的远程教育校园生活平台模型”[J],《中国远程教育》,2009年第12期。
[134]袁凯、项国清、任伟宁,“论国际服务贸易统计范围的属地与属人原则”[J],《国际贸易问题》,2005年第4期。
[135]袁奇、刘崇仪,“美国产业结构变动与服务业的发展”[J],《世界经济研究》,2007年第2期。
[136]严耕、陆俊,“国外网络伦理问题研究综述”[J],《国外社会科学》,1997年第2期。
[137]杨富斌,“虚拟实在与客观实在”[J],《社会科学论坛》,2001年第6期。
[138]殷正冲,“波普尔的世界3和虚拟世界”[J],《华中科技大学学报》,2002 年第2期
[139]张建红,“产业内贸易与中国外贸发展取向”[J],《山西财经大学学报》,1998年第1期。
[140]张小瑛、张存刚,“我国虚拟经济理论研究综述”[J],《常州工学院学报》,2010年第5期。
[141]赵洁华,“虚拟货币对现实的挑战”[J],《浙江金融》,2007年第8期。
[142]张铭洪,“网络外部性及其相关概念辨析”[J],《广东工业大学学报》,2002年第4期。
[143]赵陵、宋少华、宋乱明,“中国出口导向型经济增长的检验分析”[J],《世界经济》,2001年第8期。
[144]庄丽娟,“国际服务贸易与经济增长的理论和实证研究”[M],中国经济出版社,2007年出版。
[145]张秀冰,“网络经济运行规律及其对传统经济理论的影响” [J],《财金贸易》,2000年第8期。
[146]郑吉昌,“服务业革命：中国的战略意义与政策取向”[J],《中国软科学》,2003年第8期。
[147]钟小平,“日本服务贸易的发展状况及其影响因素分析“[J],《亚太经济》,2006年第3期。
①黄建忠、刘莉,《国际服务贸易教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社,2008,P6
②同上
① MARK W. BELL.Toward a Definition of "Virtual Worlds" [J].Journal of Virtual Worlds Research.2008, (1)
① World of Warcraft的运营商是禁止现金交易的,但是通过第三方的交易网站,如淘宝、5173,仍有大量的交易发生。
②如果仅就数字考虑,7.47亿美元的金额与国家银行的货币发行量相比非常小,对现实货币价格的影响可以忽略不计。同时,这仅仅是一款游戏,如果把所有虚拟世界中的货币供应量进行加总,数字会相当可观。
③本段数字及具体计算过程见Jesus Diaz发表于SSRN上的Determining the Money Supply of a Virtual World.
①本章部分内容己发表为论文《基于虚拟世界的服务贸易分析》,刊登于《东岳论丛》(CSSCI)2010年第9期。
①中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC)发布的《2009年度中国网络游戏市场研究报告》。
②具体数据见附录,分别为表1、表2、表3。
③根据暴雪娱乐发布的数据,
[1]A. Deardorf. (1985) "Comparative Advantage and International Trade and Investment in Service", in R. B. M. Stem(ed.), Trade and Investment in Services:Canada/US Perspectives, Toronto:Ontario Economic council.
[2]Andreoni, J.,1988. Why free ride? Strategies and learning in public goods experiments. Journal of Public Economics 37,291-304.
[3]Anderhub, V., Muller, R., Schmidt, C.,2001. Design and evaluation of an economic experiment via the internet. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 46 (2),227-247.
[4]Atkinson, A. B. (1970), "On the Measurement of Inequality, " Journal of Economic Theory,2,244-263.
[5]Andreoni, J.,1995. Cooperation in public-goods experiments:kindness or confusion? American Economic Review 85 (4),891-904.
[6]Battalio, Raymond C., Edwin B. Fisher, Jr., John H. Kagel, Robert L. Basmann, Robin C. Winkler, Leonard Krasner (1974), "An Experimental Investigation of Consumer Behavior in a Controlled Environment, " Journal of Consumer Research 1(2), pp.52-60.
[7]Battalio, Raymond C., John H. Kagel, and Morgan 0. Reynolds (1977), "Income Distributions in Two Experimental Economies, " Journal of Political Economy 85(6), pp.1259-1271.
[8]Bang, Rashmi, Bishwanath Goldar.2007. "Contribution of services to output growth and productivity in Indian manufacturing" Economic and Political Weekly, pp.2769-2777.
[8]Bornstein, G., Gneezy, U., Nagel, R.,2002. The effect of intergroup competition on group coordination:an experimental study. Games and Economic Behavior 41,1-25.
[9]Bernheim, B. Douglas (1994), "A Theory of Conformity," Journal of Political Economy 102(5), October, pp.841-877.
[10]Benjamin, N. and X. Diao.2000. "Liberalizing Services Trade in APEC:A General Equilibrium Analysis with Imperfect Competition. " Pacific Economic Review,5, pp.49-75.
[11]Beyers, William B. and David P. Linddahl.2006. "Explaining the demand for producer services:Is cost-driven externalization the major factor?" Paper in Regional Science, Vol.75(3), pp.351-374.
[12]Bhagwati, Jagdish(1986) " Economic Perspectives on Trade in Professional Services", Chicago Legal Foruml, No.1 (Mareh):45-56.
[13]Becker, Gary (1996), Accounting for Tastes, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
[14]Bainbridge, W. S.,2007. The scientific research potential of virtual worlds. Science 17,472-476.
[15]Castronova, Edward (2001), "Virtual Worlds:A First-Hand Account of Market and Society on the Cyberian Frontier, " CESifo Working Paper No.618, December 2001.
[16]Castronova, Edward (2005), Synthetic Worlds:The Business and Culture of Online Games, Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
[17]Castronova, Edward (2006), "On the Research Value of Large Games: Natural Experiments in Norrath and Camelot. " Games and Culture. Vol. 1(2), pp 163-186.
[18]Castronova, Edward (2007), Exodus to the Virtual World:How Online Fun is Changing Reality, New York:Palgrave/MacMillan.
[19]Chesney, Thomas, Swee-Hoon Chuah, and Robert Hoffman (2007) "Virtual World Experimentation:An Exploratory Study, " Nottingham University Business School Occasional Paper Series, No.2007-21.
[20]Camerer, C. F.,1987. Do biases in probability judgment matter in markets? American Economic Review 77 (5),981-997.
[21]Camerer, C. F.,1997. Progress in behavioral game theory. Journal of Economic Perspectives 11 (4),167-188.
[22]Camerer, C.F.,2003. Behavioral Game Theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
[23]Carpenter, J. P., Burks, S., Verhoogen, E.,2005. Comparing students to workers:the effect of social framing on behavior in distribution games. In:Carpenter, J. P. (Ed.), Field Experiments in Economics, vol. 10. Elsevier, pp.261-290, (Ch. 7).
[24]Cason, T. N., Mui, V. L.,1998. Social influence and the strategy method in the sequential dictator game. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 42,248-265.
[25]Chuah, S. H., Hoffmann, R., Jones, M. K., Williams, G. A.,2007. Do culture clash? Evidence from cross-national ultimatum game experiments. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 64, 35-48.
[26]Cheng, W., Liu, M. and Yang, X.2000. "A Ricardo Model with Endogenous Comparative Advantage and Endogenous Trade Policy Regime. " Economic Record,172-82.
[27]Crawford, V. P.,1995. Adaptive dynamics in coordination games. Econometric 63 (1),103-143.
[28]Lucas, Jr. Robert E. (1986), "The Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory," The Journal of Business,59(4), pp. S401-S426.
[29]Devetag, G.,2005. Precedent transfer in coordination games:an experiment. Economics Letters 89,227-232.
[30]Daniel, B., McCalla, G., Schwier, R.2002. A process model for building social capital in virtual learning communities, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Computers in Education, Vols. I and II, pp.574-575.
[31]Duffy, J., Nagel, R.,1997. On the robustness of behavior in experimental'beauty contest'games. Economic Journal 107, 1684-1700.
[32]Erev, I., Roth, A.E.,1998. Predicting how people play games: reinforcement learning in experimental games with unique, mixed strategy equilibria. American Economic Review 88 (4),848-881.
[33]Frankel, Jeffrey A and Romer, David.1999. "Does trade cause growth?" The American Economic Review, Vol.89, No.3, pp.379-399.
[34]Freund, C. L. and D. Weinhold.2002. The Internet and International Trade in Services, American Economic Review, Vol.92, No.2, pp. 236-240.
[35]Fehr, E., Gachter, S.,2000. Cooperation and punishment in public goods experiments. American Economic Review 90 (4),980-994.
[36]Forsythe, R., Horowitz, J. L., Savin, N. E., Sefton, M.,1994. Fairness in simple bargaining experiments. Games and Economic Behavior 6, 347-369.
[37]Grossman, G. and Helpman, E.1990. "Comparative Advantage and Long-Run Growth", American Economic Review, 80, 796-815.
[38]Grubel, Herbert G.1987. All Traded Services are Embodied in Materials or People The World Economy 10(3), pp.319-330.
[39]Kullman, P. (2000), January 31st-February 3rd. China's Broadband Buildout and Services. Paper presented at the Pacific Telecommunications Council, Honolulu, Hawaii.
[40]Harrison, G. W., List, J. A.,2004. Field experiments. Journal of Economic Literature 42 (4),1009-1055.
[41]Harberger, Arnold C. (1971), "Three Basic Postulates for Applied Welfare Economics:An Interpretive Essay, " Journal of Economic Literature 9(3),785-797.
[42]Healy, P. J.,2006. Learning dynamics for mechanism design:an experimental comparison of public goods mechanisms. Journal of Economic Theory 129 (1),114-149.
[43]Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., Gintis, H. (Eds.),2004. Foundations of Human Sociality:Economic Experiments and Ethnographic Evidence from Fifteen Small-Scale Societies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
[44]Ho, T., Camerer, C., Weigelt, K.,1998. Iterated dominance and iterated best response in experimental'p-beauty contests' American Economic Review 88 (4),947-969.
[45]Hoffman, E., McCabe, K., Shachat, K., Smith, V. L.,1994. Preferences, property rights and anonymity in bargaining games. Games and Economic Behavior 7,346-380.
[46]Hoffman, E., McCabe, K., Smith, V. L.,1996. Social distance and other-regarding behavior in dictator games. American Economic Review 86 (3),653-660.
[47]Knez, M., Camerer, C.,1994. Creating expectational assets in the laboratory:coordination in'weakest-link'games. Strategic Management Journal 15,101-119.
[48]Kovalchik, S., Camerer, C. F., Grether, D. M., Plott, C. R., Allman, J.M.,2005. Age and decision making:a comparison between neurologically healthy elderly and young individuals. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 58,79-94.
[49]Kurz, M.,2008. Beauty contests under private information and diverse beliefs:how different? Journal of Mathematical Economics 44 (7-8), 762-784.
[50]Lueg, C., (2001). Information dissemination in virtual communities as challenge to real world companies. Towards the E-Society: E-Commerce, E-Business, and E-Government 74,261-270.
[51]Lastowka, F. Greg and Dan Hunter (2004), "The Laws of the Virtual Worlds," California Law Review 92(1),1-74.
[52]Lueg, C.,2001. Information dissemination in virtual communities as challenge to real world companies. Towards the E-Society:E-Commerce, E-Business, and E-Government 74,261-270.
[53]Malaby, Thomas H. (2006), "Parlaying Value:Capital in and Beyond Virtual Worlds," Games and Culture 1(2), pp.141-162.
[54]MacInnes, I.,2004a. Dynamic Business Model Framework for Emerging Technologies. International Journal of Services Technology and Management.
[55]Nagel, R.,1995. Unraveling in guessing games:an experimental study. American Economic Review 85 (5),1313-1326.
[56]Roth, A. E., Prasnikar, V., Okuno-Fujiwara, M., Zamir, S.,1991. Bargaining andmarket behavior in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh and Tokyo:an experimental study. American Economic Review 81 (5), 1068-1095.
[57]Romer, Paul M.1987. "Growth based on increasing returns due to specialization. " American Economic Review, pp.56-62.
[58]Schwartz, S. H.,2001. Value hierarchies across cultures:taking a similarities perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 32 (3),268-290.
[59]Samuelson, Paul A.1948. International Trade and the Equalisation of Factor Prices. Economic Journal,58(230), pp.163-84.
[60]Smythe, D.1994. Book Review:Specialization and Economic Organization:A New Classical Microeconomic Framework, Journal of Economic Literature,32,691-92.
[61]Tarr, David G. (1976), "Experiments in Token Economies:A Review of the Evidence Relating to Assumptions and Implications of Economic Theory, " Southern Economic Journal,43(2) pp.1136-1143.
[62]VanHuyck, J., Battalio, R., Beil, R.,1990. Tacit coordination games, strategic uncertainty, and coordination failure. American Economic Review 80,234-248.
[63]Williams, R., Cothrel, J.,2000. Four Smart Ways To Run Online Communities. Sloan Management Review 41 (4),81-91.
[64]Williams, Arlington W. and James M. Walker (1993), Computerized Laboratory Exercises for Microeconomics Education:Three Applications Motivated by Experimental Economics, Journal of Economic Education 24(4), pp.291-315.
[65]Young, H. Peyton (1993), The Evolution of Conventions, Econometrica 61(1), January.
[66]毕芳,“虚拟经济研究综述” [J],《生产力研究》,2005年第5期。
[67]成思危,“虚拟经济与货币市场”[J], 《经济界》,2002年第6期。
[68]陈宪、程大中, “国际服务贸易中的政府行为” [J], 《国际贸易问题》,1999年第12期。
[69]陈柳、刘志彪,“本土创新能力、FDI技术外溢与经济增长”[J], 《南开经济研究》,2006年第3期.
[70]程大中,“服务业就业与服务贸易出口：关于中国和美国的对比分析”[J],《世界经济》,2000年第11期。
[71]蔡洁、蒙英华,“贸易自由化福利收益模型和我国服务贸易发展的现实选择”[J], 《国际贸易问题》,2007年第5期。
[72]曹自强, “美国服务贸易出口现状及战略”[J], 《国际贸易》,1996年第3期。
[73]陈国荣,“韩国的服务贸易及其促进政策”[J], 《浙江统计》,2009年第5期。
[74]程南洋、杨红强、聂影,“中国服务贸易出口结构变动的实证分析”[J],《国际贸易问题》,2006年第8期。
[75]崔日明、刘利民,“加大开放力度—中国服务贸易面临的矛盾和问题”[J],《国际贸易》,2005年第12期。
[76]丁平, “中国服务贸易问题国际竞争力的影响因素分析与对策研究”[J],《世界经济研究》,2007年第9期。
[77]佟贺丰, “关于我国网络游戏产业的SWOT分析”[J], 《科技管理研究》,2006年第8期。
[78]范爱军,“新的国际分工与中国的选择”[J],《国际贸易》,1992年第4期。
[79]傅钧文,“当代美国竞争优势分析”[J],《世界经济研究》,2003年第7期。
[80]关松立,“中外文化产业集群发展模式比较及启示”[J],《发展研究》,2007年第5期。
[81]洪银兴,“从比较优势到竞争优势一一兼论国际贸易的比较利益理论的缺陷”[J], 《经济研究》,1997年第6期。
[82]黄启镖,“下一代互联网游戏形态研究”[J],《数字通信世界》,2009年第5期。
[83]黄漫宇,“从盛大看网络游戏运营企业的主要商业模式”[J],《中南财经政法大学学报》,2005年第4期。
[84]江小涓、李辉,“服务业与中国经济：相关性和加快增长的潜力”[J],《经济研究》,2004年第1期。
[85]江小涓,“服务全球化的发展趋势和理论分析”[J],《经济研究》,2008年第2期。
[86]江小涓,“服务外包：合约形态变革及其理论蕴意——人力资本市场配置与劳务活动企业配置的统一”[J],《经济研究》,2008年第7期。
[87]江需、王述英,“外包生产模式及其对市场结构影响的分析”[J],《中国工业经济》,2005年第6期。
[88]孔庆峰、王冬,“中国外贸发展战略的演变及其动因分析”[J],《山东大学学报》,2009年第11期。
[89]李慧中,“为什么发达国家服务价格高于发展中国家”[J],《国际经济评论》,2002年第5期。
[90]李慧中,“比较优势与国际服务贸易动因：一个区分不同贸易模式的新研究”[J],《学术月刊》,2008年第9期。
[91]刘庆林,“国际服务业外包理论研究综述”[J],《山东社会科学》,2008年第6期。
[92]刘庆林,“服务业国际转移经济效应分析：中国数据的验证”[J],《产业经济 评论》,2009年第1期。
[93]刘庆林,“基于网络外部性的产品扩散模型分析”[J],《中国工业经济》,2004年第4期。
[94]赖志迢,“虚拟经济中的虚拟企业”[J],《中国信息界》,2008年第6期。
[95]刘冠军、刘刚,“虚拟经济与实物经济互动的文献综述及逻辑辨析”[J],《山东社会科学》,2010年第11期。
[96]李宝翼,“虚拟经济和虚拟财富的内涵”[J],《南开经济研究》,2005年第2期。
[97]刘骏民,“虚拟经济的理论框架及其命题”[J],《南开学报》,2003年02期。
[98]李静萍,“影响国际服务贸易的宏观因素”[J],《经济理论与经济管理》,2002年第12期。
[99]李怀政,“中国服务贸易结构与竞争力的国际比较研究”[J],《商业经济与管理》,2002年第12期。
[100]刘莉、黄建忠,“亚洲地区服务贸易的发展及竞争力研究”[J], 《国际贸易问题》,2006年第6期。
[101]李运强、吴秋明,“虚拟产业集群一种新型的产业集群发展模式”[J],《华东经济管理》,2006年第12期。
[102]刘丹鹤,“网络空间、网际互动与符号异化”[J],《上海大学学报》,2003年第8期。
[103]吕玉平,“网络交往：信息时代的新交往观”[J],《理论观察》,2000年第4期。
[104]鲁明勇,“我国虚拟网络资产市场现状及特征研究”[J],《中国管理信息化》,2005年第9期。
[105]刘晓东,“论网络游戏的外部性及其监管”[J],《华中师范大学学报》,2007年第1期。
[106]马先林,“协同工作的人与人交互界面”[J],《计算机研究与发展》,1997年第9期。
[107]倪鹏飞,“中国城市服务业发展二假设与验证”[J],《财贸经济》,2004年第7期。
[108]倪娜、王布衣,“网络虚拟币的现实归属”[J],《武汉金融》,2007年第7期。
[109]曲如晓、颜莹,“创意产业：从‘中国制造’向‘中国创造’飞跃”[J],《国际经济合作,2008年第9期。
[110]沈明伟,“网络游戏政策作用机制”,《山东师范大学学报》[J],2005年第6期。
[111]沈明伟,“虚拟世界经济发展状况分析”,《山东师范大学学报》[J],2010年第2期。
[112]沈明伟,“基于虚拟世界的服务贸易分析”[J],《东岳论丛》,2010年第9期。
[113]沈明伟,“虚拟世界经济相关概念的界定与解析”[J],《齐鲁学刊》,2011年第1期。
[114]沈丹阳,“构建我国服务贸易促进体制的必要性及基本思路”[J],《国际贸易》,2007年第8期。
[115]宋瑛,“竞争优势理论及其对我国服务贸易的启示”[J],《国际贸易问题》,2005年第1期。
[116]申朴,“服务贸易中的动态比较优势研究” [M],复旦大学出版社,2005年出版。
[117]孙高洁,“产业‘雁阵范式’理论对我国网络游戏产业发展的启示”[J],《管理世界》,2007年第10期。
[118]谭晶荣,“中日韩三国服务贸易的比较研究”[J],《国际贸易问题》,2006年第7期。
[119]陶洋、裴广信,“虚拟物品的价值解析及经济学定价”[J],《商业时代》,2007年第26期。
[120]万红先,“入世以来我国服务贸易国际竞争力变动分析”[J],《国际贸易问题》,2005年第5期。
[121]吴解生,“中国制造业的全球价值链融入及其区位优势的提升”[J],《国际贸易问题》,2005年第4期。
[122]文元章、刘宇峰,“网络游戏虚拟世界交易的经济分析”[J],《商业时代》, 2009年第30期。
[123]王萌、李向民,“虚拟世界的经济学研究综述”[J],《南京航空航天大学学报》,2009年第1期。
[124]王卓铭,“网络游戏中虚拟物品交易浅析”[J],《新闻界》,2006年第3期。
[125]吴怀琴,“网络虚拟货币的电子商务分析”[J],《商业时代》,2007年第10期。
[126]徐剑明,“我国外贸企业低价竞销行为的特征及博弈对策[J],《改革》,2003年第2期。
[127]邢毓静,“权衡成败——中国对外直接投资的比较优势原则”[J],《国际贸易》,2002年第4期。
[128]王立夫、周侠,“虚拟工厂中的设计新动向”[J],《经济研究导刊》,2006年第1期。
[129]徐光耀,“进口服务贸易对我国不同服务行业发展的影响力分析”[J],《财经论丛》,2008年第6期。
[130]夏勇峰,“虚拟世界的经济系统”[J],《IT经理世界》,2008年第12期。
[131]夏晴、郑吉昌、姜红,“论服务业发展与分工的演进”[J],《中国软科学》,2004年第10期。
[132]薛求知,“中国市场化进程中的外部影响因素”[J],《学术月刊》,2001年第10期。
[133]谢伟凯、申瑞民,“一种基于虚拟世界和社交网络的远程教育校园生活平台模型”[J],《中国远程教育》,2009年第12期。
[134]袁凯、项国清、任伟宁,“论国际服务贸易统计范围的属地与属人原则”[J],《国际贸易问题》,2005年第4期。
[135]袁奇、刘崇仪,“美国产业结构变动与服务业的发展”[J],《世界经济研究》,2007年第2期。
[136]严耕、陆俊,“国外网络伦理问题研究综述”[J],《国外社会科学》,1997年第2期。
[137]杨富斌,“虚拟实在与客观实在”[J],《社会科学论坛》,2001年第6期。
[138]殷正冲,“波普尔的世界3和虚拟世界”[J],《华中科技大学学报》,2002 年第2期
[139]张建红,“产业内贸易与中国外贸发展取向”[J],《山西财经大学学报》,1998年第1期。
[140]张小瑛、张存刚,“我国虚拟经济理论研究综述”[J],《常州工学院学报》,2010年第5期。
[141]赵洁华,“虚拟货币对现实的挑战”[J],《浙江金融》,2007年第8期。
[142]张铭洪,“网络外部性及其相关概念辨析”[J],《广东工业大学学报》,2002年第4期。
[143]赵陵、宋少华、宋乱明,“中国出口导向型经济增长的检验分析”[J],《世界经济》,2001年第8期。
[144]庄丽娟,“国际服务贸易与经济增长的理论和实证研究”[M],中国经济出版社,2007年出版。
[145]张秀冰,“网络经济运行规律及其对传统经济理论的影响” [J],《财金贸易》,2000年第8期。
[146]郑吉昌,“服务业革命：中国的战略意义与政策取向”[J],《中国软科学》,2003年第8期。
[147]钟小平,“日本服务贸易的发展状况及其影响因素分析“[J],《亚太经济》,2006年第3期。