《红楼梦》文化内容翻译的功能主义分析
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摘要
本文用功能主义翻译理论学派的目的论(Skopostheorie)作为理论框架，通过对《红楼梦》这一中国文学名著的两个英译本(杨宪益与戴乃迭的译本和大卫·霍克斯的译本)中的译例从技术经济系统、社会系统、思想意识系统和技术系统等四个方面进行对比与分析，并从异化(alienation)与归化(adaptation)的角度探讨了两个译本的翻译效果，认为在翻译过程中，译者应该根据不同的翻译目的要求，对某些文化因素采取不同的翻译方法与策略，从而取得特定翻译目的所要求的翻译效果。同时，在翻译评论中不应该再局限于以等值(equivalence)为核心的翻译观，而应该判断译文相对于其翻译目的是否恰当(adequacy)，即是否满足了特定翻译目的的要求。
According to the Skopostheorie (the theory that applies die notion of Skopos to translation), the prime principle determining any translation process is the Skopos (purpose) of the overall translational action. The Skopos determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate target text. Within the framework of the Skopostheorie, adequacy rather than equivalence is the assessment criterion for the target text. This thesis tries to probe into the cultural translation of ffongloumeng within the four subsystems of culture: techno-economic system, social system, ideational system, and linguistic system, to see how the Skopos in a translational action influences the translators' choice of the translation methods and strategies, and what effect or effects are achieved. We find that guided by different Skoposi, the translators of the two English versions of ffongloumeng, have produced different target texts as a result of different translation strategies. However, both target texts are justified by the translators' respective Skoposi in the translational action. In this thesis, efforts are made to attract the attention to the study of the Skopos in the translation process and introduce an adequacy-centered assessment criterion.
According to the Skopostheorie (the theory that applies die notion of Skopos to translation), the prime principle determining any translation process is the Skopos (purpose) of the overall translational action. The Skopos determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate target text. Within the framework of the Skopostheorie, adequacy rather than equivalence is the assessment criterion for the target text. This thesis tries to probe into the cultural translation of ffongloumeng within the four subsystems of culture: techno-economic system, social system, ideational system, and linguistic system, to see how the Skopos in a translational action influences the translators' choice of the translation methods and strategies, and what effect or effects are achieved. We find that guided by different Skoposi, the translators of the two English versions of ffongloumeng, have produced different target texts as a result of different translation strategies. However, both target texts are justified by the translators' respective Skoposi in the translational action. In this thesis, efforts are made to attract the attention to the study of the Skopos in the translation process and introduce an adequacy-centered assessment criterion.
引文
Bassnett, Susan and Lefevere A., 2001, Constructing Cultures, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Bassnett, S., 1988, Translation Studies (Revised Edition), London and New York: Routledge.
Gentzler, E., 1993, Contemporary Translation Theories, New York: Routledge.
Hawkes, D., 1979, The Story of the Stone, vol.1, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Hawkes, D., 1979, The Story of the Stone, vol.2, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Koller, W., 1979, 'Equivalence in translation theory', translated from the German by A. Chesterman, in A. Chesterman (ed.).
Kroeber, A.L. and Clyde K., 1952, Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.
Lefevere, A., 1993, Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context, New York: The Modern Language Association of America.
Lotman, J. and Uspensky, B.A., 1978, On the semiotic mechanism of culture, New York History, LX (2) .
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 2002．
Newmark, P., 1981, Approaches to Translation, Oxford and New York: Pergamon.
Newmark, P., 1988, A Textbook of Translation, New York and London: Prentice Hall.
Nida, E. A., 1964a, Toward a Science of Translating, Leiden: Brill.
Nida, E. A., 1964b, Language in Culture and Society, Dell Hymes, Allied Publishers pvt, Ltd.
Nida, E. A. and C. R. Taber, 1969, The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden: Brill.
Nord, C., 2001, Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Qian, H., 1993, 'On the implausibility of equivalent response (part IV)', Meta (38.3).
Reiss, K., 1989, 'Text types, translation types and translation assessment', translated by A, Chesterman, in A. Chesterman (ed.) (2000).
Reiss, K. and Vermeer, H. J., 1984, Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie, T(?)bingen: Niemeyer.
Snell-Hornby, M., 2001, Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Tylor, E. B., 1871, Primitive Culture, London: John Murray.
Vermeer, H. J., 1983, 'Translation theory and linguistics', in Pauli Roinila, Ritva Orfanos, and Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit(eds) Nkkohtia knmisen tutkimukseta
Vermeer, H. J., 1986, voraus-setzungen f(?)r eine translationstheorie, einige kapitel kultue-und sprachtheorie, Heidelberg: Vermeer.
Vermeer H. J., 1987, 'What does it mean to translate?' Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics 13(2).
Vermeer Hans J., 1989, Skopos und Translationsauftrag Aufi(?)tze, Heidelberg: Universit(?)t.
Webster' Third New International Dictionary
Wilss, W., 1977, (?)bersetzungswissenschaft. Probleme Und Methoden, Stuttgart: E. Klett, translated (1982) as The Science of Translation. Problems and Methods. Tbingen: Gunter Narr.
曹雪芹，高鹗．红楼梦(上卷)．北京：人民文学出版社，1995．
曹雪芹，高鹗．红楼梦(中卷)．北京：人民文学出版社，1995．
韩子满．文化失衡与文学翻译．中国翻译，2000，(2)．
洪涛．《红楼梦》英译与东西方文化、语言．红楼梦学刊，2001，(4)．
霍克思(David Hawkes)．《红楼梦》英译笔记．香港：岭南大学文学与翻译研究中心，2000．
姜其煌．《好了歌》的七种英译．中国翻译，1996，(4)．
柯平．“文化预设与误读”．郭建中，《文化与翻译》．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1999．
李绍年．红楼梦翻译学概说．语言与翻译，1995，(2)．
刘士聪，谷启楠．论《红楼梦》文化内容的翻译．中国翻译，1997，(1)．
任生名．杨宪益的文学翻译思想散记．中国翻译，1993，(4)．
石欲达．中国古典小说书名英译的得与失．外语研究，1996，(2)．
王小萍．评《红楼梦》的两个英译本，中国农业大学学报，2001，(3)．
吴世儒．试析杨宪益、戴乃迭英译本《红楼梦》中的几首诗．四川外语学院学报，1998，(1)．
杨宪益．《漏船载酒忆当年》(薛鸿时译)．北京：十月文艺出版社，2001．
赵建中．《红楼梦》在国外传播的跨文化翻译问题．天津外国语学院学报，2000，(3)．
郑恩岳．《红楼梦》诗词中一些隐语的翻译．中国翻译，1993，(2)．
郑恩岳．《红楼梦》中一些联额的英译．中国翻译，1994，(2)．
周珏良，《周珏良文集》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994．
周汝昌，周伦苓．红楼梦与中华文化．北京：工人出版社，1989．
朱乐红，陈可培．英汉谚语文化差异与翻译策略．外语教学，2000，(7)．
Bassnett, S., 1988, Translation Studies (Revised Edition), London and New York: Routledge.
Gentzler, E., 1993, Contemporary Translation Theories, New York: Routledge.
Hawkes, D., 1979, The Story of the Stone, vol.1, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Hawkes, D., 1979, The Story of the Stone, vol.2, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Koller, W., 1979, 'Equivalence in translation theory', translated from the German by A. Chesterman, in A. Chesterman (ed.).
Kroeber, A.L. and Clyde K., 1952, Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.
Lefevere, A., 1993, Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context, New York: The Modern Language Association of America.
Lotman, J. and Uspensky, B.A., 1978, On the semiotic mechanism of culture, New York History, LX (2) .
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 2002．
Newmark, P., 1981, Approaches to Translation, Oxford and New York: Pergamon.
Newmark, P., 1988, A Textbook of Translation, New York and London: Prentice Hall.
Nida, E. A., 1964a, Toward a Science of Translating, Leiden: Brill.
Nida, E. A., 1964b, Language in Culture and Society, Dell Hymes, Allied Publishers pvt, Ltd.
Nida, E. A. and C. R. Taber, 1969, The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden: Brill.
Nord, C., 2001, Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Qian, H., 1993, 'On the implausibility of equivalent response (part IV)', Meta (38.3).
Reiss, K., 1989, 'Text types, translation types and translation assessment', translated by A, Chesterman, in A. Chesterman (ed.) (2000).
Reiss, K. and Vermeer, H. J., 1984, Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie, T(?)bingen: Niemeyer.
Snell-Hornby, M., 2001, Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Tylor, E. B., 1871, Primitive Culture, London: John Murray.
Vermeer, H. J., 1983, 'Translation theory and linguistics', in Pauli Roinila, Ritva Orfanos, and Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit(eds) Nkkohtia knmisen tutkimukseta
Vermeer, H. J., 1986, voraus-setzungen f(?)r eine translationstheorie, einige kapitel kultue-und sprachtheorie, Heidelberg: Vermeer.
Vermeer H. J., 1987, 'What does it mean to translate?' Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics 13(2).
Vermeer Hans J., 1989, Skopos und Translationsauftrag Aufi(?)tze, Heidelberg: Universit(?)t.
Webster' Third New International Dictionary
Wilss, W., 1977, (?)bersetzungswissenschaft. Probleme Und Methoden, Stuttgart: E. Klett, translated (1982) as The Science of Translation. Problems and Methods. Tbingen: Gunter Narr.
曹雪芹，高鹗．红楼梦(上卷)．北京：人民文学出版社，1995．
曹雪芹，高鹗．红楼梦(中卷)．北京：人民文学出版社，1995．
韩子满．文化失衡与文学翻译．中国翻译，2000，(2)．
洪涛．《红楼梦》英译与东西方文化、语言．红楼梦学刊，2001，(4)．
霍克思(David Hawkes)．《红楼梦》英译笔记．香港：岭南大学文学与翻译研究中心，2000．
姜其煌．《好了歌》的七种英译．中国翻译，1996，(4)．
柯平．“文化预设与误读”．郭建中，《文化与翻译》．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1999．
李绍年．红楼梦翻译学概说．语言与翻译，1995，(2)．
刘士聪，谷启楠．论《红楼梦》文化内容的翻译．中国翻译，1997，(1)．
任生名．杨宪益的文学翻译思想散记．中国翻译，1993，(4)．
石欲达．中国古典小说书名英译的得与失．外语研究，1996，(2)．
王小萍．评《红楼梦》的两个英译本，中国农业大学学报，2001，(3)．
吴世儒．试析杨宪益、戴乃迭英译本《红楼梦》中的几首诗．四川外语学院学报，1998，(1)．
杨宪益．《漏船载酒忆当年》(薛鸿时译)．北京：十月文艺出版社，2001．
赵建中．《红楼梦》在国外传播的跨文化翻译问题．天津外国语学院学报，2000，(3)．
郑恩岳．《红楼梦》诗词中一些隐语的翻译．中国翻译，1993，(2)．
郑恩岳．《红楼梦》中一些联额的英译．中国翻译，1994，(2)．
周珏良，《周珏良文集》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994．
周汝昌，周伦苓．红楼梦与中华文化．北京：工人出版社，1989．
朱乐红，陈可培．英汉谚语文化差异与翻译策略．外语教学，2000，(7)．