彩色长绒棉的杂种优势及其生理生化基础
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摘要
天然彩色棉是纤维本身带有颜色的棉花的总称。彩色棉由于在纤维发育过程中经历色素的积累和显色,可省去纤维化学染色的工艺程序,不但可以节约生产成本,而且可以减少染色过程中某些有毒化学物质的应用,降低环境污染的风险。因此,彩色棉在纺织业中具有良好的应用前景。然而,彩色棉在农业生产中并不十分受欢迎：一方面,天然彩色棉的产量偏低和品质偏差；另一方面,天然彩色棉的色彩单一；这些问题极大地限制了彩色棉的发展。杂种优势利用一直被认为是提高作物产量和品质的有效方法之一。陆地棉与海岛棉的种间杂种F1,可综合双亲的优良性状,在保持高产的同时,还可显著提高纤维品质,是改良棉花纤维品质的一条可行途径。然而,目前有关彩色长绒棉(彩色棉与海岛棉的种间杂种)的研究报道很少。因此,本论文主要以彩色长绒棉为研究对象,通过对其杂种优势、植株叶片和纤维的生理生化基础进行分析,以揭示彩色长绒棉产量、品质与生理生化相关指标的内在联系,从而为彩色长绒棉的育种提供理论基础,以期为解决彩色棉的缺陷,尤其是其品质性状缺陷,提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下：
1彩色长绒棉杂种优势的表现
以彩色陆地棉与白色海岛棉、白色陆地棉为材料,通过配置彩色长绒棉(海陆种间杂种)和常规彩色棉杂种(陆陆种内杂种),并以常规杂交棉品种(湘杂棉2号)作为对照,研究了两种类型彩色棉杂交组合的杂种优势。结果表明,通过种间杂交得到的彩色长绒棉在单株铃数、果枝数、果节数、不孕籽率、株高和茎叶干重方面均显著高于陆陆种内杂交组合,而在单铃重、衣分方面则不同程度的低于陆陆种内杂交组合。单株铃数种间杂种最高的有27.58个,而种内杂种只有19.13个。产量方面,由于铃数的显著提高,试验中多个彩色长绒棉组合皮棉产量超过了陆陆种内杂交组合。如2个棕色长绒棉的产量要显著高于对应的陆陆杂种,亦显著高于对照。在纤维品质性状方面,除了马克隆值与陆陆杂种没显著差异外,彩色长绒棉在纤维长度、比强度、整齐度和伸长率方面都要极显著的优于陆陆种内杂种和对照,尤其是在纤维长度方面,绿色长绒棉最长的达到35.00m,甚至超过了海岛棉亲本,表现出极强的超亲优势。
2彩色长绒棉高产优质的光合生理特性
光合作用是棉花各器官包括纤维在内的生长、发育的基础,但有关彩色长绒棉光合生理特性的研究报道不多。为此,本研究在比较彩色长绒棉及其亲本在产量和品质差异的基础上,对不同生育期植株叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率等光合生理指标以及碳水化合物含量和花粉育性进行研究。试验结果表明,与彩色棉亲本相比,虽然彩色长绒棉植株叶片果糖含量偏低,花粉育性也偏弱；然而由于彩色长绒棉叶片的叶绿素含量较高,使得其具有较高的净光合速率等光合指标,营养物质供应充足,葡萄糖含量和淀粉含量较大。这或许是彩色长绒棉高产和优质的重要光合生理特性。
3彩色长绒棉纤维生理与纤维品质的关系
棉花是以收获纤维为主要目的的经济作物。棉株产量的高低以及品质的优劣不仅与叶片的光合生理特性相关,而且与纤维的发育也密切相关。与白色棉不同的是,彩色棉在纤维素形成和沉积的同时,还伴随着色素的形成和沉积,因此彩色棉的纤维发育过程比白色棉更加复杂。本试验主要从纤维发育角度来研究彩色长绒棉品质改良的生理生化基础,通过对纤维发育不同时期的碳水化合物含量、纤维素含量、总黄酮含量(色素物质)以及纤维的pH值进行分析,试验结果表明,从各个时期的平均值来看,杂种的碳水化合物含量比其彩色棉亲本的含量要高,且海陆杂种的含量要高于陆陆杂种。比较两种颜色的彩色棉,绿色棉纤维的蔗糖含量高于棕色棉纤维蔗糖含量,棕色棉杂种的葡萄糖含量比绿色棉杂种的含量要高。此外,棕色棉杂种的葡萄糖含量要比其棕色棉亲本高,而绿色棉杂种的葡萄糖含量却稍低于其绿色棉亲本。成熟纤维中,彩色长绒棉的纤维素含量明显比其彩色棉亲本高,然而彩色棉亲本的总黄酮含量与pH值却比4个杂种都高。相关分析表明,碳水化合物含量与纤维各指标(马克隆值除外)呈显著或极显著正相关,表明充足的碳水化合物能促进纤维细胞的快速伸长；总黄酮含量、纤维细胞研磨液的pH值与纤维各指标(马克隆值除外)呈显著或极显著的负相关,表明色素的沉积对纤维发育有负面影响,过高的pH值亦不利于纤维细胞的快速伸长。
Natural colored cotton is a textile crop with naturally pigmented fiber. It becomes more and more attractive to textile industry because of its unique non-fading and environmentally friendly properties. But colored cotton is still not very popular in farming because of its lower lint yield and inferior fiber quality compared with white cotton, also its singleness color. These problems limit the development of colored cotton production. Heterosis utilization is still a useful way in improving crop yield and quality. Because Sea Island cotton (G barbadense L.) has better fiber quality and Upland cotton (G hiesutum L.) has higher yield, their interspecific hybrid can combinate the advantages of the parents in productivity and quality properties and reach the aim of improvement of cotton yield and fiber quality simultaneously, which is a good way to improve colored cotton. However, there are few reports about colored interspecific hybrid. In this experiment, colored interspecific hybrids between Upland cotton and Sea Island cotton were used as materials to study (1) their heterosis of yield and quality, (2) their photosynthetic physiological characteristics of plant leaf and fiber, and (3) the relationship among yield, quality and photosynthetic physiological characteristics, in order to get a breeding theory for solving the problems related with low yield and inferior quality of colored cotton. The main results can be showed as below:
1 Heterosis of colored interspecific hybrid cotton
Using colored Upland cotton and withe Sea Island cotton as parents, we got two kinds of colored hybrids, interspecific and intraspecific hybrid. Compared with the white commercial hybrid cotton (CK), the heterosis of these two kinds of hybrids was studied. As a result, interspecific hybrids had more bolls, fruit branches, fruit nodes, higher dry plant weight and higher plant height than intraspecific hybrids, but lower boll weight and lint percentage than intraspecific hybrids. Interspecific hybrids had the most bolls (27.58 n/plant), while intraspecific hybrids only 19.13 n/plant. For the yield, because of more bolls, a few of interspecific hybrids also presented higher lint yield than intraspecific hybrids. For example, there were 2 blown interspecific hybrids which had higher yield than intraspecific hybrids, even than CK. For the fiber quality trails, except for Micronaire value, interspecific hybrids were better in fiber length, fiber strength, fiber uniformity and elongtion rate than intraspecific hybrids and CK. Especially, the green interspecific hybrids had the longest fiber length (35.00mm), which were even superiorer to the Sea Island cotton, and showed an extremely high heterosis.
2 Photosynthetic physiological characteristics of colored interspecific hybrid cotton with high yield and good quality
Photosythesis is associated with lint yield and fiber quality at different development stages of cotton plant. The outcome of photosythesis is the base of growth and development not only for each plant organs but also for cotton fiber cell, because it provides carbohydrate for all the metabolize activity. At present, there was little research about photosynthetic physiological characteristics of colored interspecific hybrid cotton. Therefore, on the base of analysing yield and quality of colored interspecific hybrids and their parents, we measured several photosynthetic indexes, such as leaf chlorophyll a and b content, net photosynthesis rate and carbohydrate content at different development stages, and pollen fertility. The results showed that the colored interspecific hybrid cotton had a lower plant fructose content, weaker pollen fertility, but they had a higher chlorophyll content when compared with their colored cotton parents and the intraspecific hybrid cotton. We also found that interspecific hybrids had a higher net photosynthesis rate than their colored parents and CK. It was suggested that more sufficient metabolism substrate from photosythesis and more glucose content and starch in cotton might be a possible physiological reason for the higher yield and better fiber quality of interspecific hybrid cotton.
3 The relationship between fiber physiologic characteristics and fiber quality traits in colored interspecific hybrid cotton
Cotton is an economic crop whose main outcome is fiber. Colored fiber growth and development is not only associated with leaf photosynthetic physiological characteristics but also with fiber pigment synthesis. Because fiber pigment synthesis is an additional pathway for colored cotton and needs more energy and matter than white cotton, the formation of fiber yield and quality of colored cotton is more complicated than that of white cotton. Therefore, this experiment studied the physiologic characteristics during colored fiber development at different stages through testing of carbohydrate content, cellulose content, flavonoids (pigments) and pH in fiber cell. The results showed that Sucrose content and fructose content in colored fiber of hybrids were higher than that of their parents on the average of different stages, but was lower in fiber of interspecific hybrid than that of intraspecific hybrid. Comparing the two kinds of colored cotton, green cotton had more sucrose than brown cotton, but brown hybrids had more glucose content than green hybrids. In the mature fiber, the cellulose content of colored intersecific hybrids cotton were significantly higher than therir colored parents, but their colored parents had higher flavonoids and pH. Again, the relationship analysis indicated that colored fiber quality was significantly associated with fiber carbohydrate content, flavonoid content and fiber pH value. Abundant carbohydrate content could accelerate fiber enlogation, while high flavonoid content and pH value were not benefit for fiber elongation and quality formation.
1彩色长绒棉杂种优势的表现
以彩色陆地棉与白色海岛棉、白色陆地棉为材料,通过配置彩色长绒棉(海陆种间杂种)和常规彩色棉杂种(陆陆种内杂种),并以常规杂交棉品种(湘杂棉2号)作为对照,研究了两种类型彩色棉杂交组合的杂种优势。结果表明,通过种间杂交得到的彩色长绒棉在单株铃数、果枝数、果节数、不孕籽率、株高和茎叶干重方面均显著高于陆陆种内杂交组合,而在单铃重、衣分方面则不同程度的低于陆陆种内杂交组合。单株铃数种间杂种最高的有27.58个,而种内杂种只有19.13个。产量方面,由于铃数的显著提高,试验中多个彩色长绒棉组合皮棉产量超过了陆陆种内杂交组合。如2个棕色长绒棉的产量要显著高于对应的陆陆杂种,亦显著高于对照。在纤维品质性状方面,除了马克隆值与陆陆杂种没显著差异外,彩色长绒棉在纤维长度、比强度、整齐度和伸长率方面都要极显著的优于陆陆种内杂种和对照,尤其是在纤维长度方面,绿色长绒棉最长的达到35.00m,甚至超过了海岛棉亲本,表现出极强的超亲优势。
2彩色长绒棉高产优质的光合生理特性
光合作用是棉花各器官包括纤维在内的生长、发育的基础,但有关彩色长绒棉光合生理特性的研究报道不多。为此,本研究在比较彩色长绒棉及其亲本在产量和品质差异的基础上,对不同生育期植株叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率等光合生理指标以及碳水化合物含量和花粉育性进行研究。试验结果表明,与彩色棉亲本相比,虽然彩色长绒棉植株叶片果糖含量偏低,花粉育性也偏弱；然而由于彩色长绒棉叶片的叶绿素含量较高,使得其具有较高的净光合速率等光合指标,营养物质供应充足,葡萄糖含量和淀粉含量较大。这或许是彩色长绒棉高产和优质的重要光合生理特性。
3彩色长绒棉纤维生理与纤维品质的关系
棉花是以收获纤维为主要目的的经济作物。棉株产量的高低以及品质的优劣不仅与叶片的光合生理特性相关,而且与纤维的发育也密切相关。与白色棉不同的是,彩色棉在纤维素形成和沉积的同时,还伴随着色素的形成和沉积,因此彩色棉的纤维发育过程比白色棉更加复杂。本试验主要从纤维发育角度来研究彩色长绒棉品质改良的生理生化基础,通过对纤维发育不同时期的碳水化合物含量、纤维素含量、总黄酮含量(色素物质)以及纤维的pH值进行分析,试验结果表明,从各个时期的平均值来看,杂种的碳水化合物含量比其彩色棉亲本的含量要高,且海陆杂种的含量要高于陆陆杂种。比较两种颜色的彩色棉,绿色棉纤维的蔗糖含量高于棕色棉纤维蔗糖含量,棕色棉杂种的葡萄糖含量比绿色棉杂种的含量要高。此外,棕色棉杂种的葡萄糖含量要比其棕色棉亲本高,而绿色棉杂种的葡萄糖含量却稍低于其绿色棉亲本。成熟纤维中,彩色长绒棉的纤维素含量明显比其彩色棉亲本高,然而彩色棉亲本的总黄酮含量与pH值却比4个杂种都高。相关分析表明,碳水化合物含量与纤维各指标(马克隆值除外)呈显著或极显著正相关,表明充足的碳水化合物能促进纤维细胞的快速伸长；总黄酮含量、纤维细胞研磨液的pH值与纤维各指标(马克隆值除外)呈显著或极显著的负相关,表明色素的沉积对纤维发育有负面影响,过高的pH值亦不利于纤维细胞的快速伸长。
Natural colored cotton is a textile crop with naturally pigmented fiber. It becomes more and more attractive to textile industry because of its unique non-fading and environmentally friendly properties. But colored cotton is still not very popular in farming because of its lower lint yield and inferior fiber quality compared with white cotton, also its singleness color. These problems limit the development of colored cotton production. Heterosis utilization is still a useful way in improving crop yield and quality. Because Sea Island cotton (G barbadense L.) has better fiber quality and Upland cotton (G hiesutum L.) has higher yield, their interspecific hybrid can combinate the advantages of the parents in productivity and quality properties and reach the aim of improvement of cotton yield and fiber quality simultaneously, which is a good way to improve colored cotton. However, there are few reports about colored interspecific hybrid. In this experiment, colored interspecific hybrids between Upland cotton and Sea Island cotton were used as materials to study (1) their heterosis of yield and quality, (2) their photosynthetic physiological characteristics of plant leaf and fiber, and (3) the relationship among yield, quality and photosynthetic physiological characteristics, in order to get a breeding theory for solving the problems related with low yield and inferior quality of colored cotton. The main results can be showed as below:
1 Heterosis of colored interspecific hybrid cotton
Using colored Upland cotton and withe Sea Island cotton as parents, we got two kinds of colored hybrids, interspecific and intraspecific hybrid. Compared with the white commercial hybrid cotton (CK), the heterosis of these two kinds of hybrids was studied. As a result, interspecific hybrids had more bolls, fruit branches, fruit nodes, higher dry plant weight and higher plant height than intraspecific hybrids, but lower boll weight and lint percentage than intraspecific hybrids. Interspecific hybrids had the most bolls (27.58 n/plant), while intraspecific hybrids only 19.13 n/plant. For the yield, because of more bolls, a few of interspecific hybrids also presented higher lint yield than intraspecific hybrids. For example, there were 2 blown interspecific hybrids which had higher yield than intraspecific hybrids, even than CK. For the fiber quality trails, except for Micronaire value, interspecific hybrids were better in fiber length, fiber strength, fiber uniformity and elongtion rate than intraspecific hybrids and CK. Especially, the green interspecific hybrids had the longest fiber length (35.00mm), which were even superiorer to the Sea Island cotton, and showed an extremely high heterosis.
2 Photosynthetic physiological characteristics of colored interspecific hybrid cotton with high yield and good quality
Photosythesis is associated with lint yield and fiber quality at different development stages of cotton plant. The outcome of photosythesis is the base of growth and development not only for each plant organs but also for cotton fiber cell, because it provides carbohydrate for all the metabolize activity. At present, there was little research about photosynthetic physiological characteristics of colored interspecific hybrid cotton. Therefore, on the base of analysing yield and quality of colored interspecific hybrids and their parents, we measured several photosynthetic indexes, such as leaf chlorophyll a and b content, net photosynthesis rate and carbohydrate content at different development stages, and pollen fertility. The results showed that the colored interspecific hybrid cotton had a lower plant fructose content, weaker pollen fertility, but they had a higher chlorophyll content when compared with their colored cotton parents and the intraspecific hybrid cotton. We also found that interspecific hybrids had a higher net photosynthesis rate than their colored parents and CK. It was suggested that more sufficient metabolism substrate from photosythesis and more glucose content and starch in cotton might be a possible physiological reason for the higher yield and better fiber quality of interspecific hybrid cotton.
3 The relationship between fiber physiologic characteristics and fiber quality traits in colored interspecific hybrid cotton
Cotton is an economic crop whose main outcome is fiber. Colored fiber growth and development is not only associated with leaf photosynthetic physiological characteristics but also with fiber pigment synthesis. Because fiber pigment synthesis is an additional pathway for colored cotton and needs more energy and matter than white cotton, the formation of fiber yield and quality of colored cotton is more complicated than that of white cotton. Therefore, this experiment studied the physiologic characteristics during colored fiber development at different stages through testing of carbohydrate content, cellulose content, flavonoids (pigments) and pH in fiber cell. The results showed that Sucrose content and fructose content in colored fiber of hybrids were higher than that of their parents on the average of different stages, but was lower in fiber of interspecific hybrid than that of intraspecific hybrid. Comparing the two kinds of colored cotton, green cotton had more sucrose than brown cotton, but brown hybrids had more glucose content than green hybrids. In the mature fiber, the cellulose content of colored intersecific hybrids cotton were significantly higher than therir colored parents, but their colored parents had higher flavonoids and pH. Again, the relationship analysis indicated that colored fiber quality was significantly associated with fiber carbohydrate content, flavonoid content and fiber pH value. Abundant carbohydrate content could accelerate fiber enlogation, while high flavonoid content and pH value were not benefit for fiber elongation and quality formation.
引文
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