中美公务员培训制度比较研究
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摘要
当今世界,人力资源是推动一个国家经济和社会发展的原动力。一个国家要在日益激烈的国际竞争中处于优势地位,必须要依靠具备先进科学技术、理念和创新才能的高素质人才。而各国要提高政府的执政能力和领导水平,首要任务也是要从培养人才着手。所以,公务员培训是提高公务员自身能力和素质的重要途径,也是建设具有领导水平和竞争能力政府的关键。
当前,我国正在积极完善公务员培训制度,在公务员培训理论研究和制度建设方面进行了积极的探索和实践。在对公务员培训的思想重视、工作开展和理论研究上都有显著提高。但总的来说我国公务员培训制度还不完善,在培训理念、法律制度、培训机构、培训内容设计和培训方式等方面都还存在一些不足之处,当前对公务员培训制度进行理论研究具有的重要的现实意义。
西方国家的公务员培训制度历史悠久,公务员培训起步较早,经过多年的不断探索,各个国家的公务员培训体系都相对完善,具有先进的培训理念、科学的培训方式和方法。美国的公务员培训体系建设相对比较完备,并且具有自身的特点,本文试图通过从比较的角度来对中美两国的公务员培训制度进行研究,通过借鉴美国公务员培训制度的先进性和科学性,来进一步完善我国的公务员培训制度。
本文由三部分组成。第一部分是中美公务员培训制度概述,这一部分对公务员培训的相关概念及公务员培训的特点、意义进行了阐述,并对中美公务员培训制度进行了概述。第二部分是中美两国公务员培训制度比较,在这一部分对中美两国公务员培训制度进行了具体的分析和对比,涉及到公务员培训的基本原则、培训机构、培训内容、培训方式这些方面。第三部分是完善我国公务员培训制度,这一部分从建立科学的培训观念、完善培训法律法规、拓宽培训渠道、合理设置内容、引入多种培训方式等方面提出了完善我国公务员培训制度的建议。
Nowadays, human capital is the motive power to propel a country's economy and society forward. The competitive advantage of a nation depends on the high quality talents who have advanced scientific technology and creative abilities. If a nation's government want to improve their governing and leading capacity, they must strengthen the cultivation of human resources at first. The training of civil servants is an very important way to strengthen civil servants'ability and the key to construct a government with strong leading skill and competitive.
Recently, following the international situation, our country is perfecting the civil servant training system actively to improve their governing capacity, earring out active exploration and practice to the construction and theoretical study of Civil Servants'training civil system, and has more improvements in the theory and the application. But in general, our civil service training system has many defects in training concept, legal system, training centers, training courses and training methods. So the research on the civil service training system is of realistic significance at present.
Western countries'civil service system has a long history, and the civil service training started early. After many years research and practice, every country has prefect civil service training system which contains advanced training concept, scientific training methods. This thesis take America successful training system as the research subject, try to study from a comparative perspective on the civil service training system in China and the United States, through draw on the merits of the U.S. civil service training system to further improve our nation's civil service training system.
This thesis consists of three Parts. The first part describe the concept of civil service training, and the characteristics and significance of the civil service training, and the overall comparison of Chinese and America civil service training system. The second part is analyzed the content of civil service training system in China and America, it related to basic principles, training institutions, training content, training methods and find the fundamental difference between them. The third part is the improvement and development of China's civil service training system. This part put forward five proposals from establish the scientific concept, improve training laws and regulations, broaden training channels, set the training content reasonable, introduce various training methods to improve and prefect our civil service training system.
当前,我国正在积极完善公务员培训制度,在公务员培训理论研究和制度建设方面进行了积极的探索和实践。在对公务员培训的思想重视、工作开展和理论研究上都有显著提高。但总的来说我国公务员培训制度还不完善,在培训理念、法律制度、培训机构、培训内容设计和培训方式等方面都还存在一些不足之处,当前对公务员培训制度进行理论研究具有的重要的现实意义。
西方国家的公务员培训制度历史悠久,公务员培训起步较早,经过多年的不断探索,各个国家的公务员培训体系都相对完善,具有先进的培训理念、科学的培训方式和方法。美国的公务员培训体系建设相对比较完备,并且具有自身的特点,本文试图通过从比较的角度来对中美两国的公务员培训制度进行研究,通过借鉴美国公务员培训制度的先进性和科学性,来进一步完善我国的公务员培训制度。
本文由三部分组成。第一部分是中美公务员培训制度概述,这一部分对公务员培训的相关概念及公务员培训的特点、意义进行了阐述,并对中美公务员培训制度进行了概述。第二部分是中美两国公务员培训制度比较,在这一部分对中美两国公务员培训制度进行了具体的分析和对比,涉及到公务员培训的基本原则、培训机构、培训内容、培训方式这些方面。第三部分是完善我国公务员培训制度,这一部分从建立科学的培训观念、完善培训法律法规、拓宽培训渠道、合理设置内容、引入多种培训方式等方面提出了完善我国公务员培训制度的建议。
Nowadays, human capital is the motive power to propel a country's economy and society forward. The competitive advantage of a nation depends on the high quality talents who have advanced scientific technology and creative abilities. If a nation's government want to improve their governing and leading capacity, they must strengthen the cultivation of human resources at first. The training of civil servants is an very important way to strengthen civil servants'ability and the key to construct a government with strong leading skill and competitive.
Recently, following the international situation, our country is perfecting the civil servant training system actively to improve their governing capacity, earring out active exploration and practice to the construction and theoretical study of Civil Servants'training civil system, and has more improvements in the theory and the application. But in general, our civil service training system has many defects in training concept, legal system, training centers, training courses and training methods. So the research on the civil service training system is of realistic significance at present.
Western countries'civil service system has a long history, and the civil service training started early. After many years research and practice, every country has prefect civil service training system which contains advanced training concept, scientific training methods. This thesis take America successful training system as the research subject, try to study from a comparative perspective on the civil service training system in China and the United States, through draw on the merits of the U.S. civil service training system to further improve our nation's civil service training system.
This thesis consists of three Parts. The first part describe the concept of civil service training, and the characteristics and significance of the civil service training, and the overall comparison of Chinese and America civil service training system. The second part is analyzed the content of civil service training system in China and America, it related to basic principles, training institutions, training content, training methods and find the fundamental difference between them. The third part is the improvement and development of China's civil service training system. This part put forward five proposals from establish the scientific concept, improve training laws and regulations, broaden training channels, set the training content reasonable, introduce various training methods to improve and prefect our civil service training system.
引文
①[美]西奥多·W·舒尔茨.吴珠华译.论人力资本投资.北京经济学院出版社,1990,20.
①陈福今.公务员培训理论与实践.北京,国家行政学院出版社,2009,47.
①欧文汉,贾蓉鄂.当代中国公务员培训的理论与实践.北京,人民出版社,2010,5.
②赵曼,陈全明,张广科.公共部门人力资源管理.北京,清华大学出版社,2011,18.
③李德志.当代中国公共部门人力资源管理与开发.北京,科学出版社,2004,20.
①王玉倩.我国公务员培训制度的借鉴与创新研究.安徽大学,2010,3.
①王洁,国外公务员培训制度研究——以美国、加拿大、日本为例,华东师范大学,2008,19.
[1]欧文汉,贾蓉鄂.当代中国公务员培训的理论与实践.北京,人民出版社,2010,100-110.
[2]陈福今.公务员培训理论与实践.北京,国家行政学院出版社,2009,45-50.
[3]吴志华.美国公务员制度的改革与转型.上海,上海交通大学出版社,2006,25.
[4]刘厚金.中外公务员制度概论.北京,北京大学出版社,2010,43-47.
[5]王昊肠.美国公务员培训制度及对中国的启示.东北师范大学,2010,8.
[6]谭功荣.公务员制度比较研究.重庆,重庆出版社,2007,60-63.
[7]张旭霞.公务员制度.北京,对外经济大学出版,2006,23-25.
[8]苗海荣.七步打造完备的培训管理体系.哈尔滨,哈尔滨出版社,2006,85-88.
[9]马秀玲.中国公务员培训模式研究.层级制与市场制.中国行政管理,2007,112-120.
[10]王洁.国外公务员培训制度研究——以美国、加拿大、日本为例.华东师范大学公共管理学院,2008,3.
[11]唐晓嵩.我国公务员培训效果评估问题研究.大连理工大学,2006,38-42.
[12]张相林,杨琼.美国公务员在线培训体系述评及其启示.中国行政管理,2009,6.
[13]贾利.20世纪文官培训发展与比较研究.河北大学,2009,5.
[14]杨光富.国外领导人才培训模式比较研究.华东师范大学,2007,17-22.
[15]张学忠.WTO与公务员队伍建设.北京,中国人事出版社,2004,78.
[16]姜海如.中外公务员制度比较.北京,商务印书馆,2003,36.
[17]高凤娟.我国公务员培训评估问题研究.山东大学,2009,4.
[18]都荣胜.关于当前公务员培训中存在的问题的思考.成人教育,2007,1.
[20]蔡小慎,徐进.关于构建我国多元公务员培训模式的思考.前沿,2005,3.
[21]楼一峰.构建职业培训评估的运行机制.当代教育论坛,2006,4.
[22]单中惠.西方领导教育史.上海,华东师范大学出版社,2008,43-46.
[23]石庆环.20世纪美国文官制度与官僚政治.长春,东北师范大学出版社,2003.
[24]许法根.国家公务员制度.杭州,浙江大学出版社,2004,7.
[25]杨光富.国外领导人才培训模式比较研究.上海,华东师范大学博士学位论文,2007,7.
[26]张修学.国外著名行政院校概览.北京,国家行政学院出版社,1999,60—63.
[27]胡实秋.我国公务员培训存在的主要问题与对策探讨.理论界.2007,3.
[28]李中斌,王立校,桂莉等.公共部门人力资源管理.北京,中国社会科学出版社,2007,17-22.
[29]徐进.中美英三国公务员培训制度比较研究.大连理工大学,2005,7.
[30]徐东华,王洋.中外公务员培训发展趋势.北京电子科技学院学报,2007,9.
[31]Burke, B.F., Cho, C., Wright, D.S. Continuity and Change in Executive Leadership: Insights from the Perspective of State Administrators. Public Administration Review, Special Issue,2008,78-95.
[32]Irwin L. Goldstein. Training in Organizations:Needs Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Monterey, Calif.:Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.,1986,60-70.
[33]John W. Burke. Competency based education and Training. Routledge,1989,32-40.
[34]Eva M. Witesman, Charles R. Wise. The centralization/Decentralization Paradox in Civil Service Reform:How Government Structure Affects Democratic Training of Civil Servants Public Administration Review, volume 69. issue 1.2009,18-19.
[34]Pasal Courty, Gerald Marschke. Making Government Accountable:Lessons from a Federal Job Training Program. Public Administration Review, Volume 67, Issue 5,2007, 8.
[36]Office of Personnel Management, Gudie for Collection and Management of Training Information,2006.
[37]US Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States:2000 Washington DC:US Government Printing Offiee.2001.
[38]Department of Personnel Administration. Who Does What-State Personnel Board and DPA. Retrieved from http://www.dpa.ca.gov/dpa-info/who-does-what-spb-and-dpa.htm
[39]Human Resources Modernization, (n.d.). Human Resources Modernization Goals and Accomplishments. Retrieved April 27.2011, from http://www.dpa.ca.gov/hr-modernization/main.htm.
①陈福今.公务员培训理论与实践.北京,国家行政学院出版社,2009,47.
①欧文汉,贾蓉鄂.当代中国公务员培训的理论与实践.北京,人民出版社,2010,5.
②赵曼,陈全明,张广科.公共部门人力资源管理.北京,清华大学出版社,2011,18.
③李德志.当代中国公共部门人力资源管理与开发.北京,科学出版社,2004,20.
①王玉倩.我国公务员培训制度的借鉴与创新研究.安徽大学,2010,3.
①王洁,国外公务员培训制度研究——以美国、加拿大、日本为例,华东师范大学,2008,19.
[1]欧文汉,贾蓉鄂.当代中国公务员培训的理论与实践.北京,人民出版社,2010,100-110.
[2]陈福今.公务员培训理论与实践.北京,国家行政学院出版社,2009,45-50.
[3]吴志华.美国公务员制度的改革与转型.上海,上海交通大学出版社,2006,25.
[4]刘厚金.中外公务员制度概论.北京,北京大学出版社,2010,43-47.
[5]王昊肠.美国公务员培训制度及对中国的启示.东北师范大学,2010,8.
[6]谭功荣.公务员制度比较研究.重庆,重庆出版社,2007,60-63.
[7]张旭霞.公务员制度.北京,对外经济大学出版,2006,23-25.
[8]苗海荣.七步打造完备的培训管理体系.哈尔滨,哈尔滨出版社,2006,85-88.
[9]马秀玲.中国公务员培训模式研究.层级制与市场制.中国行政管理,2007,112-120.
[10]王洁.国外公务员培训制度研究——以美国、加拿大、日本为例.华东师范大学公共管理学院,2008,3.
[11]唐晓嵩.我国公务员培训效果评估问题研究.大连理工大学,2006,38-42.
[12]张相林,杨琼.美国公务员在线培训体系述评及其启示.中国行政管理,2009,6.
[13]贾利.20世纪文官培训发展与比较研究.河北大学,2009,5.
[14]杨光富.国外领导人才培训模式比较研究.华东师范大学,2007,17-22.
[15]张学忠.WTO与公务员队伍建设.北京,中国人事出版社,2004,78.
[16]姜海如.中外公务员制度比较.北京,商务印书馆,2003,36.
[17]高凤娟.我国公务员培训评估问题研究.山东大学,2009,4.
[18]都荣胜.关于当前公务员培训中存在的问题的思考.成人教育,2007,1.
[20]蔡小慎,徐进.关于构建我国多元公务员培训模式的思考.前沿,2005,3.
[21]楼一峰.构建职业培训评估的运行机制.当代教育论坛,2006,4.
[22]单中惠.西方领导教育史.上海,华东师范大学出版社,2008,43-46.
[23]石庆环.20世纪美国文官制度与官僚政治.长春,东北师范大学出版社,2003.
[24]许法根.国家公务员制度.杭州,浙江大学出版社,2004,7.
[25]杨光富.国外领导人才培训模式比较研究.上海,华东师范大学博士学位论文,2007,7.
[26]张修学.国外著名行政院校概览.北京,国家行政学院出版社,1999,60—63.
[27]胡实秋.我国公务员培训存在的主要问题与对策探讨.理论界.2007,3.
[28]李中斌,王立校,桂莉等.公共部门人力资源管理.北京,中国社会科学出版社,2007,17-22.
[29]徐进.中美英三国公务员培训制度比较研究.大连理工大学,2005,7.
[30]徐东华,王洋.中外公务员培训发展趋势.北京电子科技学院学报,2007,9.
[31]Burke, B.F., Cho, C., Wright, D.S. Continuity and Change in Executive Leadership: Insights from the Perspective of State Administrators. Public Administration Review, Special Issue,2008,78-95.
[32]Irwin L. Goldstein. Training in Organizations:Needs Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Monterey, Calif.:Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.,1986,60-70.
[33]John W. Burke. Competency based education and Training. Routledge,1989,32-40.
[34]Eva M. Witesman, Charles R. Wise. The centralization/Decentralization Paradox in Civil Service Reform:How Government Structure Affects Democratic Training of Civil Servants Public Administration Review, volume 69. issue 1.2009,18-19.
[34]Pasal Courty, Gerald Marschke. Making Government Accountable:Lessons from a Federal Job Training Program. Public Administration Review, Volume 67, Issue 5,2007, 8.
[36]Office of Personnel Management, Gudie for Collection and Management of Training Information,2006.
[37]US Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States:2000 Washington DC:US Government Printing Offiee.2001.
[38]Department of Personnel Administration. Who Does What-State Personnel Board and DPA. Retrieved from http://www.dpa.ca.gov/dpa-info/who-does-what-spb-and-dpa.htm
[39]Human Resources Modernization, (n.d.). Human Resources Modernization Goals and Accomplishments. Retrieved April 27.2011, from http://www.dpa.ca.gov/hr-modernization/main.htm.